Transportation, Communication, and Technology/Agricultural Technology in the North. By: Kiara Whyte and Destiny Jimenez

Transcription

1 Transportation, Communication, and Technology/Agricultural Technology in the North By: Kiara Whyte and Destiny Jimenez

2 TRANSPORTATION Advanced transportation in the Americas did not begin to flourish up until the 1800s, around the time of the Industrial Revolution in America. Original transportation was walking or carriages, which usually did not have set trails. This was first changed by the creation of roads, next canals and steamboats, and lastly railroads. It was over a long period of time that these advancements were worked out to be the way they are today. These innovations in transportation had an extreme effect on the way trade and travel occurred.

3 An original form of transportation; a carriage with domesticated animals.

4 Early Industrialization Began in the 1800s with the beginning of the water powered mill. Industrial revolution began in Britain, and was brought over to America in the 19th century. Early inventors that begun the revolution included energy inventions to reduce time and energy. This included water powered mills, steam boats, and factories operated by moving water. Factories made it easier to produce goods faster and in more abundance. The Industrial Revolution was the big push for mass production. Growing population meant the need for more goods. Technological and organizational changes occurred during this time period.

5 First Factory Constructed The first factory was constructed soon after George Washington became President.

6 The Revolution in Transportation The steam engine, invented by James Watt, called for a better production of iron. His invention of the steam engine led to many more innovations when it came to river/water transportation. Robert Fulton was also someone who had been involved with the steam ships. His steamship, the Clermont, traveled upstream on the Hudson River in This made it possible to travel goods both ways. The first steam ships that were used commercially were introduced in the Mississippi in Eventually, this led to steam ships becoming very common in the waters for the transportation of goods. By the 19th century steam engines improved to produce power locomotives and ships, which led to more efficient and better ways for transportation.

7 Robert Fulton s Steamship %2Flandings%2FAmbot%2F TECH%2Fcrlmt2.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.state.il.us%2FRiverWeb%2Flandi ngs%2fambot%2ftech%2ftech5.htm&docid=bbcolysbk2cy4m&tbnid=1hwe1ve0d_qvam%3 A&vet=10ahUKEwiu_djdroLYAhVD_mMKHa3jD-4QMwhDKAYwBg..i&w=340&h=256&safe=active &bih=616&biw=1280&q=robert%20fultons%20steamship&ved=0ahukewiu_djdrolyahvd_mmk Ha3jD-4QMwhDKAYwBg&iact=mrc&uact=8

8 Roads, Canals, and Railroads Railroads were a faster means of transport compared to using ships or carriage. George Stephenson developed the first railroad, idea traveled to America Stephenson Works company sold first engines to America. The first railroad built was between Baltimore and Ohio to compete with New York and the Erie Canal. First canal was the Erie Canal, proved to be effective and popular. Led to the construction of more canals. Effective for trading and long distance traveling Roads were being developed during this time but weren't as fast a means of transport. The first road constructed was the NAtional Road, or what is considered now to be Route 40. Still horse drawn but was faster than original routes. All three of these had a huge economic advantage of their own.

9 The Canal Age From the 1790s to 1820s: Americans relied largely on roads for transportation of people and goods. The roads were becoming inadequate for expanding nation. As transport on roads declined, steamboats started becoming popular for the transfer of goods. Steamboats, which were used in the canals, also increased passenger traffic times. After the Erie canal was built, many other canals were constructed due to popularity and traffic Led to 3,000 miles of canals linked together in the end.

10 Canal connections Canals built from

11 Economic Advantage of Canals The first canal constructed was the Erie Canal Led to the encouragement of other states to build canals and prosper Some of the economic benefits of the canal included: Faster importation of goods and people Increased profit in tourism. With goods being transferred in and out faster, it made it easier and more cost effective for trade.

12 The Erie Canal

13 The Erie Canal Construction on the Erie Canal began in 1817, and it opened in October Erie Canal was 363 miles long. Main engineer was Benjamin Wright. People from all over America came to help build the canal. It started in Albany, New York, continued through the Hudson River, finished off in Lake Erie. The popularity of the canal led to the construction of many others. Since New York was already a trading port city, the Erie canal only made it better. New York had a one-up on the other trading states. The Erie canal fueled all kinds of trade and economic growth for New York. Trade time was cut down from 20 days to 6 days. Cost went from 100$ to 5$.

14 The Early Railroads After canals became something of less popularity, railroads made their way over to the Americas. The first company to actually begin operations of building the railroads were the Ohio and Baltimore. In the early railroad times, the railroad schedules were chaotic and wrecks occurred often.

