International Journal of Commerce and Business Management. Volume 5 Issue 2 October,

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1 IJCBM Volume 5 Issue 2 October, International Journal of Commerce and Business Management RESEA RCH PAPER Gross monetary returns (Rs./ha), net monetary returns (Rs./ha) and Benefit: Cost ratio of Bt cotton in different treatments D.K. PALVE, P.L. GHULE, J.D. JADHAV AND V.V. DAHIPHALE ABSTRACT Cotton is the major cash crop of India and accounts for 65 per cent of fibre used in textile industries. Cotton plays a key role in national economy in terms of both employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. Cotton impacts the lives of estimated 60 millions people in India. With this preamble, a field experiment entitled was designed and conducted during Kharif season. The substantial increase in seed cotton yield/ha was associated with the improvement in various growth and yield attributes viz., number of sympodial branches, number of picked boll/plant, yield/plant. The benefit:cost ratio was higher in nutrient levels equaly 80:40:40 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha than 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. Similar result was reported by Kaur et al. (2008). Nutreint levels 120:60:60 NPK kg/ha recorded significantly higher nutrient uptake than nutrient levels 80:40:40, 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. Increase in nutrient level increased the nutreint uptake by Bt cotton plant. The complimentary effects of plant geometry and fertilizer levels were not evident as concerned to growth and yield attributes as well as on seed cotton yield. KEY WORDS : Gross monetary return, Net monetary return, B:C ratio Received : ; Revised : ; Accepted : How to cite this paper : Palve, D.K., Ghule, P.L., Jadhav, J.D. and Dahiphale, V.V. (2012).Gross monetary returns (Rs./ha), Net monetary returns (Rs./ha) and Benefit: Cost ratio of Bt cotton in different treatments. Internat. J. Com. & Bus. Manage, 5(2): Cotton (Gossypium spp.) is important fibre crop of global significance and cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of more than seventy countries in the world of which the top five producers are China, USA, India, Pakistan and Uzbekistan. Cotton is the major cash crop of India and accounts for 65 per cent of fibre used in textile industries. Cotton plays a key role in national economy in terms of both employment generation and foreign exchange earnings. Cotton impacts the lives of estimated 60 millions people in India. With this preamble, a field experiment as designed and conducted during Kharif season of MEMBERS OF THE RESEARCH FORUM Correspondence to: J.D. JADHAV, Zonal Agricultural Research Station, SOLAPUR (M.S.) INDIA b.gb58@rediffmail.com Authors affiliations: D.K. PALVE, P.L. GHULE AND V.V. DAHIPHALE, Marathwada Krushi Vidyapeeth, PARBHANI (M.S.) INDIA METHODOLOGY The experiment was laid out in Split Plot Design with three replications. There were twelve treatment combinations comprising three plant geometries viz., 90 cm x 60 cm, 120 cm x 45 cm and 180 cm x 30 cm and four nutrient levelsviz., 80:40:40, 100:50:50, 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. The plant geometries were allotted to main plot and nutrient levels were accommodated in sub plots. The soil of experimental plot was vertisol, i.e. clayey in texture, low in available nitrogen and available phosphorus and very high in available potash and slightly alkaline in reaction. Besides the yield data, various ancillary observations were recorded periodically to evaluate treatment effects. Monetary returns: Gross monetary returns : The gross monetary returns (Rs.) per hectare were worked out by considering the seed cotton yield of Bt cotton from different treatments and prevailing marked prices of the

2 D.K. PALVE, P.L. GHULE, J.D. JADHAV AND V.V. DAHIPHALE commodities.cost of cultivation and net monetary returns :The input cost was worked out by considering the amount require for purchase of inputs like seeds. Fertilizers, insecticides, etc. and amount spent on the labour charges for all the operations. The net monetary returns (Rs./ha) were calculated by considering the gross monetary returns and cost of cultivation. Benefit: Cost ratio: The benefit: cost ratio was worked out by considering the per hectare values of gross monetary returns and cost of cultivation. