Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food (Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)

3 Right to Adequate Food International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR): the right of everyone to adequate food and the fundamental right to be free from hunger Regular, permanent and unrestricted access Quantitatively and qualitatively adequate food Corresponding to cultural traditions Ratified by over 150 countries Legally binding: obligatory for states to observe the provisions and apply them within the national legal system

4 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) The States must Respect - Cannot take measures that prevent people to access food Protect - Prevent others from interfering Fulfill Create conditions fro effective realization

5 All people, at all times Physical and economic access sufficient, safe and nutritious food dietary needs and preferences active and healthy life FAO: Rome Declaration on World Food Security. World Food Summit, 1996

6 Physical Environment (Climate Change, Soil Degradation, Water Scarcity) Social Environment (Land Distribution, Conflict, Dependence) Policy Environment (Budget Allocation, Food Markets, Instability) Insufficient Financial Capital (Impacts in Agricultural Production) Low Human Capital ( Illiteracy, Taboos) Low Social Capital (Weak Social Network) Illness Poverty, Unemployment, High Food Prices Depression Conflicts Malnutrition Overweight Double Burden? Food Insecurity Insufficient/Low Quality Diet / poor utilization Source: Modified from Hoddinott J. (IFPRI, 2002)

7 Trend in the proportion of undernourished in developing countries (2009) 1.02 billion *Food and Agriculture Organization (2009) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

8 Undernourishment in the developing world (2012) Note: Data for in all graphics refer to provisional estimates *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

9 Hunger trends in the developing regions *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

10 Beyond the Obvious Much about poverty is obvious enough. One does not need elaborate criteria, cunning measurement, or probing analysis, to recognize raw poverty and to understand its antecedents. But not everything about poverty is quite so simple. Even the identification of the poor and the diagnosis of poverty may be far from obvious when we move away from extreme and raw poverty. Sen Amartya. Preface. Poverty and famines: An essay on entitlement and deprivation. Oxford University Press Inc., New York. International Labor Organization, 1981.

11 Impact of alternative definitions of the minimum dietary energy requirements *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World.At:

12 Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA)* Global anaemia prevalence and number of individuals affected Zinc deficiency affects one-third of the world's population (Hotz and Brown, 2004, Food Nutr Bull 25: ) Main risk factors include: inadequate intake or poor absorption from the diet (WHO 2008; Gibson 1994; WHO 1996)

13 Are all Food Insecure Hungry and Undernourished?

14 14.5% Prevalence of 35.1% food insecurity in the United States 25.1% 26.2% Source: Calculated by ERS using data from the December 2012 Curent Population Survey Food Security Supplement

15 Diets becoming diverse worldwide *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

16 Overall higher share of animal-source foods in most countries with fast economic growth *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

17 kcal/capita/day Pulses and Beans in India and Mexico India Pulses Mexico Beans

18 kcal/capita/day Sugar and Oils in India and Mexico India Refined Sugar India Vegetable Oils Mexico Refined Sugar Mexico Vegetable Oils

19 Prevalence of obesity (2008) 1.5 billion adults Notes: Data refer to adults of both sexes aged 20+, age standardized, in Obesity is define as BMI 30kg/m 2 Source: World Health Organization *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

20 Global Overweight and Obesity in Women 15 to 49 Years Old Modified from: Martorell R. OBESITY. (2001) 2020 Focus 5 Health and Nutrition Emerging and Reemerging Issues in Developing Countries

21 Food Security A V A I L A B I L I T Y A C C E S S U T I L I Z A T I O N STABILITY

22 Individual Household National Global Global Food Availability Food Imports Food Production National Food Availability Household Food Access Household Income Food Security Health Access/ Care/ Basic Needs Nutrition Security Smith L. The use of household expenditure surveys for the assessment of food insecurity. In FAO. Measurement and Assessment of Food Deprivation and Undernutrition. Accessed [April 26, 2005]

23 For economic growth to enhance nutrition of the neediest the poor must participate in the growth process and its benefits: (i) involve and reach the poor; (ii) additional income for improving the quantity and quality of their diets and for improved health and sanitation services; and (iii) governments need to use additional public resources for public goods and services *Food and Agriculture Organization (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in The World. At:

24 INFORMATION for ACTION National Food Security Institutions Policy Makers NGO s International Agencies Academicians and Researchers Society Planning and Programming Policy Making Budget Allocation Efficient Targeting Monitoring and Evaluation Capacity Building Research Efficient FS Programs

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26 Venezuela/ Colombia ELCSA Medellin, 2007 Brazil Mexico Colombia Central America Haiti Ecuador Nicaragua Guatemala El Salvador Honduras Costa Rica Uruguay Paraguay Peru Bolivia Argentina Chile Dominican Republic

27 Future Projects Latin American Food Security Data Center Development of Global Household Food Security Scale Global Food Security Data Center Best Practices Regional and National Trends

28 Food Security - complex and multidimensional phenomenon Diverse nature of food insecurity requires diverse interventions Growing challenge Double Burden Integrated Food Security Systems critical for formulation of policies and impact evaluation

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