15 The First Railroads The first railroad construction began , Tom Thumb a locomotive which was designed by Peter Cooper was traveling around the Ohio and Baltimore tracks. The DeWitt Clinton locomotive was built by the West Point Foundry in New York. Tested on July 2nd, Led to a huge boom in railroad construction.

16 Total amount of railroads by 1860

17 Technological Basis of the Railroad The railroads were being laid as the search for a strong and reliable locomotive. Peter Cooper had brought his to the table, Tom Thumb. Then this lead to more and more engineers being paid to create strong and reliable locomotives. Many of the locomotives created were strong, but had kinks. The Best Friend, created by E.L Miller, was perfect, but exploded a year later. It the first to be able to pull train carts in America. It was not until the 1840s and 1850s that the railroad began its bettering ages.

18 Competition Between Railroads and Canals Canals were cheaper than railroads, where you could bring tons of goods for half the price of the railroad. But railroads seemed to be faster since there was no traffic, like there was in the canals. The railroads and canals were head to head on which one was faster, and could carry more. It started out small, but grew immaculately. Another competition between the two was when it was attempted to finance and create new railroads, it was not as simple as it was for the canals. Canals produced more money at first, until, eventually railroads proved to have more potential than originally seen.

19 Triumph of the Rails By 1850, there were 9,021 miles worth of tracks laid throughout the United States. Railroads were used transport goods, and also passengers, within a timely manner. Another triumph was how the canal was so successful, that the cost to build it was quickly paid off.

20 Consolidation An important change in the railroad system development was the trend toward the consolidation of short lines into longer lines. By 1860, Congress had allocated over 3o million acres to eleven states for railroad construction.

21 Railroad Connections by 1860

22 Links Between the Midwest and Northeast From , railroads and canals linked the Northeast and Midwest. The Erie Railroad and Pennsylvania Railroad connected the north Atlantic ports with Great Lakes cities. During the 1850 s a railroad boom led to extensions in the countryside, which lowered the cost of shipping farm products to market. New farms popped up as transportation improved.

23 Links Between the Midwest and Northeast cont... Not like the rural south, the Midwest began producing its own goods by the 1830s. John Deere: a blacksmith in Illinois who made his first plow in 1837, opened a factory 10 years later. Other midwestern companies produced reapers that made harvesting faster, which led to wheat from the Midwest arriving into eastern and European markets.

24 COMMUNICATION Before the 1840s, Americans communicated by letter or by sending someone to deliver a message. During this time newspapers were relatively small and reported local news. After the 1840s however, the telegraph greatly increased American communication, and newspapers established a much farther reach to American citizens, which created a divide between sectional newspapers.

25 The Telegraph

26 The Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph in 1844 The first telegram was transmitted from Baltimore to Washington D.C. It told the news of James K. Polk s nomination for presidency. By 1860, more than 50,000 miles of wire connected most of the U.S. The Pacific Telegraph opened in 1861 and connected New York City to San Francisco. By this time, most independent lines had joined the Western Union Telegraph Company.

27 The Associated Press The Associated Press was a news group created by newspaper publishers from around the nation on May 22, 1846 in New York. Its purpose was to distribute news and report stories to those news publishers who didn t live in their area. It was created after the invention of the telegraph and the steam cylinder rotary press. Publishers shared news by telegraph, then published it in their papers; which was much speedier than before because the rotary press made it possible to print papers rapidly and cheaply.

28 Fueling Sectional Discord By the 1840s and 1850s, the rise of new journalism helped feed sectional discord. Most major newspapers were in the North, which reinforced the South s feeling of subjugation. Southern newspapers had smaller budgets and reported largely local news. Few had any impact outside of their communities, which compared to the Herald or the Tribune, which reported local, national, and sometimes international news, was negligible.

29 TECHNOLOGY/AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY IN THE NORTH During this period in time ( ) the United States was expanding westward and using new lands. Agriculture during this time gradually shifted in importance from the Northeast to the Northwest as there were better land conditions here. As agriculture in the Northwest began to succeed and flourish, there became an international desire for American goods; American farmers then changed to accommodate for this desire by adopting new techniques and technologies.

30 Rise of Commercial Agriculture in the North Despite the nation urbanizing and industrializing, many stayed tied to the agricultural world. Agriculture had become increasingly apart of the new capitalist economy, was linked to the national and international market. Where agriculture could not compete it declined; where it could, it flourished.

31 Truck Farming on the Old Northwest Truck farmers were farmers in the Northeast U.S. after 1840 who stayed during urbanization and population growth of the Northwest. They tasked themselves with supplying nearby cities with food by raising fruits/vegetables and selling in local towns.