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION The data recorded on various variables were statistically analyzed by using technique of analysis of variance and significance was determined as given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). Whenever, differences were significant, C.D. values were indicated for comparison otherwise only the values of SE + were indicated. Whenever, the interaction effects were significant, the relevant data were presented. The critical difference was worked out whenever the treatment effects were statistically significant. The various growth aspects and yield of Bt cotton hybrid NCS-145 (Bunny Bt) as influenced by various plant geometries and nutrient levels under dryland conditions have been studied and the results of these findings have been presented in this research paper. Data on mean number of monopodias per plant are given in Table 1. Data in Table 1 showed that plant geometries 120 Table 1: Mean number of monopodial branches per plant in different treatments at various crop growth stages Days after sowing S 1-90 cm x 60 cm S cm x 45 cm S cm x 30 cm SE C.D. (P=0.05) F 1-80:40: F 2-100:50: F 3-120:60: F 4-75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS 0.19 SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS G. mean cm x 45 cm produced more number of monopodial branches than 90 cm x 60 cm and 180 cm x 30 cm plant geometries. Data in Table 1 showed that application of 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha produced more number monopodial branches and it was at par with 100:50:50, 80:40:40 and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. At 60 DAS monopodial branches did not influence significantly for different nutrient levels. The interaction effects due to different treatments under study were not significant in respect of number of monopodias per plant. Data on sympodial branches per plant are presented in Table 1. Data in Table 2 showed that number of sympodial branches were significantly more in plant geometry of 90 cm x 60 cm geometry than 120 cm x 45 cm plant geometry and was at par with 180 cm x 30 cm at 90, 120, 150 DAS at harvest. However, plant geometries did not show their influence on number of sympodial branches at 60 DAS. Table 2: Mean number of sympodial branches per plant as influenced by different treatments at various growth stages Days after sowing Harvest S 1-90 cm x 60 cm S cm x 45 cm S cm x 30 cm SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS F 1-80:40: F 2-100:50: F 3-120:60: F 4-75% RDF+5 t FYM/ ha SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS G. mean The differences in number of sympodial branches per plant due to various levels of NPK were significantly more in 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha than 120:60:60, 100:50:50 and 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha. However, nutrient levels did not show their influence on number of sympodial branches at 60 DAS. Interaction effect due to plant geometry and fertilizer levels were non-significant at all the days of observation. Data on seed cotton yield per hectare presented in Table 3. The average seed cotton yield was 1304 kg per hectare. Plant geometry 90cm x 60cm recorded significantly higher seed 270

3 GROSS MONETARY RETURNS (RS./HA), NET MONETARY RETURNS (RS./HA) & BENEFIT: COST RATIO OF Bt COTTON Table 3: Seed cotton yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index as influenced by different plant geometry and nutrient levels Seed cotton yield Straw yield Biological yield Harvest index (%) S 1-90 cm x 60 cm S cm x 45 cm S cm x 30 cm SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS F 1-80:40: F 2-100:50: F 3-120:60: F 4-75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS NS NS G. mean cotton yield than 180cm x 30cm and 120cm x 45cm geometries. Application of 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha i.e. 75:37.5:37.5 kg NPK/ ha + 5 t FYM/ha recorded significantly higher seed cotton yield than nutrient levels 80:40:40, 100:50:50 and 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha. Lower level of 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha recorded significantly lower seed cotton yield than other nutrient levels. Interaction effect was not found significant. Straw yield obtained from different plant geometry and nutrient levels presented in Table 3. The average straw yield recorded was kg/ha. Plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm recorded higher straw yield ( kg/ha) than plant geometry 120 cm x 45 cm and 90 cm x 60 cm. Nutrient level 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha recorded higher straw yield ( kg/ha) over 75% RDF + 5 t FYM kg NPK/ha and it was at par with 100:50:50 and 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha. Interaction effect was not found significant. Biological yield obtained from different plant geometry and nutrient levels presented in Table 3. The average biological yield recorded was 3363 kg/ha. Plant geometry 90 cm x 60 cm recorded higher biological yield (3569 kg/ha) than plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. Nutrient level 75% RDF + 5t FYM/ha recorded higher biological yield (3427 kg/ha) over 80:40:40, 120:60:60 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ ha. Interaction effect was not found significant. Harvest index obtained from different plant geometry and nutrient levels presented in Table 3. The average harvest index recorded was per cent. Harvest index not influenced significantly by plant geometry 90 cm x 60 cm plant geometry recorded maximum harvest index (42.75 %) from other plant geometry. Harvest index not influenced significantly by different nutrient levels. Nutrient level 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ ha recorded higher harvest index (40.77%) than other. Interaction effect was not found significant. Economics of Bt cotton : Table 4 