Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer Placement Consequences for Corn: A Look at Controlling Factors

Transcription

1 Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizer Placement Consequences for Corn: A Look at Controlling Factors TONY J. VYN (NICK THOMPSON AND LAUREN SCHWARCK) AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT PURDUE UNIVERSITY

2 Optimum Placement of N or K 2 O fertilizers? Source: International Plant Nutrition Institute

3 Corn Nitrogen Timing Changes from Before Planting to In-Season (At-plant, Sidedress early to Sidedress late) Photo Source: Dr. N. Kitchen, USDA-ARS, Missouri

4 Study of Dekalb Hybrids from 1967 to 2005 and Their Response Changes to Nitrogen and Plant Density Management ( ) Photo: Agronomy Center, Purdue, 2014

5 Grain Yield (bu/ac) Nitrogen rate effect on Dekalb hybrid yield gains with year of commercial release (West Lafayette, ) Slope: 50N: 1.1 ns, R² = 0.88 *** N: 1.6 ns, R 2 = 0.95 *** 50 50N 200N Linear (50N) Linear (200N) Era Source: Keru Chen et al., Field Crops Research, 2016

6 Kernel Number and Kernel Weight Gains in Dekalb hybrids with year of commercial release (West Lafayette, ) Source: Keru Chen et al., Field Crops Research, 2016

7 N Treatment Name Corn Hybrid Era Gains in Yield and in Recovery of Late-Season N Applications? kg N ha V3-V4 kg N ha R1 0_ _ _ Hybrids ( ) HYB (1946) A (1958) (1967) (1976) (1995) 6. 34N42 (2003) 7. P1311 (2015) Source: Mueller and Vyn, unpublished, 2017

8 Grain Yield Response to N Rate with Pioneer Era Hybrids (average of ) Grain Yield (bu/acre) Grain Yield (Bu/Acre) y = x R² R² = lb N/acre lb N/acre 0 lb N/acre y = x R² R² = Hybrid Year of of Release Source: Mueller and Vyn, FCR, 2018

9 Kernel Number per Plant Kernel Number and Kernel Weight Gains in Pioneer Era hybrids with year of commercial release (West Lafayette, ) y = x x R² = Kernel Weight (mg/kernel) y = x R² = y = x R² = y = x x R² = Hybrid Year of Release Hybrid Year of Release Source: Mueller and Vyn, unpublished, 2018

10 Nitrogen Fertilizer Recovery Efficiency (NRE) Matters! NRE (%) Total N uptake at any N rate (lb/acre) - Total N Uptake at Zero N (lb/acre) = X 100 Actual N RATE APPLIED (lb/acre) Photo credit: Mike Shuter 2015 Hybrid 1958 Hybrid

11 Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency with Pioneer Era Hybrids (Two N timing treatments; ) _50 200_0 150_50 NRE Goal NRE (%) Source: Mueller and Vyn, unpublished, 2018

12 Late-Split UAN applied at V12 by Y-Drops ( )

13 Optimum Banded Placement of Planter-applied UAN (or banded N just prior to planting)? Multi-State Study on Planter N placement: Illinois, Iowa and Indiana

14 Persistence of NH 4 in banded N applications Percent of total N in the NH 4 -N form after 21 days of incubation with low (87 mg N kg -1 ) and high N (868 mg N kg -1 ) application simulating broadcast and band applications. Soil series Low High % of total N as NH 4 -N Tracy 2 85 Raub 3 62 Avonburg 4 77 Source: A. Ferrel (MS student) and J. Camberato, Purdue University

15 Persistence of Ammonium in Sidedress UAN Band at the 200 pound/acre N rate (0-8 ) NH4-N (No-till) 350 Soil NH 4 -NConcentration UAN+NI UAN 0 Source: Omonode and Vyn, Agron. J., 2017

16 Planter Applied N Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

17 Planter Applied N Treatments Fertilizer Depth Fertilizer Distance from Crop Row Rate of N Applied at Planting lbs N/acre lbs N/acre lbs N/acre All Treatments Were Balanced for N at the V5 Growth Stage With Y-Drop Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

18 Surface x 8 Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

19 2018 Y-Drop for Sidedress UAN

20 Planter Applied N Study Champaign, IL July 5 th, 2018 Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

21 N Placement Effect at Planting on 2018 Yield (Averaged Across Preplant N Rates) Horizontal Distance Depth Depth Avg bushels/acre Surface Distance Avg Depth x Distance LSD (0.05) = 8 Depth LSD (0.05) = 6 Distance LSD (0.05) = 4 Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

22 N Placement Effect at Planting on 2018 Yield (30 lbs of N at Preplant) Horizontal Distance Depth Depth Avg bushels/acre Surface Distance Avg Depth x Distance LSD (0.05) = 14 Depth LSD (0.05) = 8 Distance LSD (0.05) = 8 Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

23 N Placement Effect at Planting on 2018 Yield (90 lbs of N at Preplant) Horizontal Distance Depth Depth Avg bushels/acre Surface Distance Avg Depth x Distance LSD (0.05) = 14 Depth LSD (0.05) = 8 Distance LSD (0.05) = 8 Source: Brad Berhard and Fred Below

24 17 treatments with common total of 60 gallons of UAN/acre achieved by V6: No starter, all N at sidedress Traditional 2 x 2 starter at 10, 30 and 60 gpa Safer? 4 depth x 2 from-row starter at 10, 30, and 60 gpa Starter UAN at 30 gpa at 0, 2 and 4 depths, banded 2, 5 and 8 from row Starter UAN at 60 gpa at 2 and 4 depths, banded 2, 5 and 8 from row

