IPM Components and Packages for Tropical Vegetable Crops

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1 IPM Components and Packages for Tropical Vegetable Crops R. Muniappan Director, Integrated Pest Management (IPM IL) Office of International Research, Education, and Development, Virginia Tech

2 IPM Innovation Lab Host Countries Asia Bangladesh Nepal Cambodia Vietnam Africa Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania

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5 Major Aspects of IPM IL Development of IPM components and packages for selected crops. Monitor and develop management technologies for invasive species. Long-term training. Short-term training.

6 IPM Packages or Tactics IPM package for vegetables delivers food security and biodiversity Biological control is one of the major components of IPM. The result is a significant increase in plant health and yield, a dramatic reduction in pesticide use, improvement in biodiversity and an increase in farmer income. IPM plays a major role in the management of Invasive Alien Plants and especially to manage Invasive Alien Arthropods and Microbes. An IPM vegetable package is a set of technologies that can be applied to a given crop to obtain increased yield and reduce pesticide use. It includes the following elements: Soil Preparation Techniques to enhance the soil such as soil solarizationand the addition of growth enhancers such as neem cake, VAM, and fertilizers provide vegetables with the nutrients they need and deter pests such as weeds and nematodes. Seed Treatment Seed treatments such as Trichodermaspp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis protect the seedlings from pests. Seed Selection Quality seeds should be chosen according to need and availability. Pest resistance, yield, marketability, and suitability to the environment are important considerations. Seedling Selection and Grafting All seedlings in the nursery should be closely examined for viral and other diseases, and infected seedlings should be eliminated from the planting material. Grafting for pest resistance should be done when needed. Biological Control Adoption of biological control is a major component of IPM. Local natural enemies such as parasitoids can significantly decrease the need for pesticides. Traps and Biopesticides Sticky traps, pheromone traps, and bait traps may be used for both monitoring and reducing pest populations. When these populations reach an economic threshold, biopesticidessuch as NPV can Supplemental be used. Tactics Supplemental tactics including physical management techniques, such as using stakes, nets, and planting trap crops or nectar plants can be used to reduce pest damage. Strategic Action Strategic action, such as irrigation and rogueing, should be taken to keep plants healthy, reduce re-infection, and discourage pests. While this step is very effective, it is often labor intensive. The Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP) is managed by Virginia Tech at the International Affairs Office Building, 526 Prices Fork Road (0378), Blacksburg, VA This research was supported by the Integrated Pest Management Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CRSP), which was made possible by the United States Agency for International Development and the generous support of the American people through USAID Cooperative Agreement No. EPPA

7 IPM Packages for Tomato Raising healthy seedlings Treating seeds or seedlings with Trichoderma, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Bacillus subtilis. Solarizing seed beds and greenhouses. Using VAM, neem cake, and other organics. Selecting virus-resista.nt varieties. Grafting on resistant rootstock for bacterial wilt, Fusarium, and others. Staking and mulching. Yellow sticky trapping of whiteflies, leafminers, etc. Pheromone trapping of Helicoverpa and Spodoptera. Rogueing and host-free period for control of virus diseases. Using biopesticides such as neem. Using microbial pesticides, such as NPV, Metarhizium, and Beauveria.

8 Coconut pith/dust use in vegetable seedling production

9 Trichoderma a beneficial fungus Its use became very popular in Asia. IPM Innovation Lab conducted four workshops. We are introducing this technology into the African countries.

10 Trichoderma Production in Bangladesh

11 Trichoderma-treated and untreated broccoli in Indonesia

12 Eggplant and tomato grafting Eggplant grafting in Bangladesh Eggplant yield 249% in Bangladesh. Income 305% in Bangladesh. Technology transferred to India, Nepal, Philippines, Uganda, Honduras, Senegal, and Kenya.

13 Pheromones for monitoring insect pests

14 Area-wide management of melon fly using pheromone and other traps in Bangladesh Cuelure trap Mashed sweet melon trap

15 NPVs for Spodoptera & Helicoverpa

16 Production of Parasitoids and Predators

17 Neem Products Neem Tree Neem Flowers Neem Insecticide Neem seed extract production

18 Peanut bud necrosis virus of tomato Transmitted by thrips Common in India Rogueing is effective in controlling this virus Peanut bud necrosis virusinfected tomato Unrogued field Rogued field

19 Gemini virus control in tomatoes Healthy tomato Virus infected tomato Tomato yellow leaf curl virus transmitted by white flies primarily Bemisia tabaci Field without host free period Field with host free period Host free period for 3 months is effective in reducing the incidence

20 A native of South America. Introduced to Spain in Spreading in West Africa, East Africa, and South Asia. Also spreading in Central America. Tuta absoluta

21 Tuta absoluta Migration

22 Tuta absoluta Workshop IPM IL conducted Tuta absoluta workshops In Senegal (May 2013), Ethiopia (Nov. 2013), Kenya (July 2014), Nepal (Feb. 2015), Bangladesh June (2015), Tanzania (July 2015) and Cambodia (2017).

23 Origin: Mexico Spread: 1990s Caribbean, Florida, and South America Micronesia and Hawaii India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Sri Lanka Reunion Island, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria Tanzania, Mauritius, and Mosambique Kenya Papaya Mealybug

24 Spread of Papaya Mealybug 1990s

25 A parasitoid introduced for control of papaya mealybug in India resulted in a benefit between $500 Million and $1.34 Billion.

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27 IPM IL Impact Assessment Country and Authors Uganda, Moyo et al., 2007 Mali, Nouhoheflin, et al., 2011 Crop IPM Practice(s) Net Benefits (millions) Peanuts Virus resistant variety $33-36 Tomato Cultural $21-24 Uganda, Debass, 2000 Beans and maize Cultural $ Bangladesh, Debass, 2000 Bangladesh, Rakshit et al., 2011 Eggplant and cabbage Cultural practices $26-29 Cucurbits Pheromone traps $3-6 Ecuador, Baez, 2004 Plantain Cultural $59-63 Ecuador, Quishpe, 2001 Potatoes Resistant variety $50 Albania, Daku, 2002 Olives Cultural $39-52 Honduras, Sparger, et al., 2011 India, Selvaraj, 2012 (preliminary analysis) Eggplant, onion, tomato, and pepper Mulberry, papaya, and cassava Cultural practices $17 Papaya mealybug parasitoid release $500-$1,340

28 Thank You.