Sustaining European seafood security the role of Asian aquaculture. David C. Little. University of Stirling

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1 EU FP7 Funded d Project No ( ) 2013) Sustaining European seafood security the role of Asian aquaculture David C. Little Institute of Aquaculture University of Stirling

2 How are aquatic products different? Until recently dominated by the wild catch T.H. Huxley the inexhaustibility of wild fish stocks Issues of common property access and governance unusual for other forms of food production closer relations to forestry

3 Relative contribution of aquaculture and capture fisheries to food fish consumption Aquaculture Capture FAO, 2012

4 ..a lot of the global fish harvest is NOT consumed directly by peoplep

5 Catcher processor Knapp, 2008

6 More fishmeal now fed back to fish IFFO and FAO data,

7 The world and Europe characterised by huge range in fish consumption Low (Bulgaria) 4.2 kg/person/year to very high (Portugal) 61.6 kg/person/year

8 Trade flows ($millions) The seafood security of the EU has been supported by rising y pp y g levels of imports, increasingly derived from aquaculture, and from the Global South

9 EU 27 catches and imports NEF, 2012 modified Eurostat data

10 Overfishing In Europe if the wild stocks could be optimised, around an additional million/tonnes/year could be harvested This would still leave a shortfall of more than 1 million tonnes at current consumption rates NEF, 2010

11 Catch and effort from Europe to Asia Size of continent reflects magnitude of effort and catch Watson and Pauly, 2013

12 EU FP7 Funded d Project No ( ) 2013) Of the 5million tons of seafood imported by the EU, a growing proportion, around 15%, is now farmed in Asia This is equivalent to about 30% of all farmed seafood marketed in Europe What trade?

13 EU FP7 Funded d Project No ( ) 2013) Implications for Asia and Europe Who are the winners and losers? Is the trade sustainable? are the production systems in Asia resilient? Can farmed seafood from Asia meet Europe s growing demand for sustainable products? what are the capacities and limitations within farmed seafood value chains in the products is demand in Europe stable? Will it continue to grow?

14 European aquaculture the the answer? What constrains the local?? l?? Stable at million ton/year Regulatory environment water use and mixed use resources Carnivorous and resource intensive i species Growth in low trophic species, molluscs Species type and price whitefish? shrimp? The future? IMTA and RAS

15 Intensive controlled RAS or extensive, multispecies IMTA? Recirculating aquaculture Systems Integrated multi trophic aquaculture Photo Fishion Photo Trevor Telfer

16 Failures to understand growing importance of trade EU dependent for more than half its seafood on imports 51% self sufficient EU based aquaculture only produces a fraction of requirement no mention of imports Negative impacts on developing country seafood consumption of global seafood trade

17 Rapid transformation From domestic demand to global ltrade Shrimp and tilapia in China Led by shrimp but now being followed by white fish species, pangasius and tilapia Source FAO, 2010, modified by Zhang et al, 2012

18 Export or local? Belton et al, 2011

19 Seafood Number 1 exported commodity from developing countries FAO, 2012

20 Incentives and predisposing factors Transformation of fisheries to aquaculture Population pressures Dynamic markets Positive or neutral institutions Pre disposing environments

21 Species and climate

22 Origins and trajectories Freshwater floodplains and brackish water deltas

23 Oii Origins and trajectories Dependence on wet rice as a staple

24 Oii Origins and trajectories Expanding population density and agricultural intensification

25 Oii Origins and trajectories Transformation from fisheries to culture

26 Origins and trajectories Urbanisation, industrialisation

27 Origins and trajectories Co development of livestock and associated agro industry

28 Origins and trajectories Seafood processors initially iti based on wild stocks reprocessing/cold storage capacity Nietes Satapornvanit et al. 2012

29 Seafood values Europeans can understand Price willingness to pay Food safety ft Environmental local local and global Social producers and consumers

30 Price and time

31 RASFF Notifications Imports to EU from Vietnam Pangasius: Other veterinary Shrimp: Antibiotics Pathogenic Pathogenic microorganisms micro organisms PesticidesP i id Unauthorized U h i d treatment Capture: Heavy metals Food additives Allergens (P. monodon) Murray et al, 2012

32 EU RASFF Notifications/1,000mt product Imported to EU from Vietnam Pangasius 2010 Shrimp notification per 25,600mt 1 notification per 18,500mt Murray et al, 2012

33 Extractive? Undermining local food availability? Extensive free range shrimp ponds in Southwest Bangladesh

34 Local food chains and employment Income from extensive shrimp ponds in southeast Bangladesh less than half of income from shrimp Employment gains for the poorest groups

35 Environmental destruction Zero impact food production? Mangrove loss and land use changes Often in low productivity agroecosystems May have occurred decades prior to use for aquaculture Mekong Delta, Vietnam loss of forest 80% in 30 years.a century ago Howie, 2010

36 Henrikisson et al, 2012

37 Life cycle approaches Environmental impacts through the life cycle Urgent need to consider whole product..up to 60% is a by product

38 Do European consumers/celebrities know what they want? Informed, sustainable consumption?????

39 Certifying seafood Increasing role of private governance Less than 5% of global farmed seafood is certified Multiple standards and confusion Pushing out of smallholder producers fromvalue chains? Narrow interpretations t ti of sustainability

40 Choices Regional trade within Asia and between Asia and elsewhere is growing fast Rapid rise in consumer purchasing power Different values e.g. taste over animal welfare WillEuropean s be willingto pay for their seafood habit?

41 Rapidly growing seafood consumption in China Lindkist et al, 2008

42 Clusters of production and consumption Income Seafood dindustry Lindkist et al, 2008

43 Asia FAO, 2012

44 Key summary points 1. A low level lof fish self sufficiency i of seafood din Europe (50%) is being met by imports from developing countries; farmed seafood from Asia has become significant this is not widely acknowledged in research, NGO or policy communities 2. No short term prospect of EU based aquaculture to makeup this deficit; local production constrained by multiple factors 3. The recent and rapid development of the aquaculture trade between Asia and Europe has been based on the formers comparative advantage based on rising domestic demand, local dietary significance, environmental and cultural factors

45 Key summary points (contd) 4. The sustainable ti qualities of many Asian Ai aquaculture systems that export product to Europe have not be adequately recognised and criticism on food safety, environmental and social grounds have often been misplaced or made based on inadequate evidence 5. Growth thin Asian economies may limit it sustainability of current trade flows but offer opportunities for EU producers 6. The current situation may offer a breathing space for Europe to develop a balanced approach to meeting its seafood security through hbetter managed fisheries, i domestic and imported farm product

46 EU FP7 Funded d Project No ( )V2013)V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Colleagues, students and stakeholders from the SEAT project in Asia and Europe Find us at