25 At Plant N rate (pounds/acre)

26 Planter N Trial (May 12, 2018)

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28 At Plant N rate (pounds/acre)

29 Optimum Banded Placement/Timing of Sidedress N Compared to All N Applied at Planting Multi-State Study on Sidedress N placement: Illinois, Iowa and Indiana

30 Earlier Purdue Studies of Different Late N Placements in 2015 and 2016 Source: Camberato, Late-season N application for corn. Soil Fertility Update

31 Corn Side-dress N Placement Experiment 2017 July 17 July 25 September 8

32 Optimum Sidedress: Treatments replications: Plot Size 60 (24 rows) x 1,230 = 1.69 acres replications: Plot Size 60 (24 rows) x 1,290 = 1.78 acres

33 2018 Sidedress N Study in LaCrosse, Indiana Yield Monitor with P0574 UAV Flight 8/14 NDRE

34 UAN Placement/timing in LaCrosse, IN

35 Summary of Some Controlling Factors in N Placement Planter N Placement: N source. Only starter application? Only banded fertilizer or other salts? N rate and potential for seedling toxicity May/June rainfall Soil texture Sidedress N Placement: Rainfall amount and timing after application. N rate and timing. Amount of prior. N applied relative to corn N demand before the most recent N applied becomes available is critical. Extent of post-silking N uptake for that hybrid and environment. N source (inhibitors added?). Opportunity to increase kernel number or kernel weight

36 Potassium Uptake in Growing Season Over Time in Corn at Three N Rates Ciampitti et al., 2013 Agronomy Journal

37 Hybrid Era Influence on Internal Plant K Distribution at Flowering and at Maturity K uptake at flowering (g/m 2 ) Leaf Stem Earshoot K uptake at flowering b ab ab ab a a ab ab R 2003V 2005R 2005V ns K uptake at maturity (g/m 2 ) K uptake at maturity Leaf Stem Kernel Cob ab ab ab b d bc b ab bc a ab c ab bc ab c ab ab ab a cd e e d ab ab ab ab ab ab b ab ab b a a a a R 2003V 2005R 2005V a a ns Era Era Tendency for more total K content retained in grain and leaves at R6 Source: Chen and Vyn, 2018, unpublished.

38 Long-term Tillage Influence on Soil-test K (ppm) Fall Plow Fall Chisel Strip-till 0" to 2" 2" to 4" 4" to 8" 8" to 12" No-till Source: Vyn, West and Verhagen, Unpublished, 2018

39 Stratification for P and K in Strip-till Corn and No-till Soybean Rotation with only Starter P (corn) and no Broadcast P or K in 4 Years Soil-test P 0-2" 2-4" 4-8" Soil-test K Soil-test Level (ppm) Source: Vyn, Global Maize Trial, West Lafayette, 2014

40 Indiana Corn Yield Responses to K 2 O Placement and Timing Tillage System K 2 O timing Aspire K product rate (lb/acre) 3-year Mean (bu/acre) No-till NA d No-till Spring bc Fall Strip-till NA cd Fall Strip-till Fall ab Fall Strip-till Fall a Spring Strip-till NA d Spring Strip-till Spring ab Spring Strip-till Spring a Fall Chisel NA bc Fall Chisel Fall a Soil-Test K mean: 154 ppm in 2016; 95 ppm in 2017, and 143 in Average Yield Gain with 200 rate: 8 bu/ac in 2016; 15 bu/ac in 2017, 14 bu/ac in 2018 Source: Vyn and Schwarck, 2018, Unpublished

41 Tillage and K 2 O Rate Consequences for In-row Soil-test K at 3 depth increments (West Lafayette, IN, 2017) Chart 0-2" Title 2-4" 4-8" Fall Strip-Till 120 K2O Fall Strip-Till 0 K2O Fall Chisel, 120 K2O Fall Chisel, 0 K2O Fall Chisel, K2O Spring Strip-Till 120 K2O Spring Strip-Till 120 K2O Spring Strip-Till, 0 K2O Spring Strip-Till, 0 K2O No-Till, 120 K2O No-Till, No-Till, 1200 K2O No-Till, 0 K2O Source: Vyn and Schwarck, 2018, unpublished K Source: Aspire (58% K 2 O, 0.5% B)

42 Ear-leaf K Concentration Relationship to Final Yield in Indiana Experiments ( ) Grain Yield (bushels/acre) Earleaf K 2017, Potash Study, ACRE y = x R² = Earleaf K % Grain Yield (bu /ac) Source: Vyn and Schwarck, 2018 y = x R² = Earleaf K (%)

43 Summary of Some Controlling Factors in Corn Response to K Placement Pre-plant K Placement:. Overall soil-test K Degree of soil K stratification Tillage system Timing (fall versus just prior to planting) Post-plant K Placement (?) Timing relative to K uptake timing. in corn Rate of K applied. Rainfall timing K source?

44 Acknowledgments Funding: Indiana Corn Marketing Council Dupont-Pioneer IPNI and 4R Nutrient Stewardship The Mosaic Company Monsanto Company/Climate Corp John Deere Crop Production Systems Innovation Equipment: John Deere Cropping Systems Unit Seed: Pioneer Hi-Bred, Int l. Monsanto Dow AgroSciences

45 Thank You