Winter Wheat Tips to Up Yields

Transcription

1 Winter Wheat Tips to Up Yields Shawn P. Conley, J Gaska, A Roth, D Marburger State Soybean and Small Grains Specialist University of Wisconsin, Madison

2 Geographical Comparison

3 WI Winter Wheat Program: The year in review Brand Entry Yield (bu/a) PIP Legacy LXW Diener D492W 91 PIP AgriMAXX Pioneer 25R47 88 Croplan Genetics FS Seed FS PIP Dyna-Gro Jung Public Sunburst 86 Tracy TW Pioneer 25R46 86

4 Planting Rate Function in Components Recommendations: 1.5 bu/acre 58 # test weight 100% germ o 1,500,000 plants 80% germ o 1,200,000 plants Decreased TW:TKW seeding rate seeding vigor Delayed planting lack of tillers

5 Winter wheat variety by seeding rate interactions (13-14) Variety Name Seeding rate (Million seeds per acre) Grain yield (bu per a) LSD (P= 0.10) P25R PRO Sunburt

6 #1 Wheat Problem in the Midwest Sub-crown internodes

7 Status of Late Planted Wheat *Remember that winter wheat will vernalize once the radicle emerges

8 Winterkill

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10 Effect of Spring N on Wheat Yield Components Seeding rate % WK N rate Grain Yield Lodging (1-5) 1000 KWT Tillers sq ft Heads SM LSD (0.10) NS LSD (0.10) NS 53.0

11 N Demand for Winter Wheat N fertilizer has two important functions: Manipulate population o Effective population is tillers, not population Supply nutritional needs of crop for production of protein (streamer bars) Wheat following soybean vs. corn Residual N following drought conditions Validation of PPNT

12 What is the Right Time for N? Early spring if the crop looks thin < 70 tillers/ft 2 If the crop looks good, wait until near jointing Increase yield Increase fertilizer efficiency Avoid growth that is too lush o Disease, lodging, water stress Allow better diagnosis of the right amount of N

13 Tiller ID and Contribution to Yield Each tiller has its own sheath (prophyll) Be aware of 2 or 3 tillers Tillers > 5 th leaf will not produce heads and therefore, do not need to be counted...

14 Laboski et al. 2013; A2809 N Recommendations for Wheat

15 Winter Wheat P, K, and S Removal Pounds per unit Crop Unit N P 2 O 5 K 2 O S Wheat grain bu Wheat straw ton

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20 Impact of Crop Rotation and Management on Fusarium spp. and Wheat Yield

21 Materials and Methods Research conducted from at the Arlington Ag Research Station Data collected from a long term corn/soybean/wheat rotation study Source: Google Earth 21 / 52

22 Fusarium graminearum Causal agent of: Fusarium head blight (FHB or head scab ) on wheat and other small grains 22 / 52

23 Materials and Methods Experimental design Split-split plot RCB with 3 replications Main plots = 14 crop rotation sequences Subplots = 4 variety rotations: RRR, SSS, RRS, and SSR Sub-subplots = 2 fungicide treatments: fungicide vs. UTC 23 / 52

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25 Fixed Effect Pr > F Wheat results Year x Fungicide use Year Crop rotation Mg ha-1 Yield Crop Year CSW rotation CWS Yield (Mg C s W s S (Mg ha -1 ha ) -1 ) 2010 Mg ha-1 Crop rotation x Variety selection Untreated CSW 4.56 CSW b a 2010 CWS C s W s S Treated a c CWS LSD(0.10) = c Resistant 5.37 b 4.50 d 4.80 c LSD(0.10) = NS Susceptible 5.87 a 4.90 c 5.73 a b 2011 C 2011 s W s S LSD(0.10) = b Untreated a 3.96 c 5.41 b Treated a LSD (0.10) LSD(0.10) = LSD(0.10) = NS 2012 LSD (0.10) a 5.48 b 5.48 b Untreated 5.51 b Treated LSD(0.10) = 0.53 LSD(0.10) = a Year (Y) *** Crop rotation (C) *** Y x C *** Variety selection (VS) *** Y x VS ** C x VS ** Y x C x VS NS Fungicide use (F) *** Y x F *** C x F ** Y x C x F ** VS x F ** Y x VS x F NS C x VS x F NS 25 / 52