32 Northeastern Agriculture After 1840, agriculture in the Northeast declined. Some farmers had discovered newer and richer soil in the Northwest that Northeast farmers could not compete with. Farm goods such as: wheat, corn, grapes, cattle, sheep, and hogs shifted westward because of this. Some farmers moved Northwest to farm, and some became laborers. Farmers that stayed became Truck Farmers.

33 Northeastern Agriculture cont... The rise of cities stimulated the rise of dairy farming. Approximately half of the country s dairy came from the East at this point in time. Partially due to dairy production, the East also led the West in hay production. The Northeast also exceeded in producing potatoes. Despite increased agricultural production in some areas, the industrial growth of the Northeast was more important. The rural population declined in the Northeast

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36 The Old Northwest Industry was growing steadily in the Northwest during the 1840s and 1850s. Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Chicago emerged as highly successful industrialized cities. Industry in the West either served agriculture or relied on agricultural products, making industry in the Northwest less important than farming. The Old Northwest was home to both whites and Native Americans Native Americans occupied much of the upper third of the Great Lakes states.

37 The Old Northwest cont... The principal economic activities were hunting and sedentary agriculture. The land of the Old Northwest were rich and plentiful and agriculture was an expanding activity the average citizen was a farmer, and the average farmer owned 200 acres. Farmers in the region also engaged in commercial agriculture in which they grew one crop to sell on the international market.

38 The Old Northwest cont... Industrialization provided the greatest boost to agriculture; the international market greatly desired American farmfoods. To meet this demand, western farmers began to push farther west and clear lands to use for farming. With all the trees that were cut down, a timber industry was created as well. Farmers also changed their technologies and techniques for farming. They cultivated new seeds, imported better animals, and improved their tools and machinery.

39 Agricultural Specialization Rising farm prices around the world gave the incentive for western farmers to engage in commercial agriculture; growing a single crop for market. In the early years of the Old Northwest, farm prices increased due to European agriculture becoming weaker as a result of the Napoleonic Wars. The Old Northwest possessed good water routes and could get their crops to ocean going vessels, which made them profit in trade.

40 New Agricultural Technologies To increase production, reduce labor, and decrease soil exhaustion, farmers adopted new technologies. 1. They cultivated new seeds like Mediterranean wheat which was hardier than native wheat. 2. They imported better breeds of animals 3. Farmers improved their tools and machinery. Cast-iron plows were popular because their parts could be exchanged when broken. In 1847 John Deere established a steel plow which was more durable than the cast-iron plow.

41 The McCormick Reaper Cyrus H. McCormick of Virginia invented the automatic reaper, which could harvest as much small grain in one day as five could harvest using older methods. McCormick patented the device in 1834 and established a factory in Chicago in By 1860, over 100,000 reapers were being used on western farms. The thresher was also important in grain production. The thresher separated the grain from wheat stalks and could produce 25 bushels of grain in one hour, compared to the average 7 bushels a day that were produced by hand.

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43 Western Cities and Commercial Farmers Cincinnati, Detroit, and St. Louis- cities that were at a crossroads of interregional trade- grew at phenomenal rates. St. Louis and Detroit grew up to be centers of commerce where merchants and bankers provided services for farmers and small-town merchants. The largest city to grow was Chicago it became a hub for farm products from the Northwest to gather for shipment to the East. Western cities were crucial links between western farmers and eastern markets.

44 Western Cities and Commercial Farmers cont... As transportation expanded to the Northwest, farmers concentrated on growing crops and raising animals for sale. As farmers salaries grew, they began to buy things they had previously produced at home, which created a market for eastern manufactures. By the mid-century, manufacturing centers had opened in cities like Chicago, Buffalo, and Cleveland that provided jobs for artisans and factory laborers.

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46 Rural Life Life for farmers varied from region to region. Northeastern farmers were usually extensively involved in their communities, but as farmers pushed west, they began to become more isolated. Combating isolation was religion, which brought farming families together. Tasks that were too difficult for one family to do alone, such as barn raising brought families together as well.

47 Rural Life cont... Large numbers of families also gathered around harvest time to bring in crops. Women came together to share domestic tasks. People who lived in rural areas lived with much less contact with popular culture and public life. Rural people treasured their links to the outside world but at the same time valued their separation from it. They cherished their autonomy that farm life gave them.

48 Importance of Religion in Rural Communities Religion drew farmers together more so than anything else, partly due to the shared ethnicity of farmers. (white) Town or village churches were popular meeting places for spiritual and social events, which were usually dominated by women. In towns with no local church, families gathered in each other s homes for religious activities

49 KAHOOT!