indicated that the mean gross monitory returns/ ha was affected by different geometry and nutrient levels was Rs./ha. Plant geometry 90 cm x 60 cm recorded significantly higher gross monitory returns than plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. Nutrient level 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha recorded significantly higher gross monitory returns over 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha and it was at par with 120:60:60 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha. Interaction effects due to different treatments under study were not significant in respect of gross monitory returns per hectare. Table 4 indicated that the mean net monitory returns/ha was affected by different geometry and nutrient levels was Rs./ha. Plant geometry 90 cm x 60 cm recorded significantly higher net monitory returns than plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. Nutrient level 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha recorded significantly higher net monitory returns over 80:40:40 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha and it was at par with 120:60:60 kg NPK/ ha. Interaction effects due to different treatments under study were not significant in respect of gross monitory returns per hectare. Table 4 revealed that the mean cost of cultivation of Bt cotton was Rs./ha. The mean benefit:cost ratio of Bt cotton was cm x 60 cm plant geometry recorded higher B:C ratio than plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x

4 D.K. PALVE, P.L. GHULE, J.D. JADHAV AND V.V. DAHIPHALE Table 4: Gross monetary returns (Rs. /ha), net monetary returns (Rs. /ha) and benefit cost ratio of cotton in different treatments Seed cotton yield Straw yield Biological yield Harvest index (%) S 1-90 cm x 60 cm S cm x 45 cm S cm x 30 cm SE C.D. (P=0.05) F 1-80:40: F 2-100:50: F 3-120:60: F 4-75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha SE C.D. (P=0.05) SE C.D. (P=0.05) NS NS G. mean cm. 80:40:40 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha recorded higher B:C ratio than other nutrient levels. The number of sympodia per plant was more in plant geometry of 90 cm x 60 cm than 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. The increase in number of sympodia in wider intra row spacing was mainly due to supply of adequate amount of nutrients, moisture and light interception for optimum growth and development leading to production of more number of sympodia. Similar result reported by Sankaranarayanan et al. (2004), Buttar and Singh (2006), Buttar and Singh (2007) and Singh et al. (2007) also found that with wider intra row spacing number of sympodia increased. The number of picked bolls were affected significantly due to plant geometries. The plant geometry of 90 cm x 60 cm has more number of picked bolls per plant than 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. The beneficial effect might be due to less competition for light, aeration, nutrients and moisture which resulted into better growth and more translocation of photosynthates towards sink. Similar results were reported by Sankarnarayanan et al. (2004), Buttar and Singh (2006), Buttar and Singh (2007) and Singh et al. (2007). The plant geometry has marked influence on seed cotton yield per plant. The increase in seed cotton yield per plant was observed in plant geometries 90 cm x 60 cm than 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. This might be due to better aeration, adequate interception of light and lesser competition for available nutrient and moisture, which have resulted in synthesis of higher photosynthates and in turn helped to produce higher seed cotton yield per plant under wider intra row spacing. Similar results were reported by Sankaranarayanan et al. (2004), Buttar and Singh (2007) and Singh et al. (2007). The seed cotton yield per hectare was significantly influenced by plant geometry. The plant geometry of 90 cm x 60 cm has significantly higher yield compared to 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. The increased yield was due to more number of bolls and higher seed cotton yield per plant in 90 cm x 60 cm than 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm spacing. Similar findings were reported earlier by Sankaranarayanan et al. (2004), Buttar and Singh (2006), Buttar and Singh (2007) and Singh et al. (2007). The benefit:cost ratio was higher in plant geometry 90 cm x 60 cm than 180 cm x 30 cm and 120 cm x 45 cm. Similar results were reported by Rao and Setty (2008). Plant geometry 180 cm x 30 cm recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake than plant geometry 120 cm x 45 cm and 90 cm x 60 cm. because due to closer intra row spacing having greater nutrient uptake than wider intra row spacing. Similar results was reported by Dhillon et al. (2006). The application of level of nutrient i.e. 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha effective in enhancing mean number of sympodial branches/plant and they were significantly superior over application of 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha. The balanced NPK + FYM application improved nutrient uptake in cotton which in turn might have more stimulation of enzymes present in meristematic tissue due to higher fertilizer level and increased cell division and cell elongation of cotton crop. Ultimately, it results into production of more photosynthates and sympodial branches. Similar results were reported by Bhoite and Thombre 272