26 Fixed Effect Pr > F Crop Rotation x Fungicide Use Wheat results CSW CWS C s W s S Mg ha-1 Fungicide use 2010 Untreated Variety selection x Fungicide use Resistant Treated LSD(0.10) = NS 2011 Untreated 6.44 a 3.87 c 5.31 b Treated 5.63 b 4.05 c 5.51 b LSD(0.10) = Untreated Treated LSD(0.10) = NS Susceptible Untreated 4.88 c 5.31 b Treated 4.89 c 5.69 a LSD(0.10) = 0.18 Year (Y) *** Crop rotation (C) *** Y x C *** Variety selection (VS) *** Y x VS ** C x VS ** Y x C x VS NS Fungicide use (F) *** Y x F *** C x F ** Y x C x F ** VS x F ** Y x VS x F NS C x VS x F NS 26 / 52

27 (Blumeria graminis) Infection favored under cool (50-71 F), wet weather and high relative humidity Management includes: resistance, fungicide seed treatments, foliar fungicides, balanced fertility Powdery Mildew

28 (Septoria tritici) Infection favored by cool conditions (59-68 F), leaf wetness (minimum of 6 hours) Management includes: certified disease-free seed and seed fungicides, rotation, foliar fungicides Septoria Leaf Blotch

29 Stripe, Leaf, and Stem Rust Conditions vary for infection Temperature: o Stripe < Leaf < Stem All require leaf wetness and/or high humidity Management focuses on resistance, foliar fungicides, and balanced fertility

30 Fusarium Head Scab (Blight) (Fusarium graminearum) Infection favored by warm temperatures (65-85 F) and prolonged periods of rain (dew) and high relative humidity Management includes rotation, fungicide sprays

31 (Stagonospora nodorum) Infection favored by warmer temperatures (68-81 F) and leaf wetness from 6 to 16 hours Management includes certified disease-free seed and seed fungicides, rotation, foliar fungicides Glume Blotch

32 Wheat Response to Fungicides in 12/13 Treatment and Rate/Acre (Crop Growth Stage at Application) z Non-treated control Aproach 2.08SC 3 fl.oz. (Feekes 5) Stratego 500SC 2 fl.oz. (Feekes 5) Prosaro 421SC 5 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Stratego 500 SC 4 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Headline 2.08SC 6 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Prosaro 421SC 6.5 fl.oz. (Feekes ) Aproach 2.08SC 6 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Prosaro 421SC 6.5 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Headline 2.08SC 6 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Prosaro 421SC 6.5 fl.oz. (10.5.1) Stratego 500SC 2 fl.oz. (Feekes 5) Prosaro 421SC 6.5 fl.oz. (Feekes ) Priaxor 4.17SC 6 fl.oz. (Feekes 8) Prosaro 421SC 6.5 fl.oz. (Feekes ) Leaf Blotch Severity (%) Powdery Mildew Incidence (%) Powdery Mildew Severity (%) FHB Incidence (%) FHB Severity (%) DON content (ppm) 39.0 a y a y 79.2 f y 26.3 a a 81.5 ef 25.3 b a 84.5 df Yield (bu/a) 22.5 bd a 87.3 cde 21.0 bc a 89.0 bcd 19.0 bc a 92.4 ac 18.8 bc c 88.3 bcde 17.8 bc ab 91.9 ac 17.8 bc a 94.9 ab 13.3 cd bc 97.0 a 13.0 cd c 94.6 ab 11.8 c c 91.3 ad LSD (α=0.05) 9.9 ns x ns ns ns

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