5 GROSS MONETARY RETURNS (RS./HA), NET MONETARY RETURNS (RS./HA) & BENEFIT: COST RATIO OF Bt COTTON (2006), Kaur et al. (2008), Raut et al. (2006), Charjan (2001), Katkar et al. (2002) and Nehra et al. (2003) have reported the beneficial effect of application of FYM + NPK on sympodial branches in cotton. Yield contributing characters viz., number of picked bolls, seed cotton yield/plant (g) and boll weight were improved due to application of balanced levels of fertilizer doses. Application of 75% RDF + 5t FYM/ha was found effective in enhancing the number of picked bolls/plant, boll weight and seed cotton yield/plant and were significantly superior over application of 120:60:60, 100:50:50 and 80:40:40 kg NPK/ha. The increased number of picked bolls and boll weight might be due to increased availability of nutrients and its translocation to sinks. Similar results were reported by Bhoite and Thombre (2006), Kaur et al. (2008), Raut et al. (2006), Charjan (2001), Katkar et al. (2002) and Nehra et al. (2004). The substantial increase in seed cotton yield/ha was associated with the improvement in various growth and yield attributes viz., number of sympodial branches, number of picked boll/plant, yield/plant. The increased seed cotton yield per hectare due to application of balanced levels of fertilizers was also found by Bhoite and Thombre (2006), Kaur et al. (2008), Raut et al. (2006), Charjan (2001), Katkar et al. (2002) and Nehra et al. (2004). The benefit:cost ratio was higher in nutrient levels equaly 80:40:40 and 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha than 120:60:60 kg NPK/ha and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ha. Similar result was reported by Kaur et al. (2008). Nutreint levels 120:60:60 NPK kg/ha recorded significantly higher nutrient uptake than nutrient levels 80:40:40, 100:50:50 kg NPK/ha and 75% RDF + 5 t FYM/ ha. Increase in nutrient level increases the nutreint uptake by Bt cotton plant. REFERENCES Bhoite, D.S. and Thombre, V.K. (2006). Integrated nutrient management in irrigated cotton. Internat. J. agric. Sci., 2(2): Buttar, G.S. and Singh, Paramjit (2006). Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different plant populations in South Western region of Punjab. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 20(1): Buttar, G.S. and Singh, Sudeep (2007). Effect of date of sowing and plant spacing on the growth and yield of desi cotton (G. arboreum). J. Cotton Res. Dev., 21(1): Charjan, Y.D. (2001). Integrated management system for cotton wheat sequence on vertisole. Ph.D. Thesis, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Ahmednagar (M.S.) INDIA. Dhillon, G.S., Chhabra, K.L. and Punia, S.S. (2006). Effect of crop geometry and integrated nutrient management on fibre quality and nutrient uptake by cotton crop. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 20(2): Katkar, R.N. Turkhede, A.B. Solanke, V.M., Wankhade S.T. and Patil, M.R. (2002). Effect of integrated management of organic manures and fertilizers on soil properties and yield of cotton. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 16: Katkar, R.N., Wankhade, S.T., Turkhede, A.B. and Lambe, S.P. (2005). Effect of integrated nutrient management in cotton grown on shallow soil on growth, seed cotton yield and physico-chemical properties. PKV Res. J., 29(2): Kaur, Mandeep, Kaur, Maninder and Brar, A.S. (2008). Effect of NPK with and without farm yard manure on the growth and yield of hirsutim cotton (G. hirsutum L.). J. Cotton Res. Dev., 22(1): Nehra, P.L. and Kumawat, P.D. (2003). Response of hirsutum cotton varieties to spacings and nitrogen levels. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 17(1): Nehra, P.L., Kumawat, P.D. and Nehra, K.C. (2004). Integrated nutrient management in hirsutum cotton. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 18(2): Nehra, P.L., Nehra, K.C. and Kumawat, P.D. (2004). Performance of Bt cotton hybrids at different spacing in canal command area of North-western Rajasthan. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 18(2): Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1967). Statistical methods for agricultural workers, 1 st Ed., ICAR, NEW DELHI (INDIA). Rao, Satyanarayana and Setty, R.A. (2008). Response of herbaceum cotton to spacing and graded levels of NPK under irrigation. J. Cotton. Res. Dev., 22(2): Sankarnarayanan, K.P., Nalayini and Praharaj, C.S. (2004). Agronomic requirements of Bt cotton hybrid in relation to plant density and fertilizer requirement. Intern. Symp. On Strategies for sustainable cotton production A global vision, 2. Crop Production, November, 2004, UAS, Dharwad (KARNATAKA) INDIA 248 pp. Singh, K., Jindal, V., Singh, V. and Rathore, P. (2007). Performance of Bt cotton hybrids under different geometrical arrangement. J. Cotton Res. Dev., 21(1):