LECTURE 11 SUNFLOWER Helianthus annuus

Transcription

1 LECTURE 11 SUNFLOWER Helianthus annuus IMPORTANCE OF SUNFLOWER OIL Amng the vegetable ils mst suitable t crnary system High level f linleic acid and absence f linlenic acid PUFA (Plyunsaturated fatty acid) Linleic cntent is mre (67%) and abut 90% unsaturated (+mnunsaturated 21%) Majr ingredient in margarine and shrtening prducts Origin & spread Prbably frm Suth - West America Sunflwer was intrduced int Eurpe in 16th century Reached Eurpe frm Mexic via Spain It was rnamental Reached Russia via Hlland in 18th century First cmmercial prductin fr il Sunflwer wrld scenari in 1999 (Millin ha & millin t) Cuntry Area Prductin Prductivity Russian Federatin Argentina Ukraine India USA

2 Rmania China Wrld (FAOSTAT, 2006) Indian Scenari f sunflwer State Area ( '000 ha) Prductin ( '000 t) Prductivity (kg/ha) Karnataka Maharastra AP Punjab Bihar UP TN India (Ministry f Agriculture, Gvt. f India, ) Favurable features fr grwth f sunflwer in India Wide adaptability Phtperid insensitiveness Shrter duratin ( days) High quality edible il (PUFA) High seed multiplicatin rati (>1: 80) Easier & cheaper cultivatin Remunerative market price Suitable fr mechanizatin

3 Stages f Sunflwer Erect, tall usually un-branched Plant height, head size, days t flwering & maturity are all vary due t envirnment Rt tap rt - but thick rt mat with shrt tap rt is cmmn May be prblem in light sil t heavy mass - ldging Limitatins in the explitatin f sil misture & nutrients Earthing-up interferes with rts Irrigatin frequency shuld be shrt t meet the demand Waterlgging adversely affects the crp due t weakening f anchrage and prliferatin f fungal diseases The stem Mstly unbranched Branching is nt desirable Basal branching may be useful Leaf axil branching prblem N triggers branching Green stem cntributes fr phtsynthesis Ht varies shrt can accmddate mre plants

4 medium tall The leaf Varies with plant type and envirnment Limited t number f ndes 8 t as many as 70 Arranged alternate at right angle The inflrescence Capitulum brne terminally Surrunded by ne r mre whrls f bracts called invlucre (mdified leaves) Head diameter is yield deciding factr Anthesis and fertilizatin Flwering frm periphery Outermst pens first Daily 1-5 rws cntinues up t 5-10 days The seed Seed is called achene Seed size 7-25mm lng, 4-13m lng,3-7.5mm thick Drmancy nrmally days Oil cntent 36-37% 1000 seed weight 43-45g The climate Temp range 8-34 C Optimum 20 & 25 C Requires cler (15-20 C) grwing perid and warmer maturing perid (20-25 C) Base minimum is 10 C High temp (>38 C) in pst-anthesis inhibit quantity and quality f il Rainfall f 500mm, with 300 mm it can yield Avid flwering cincide cntinuus drizzle Sil Can be in wide range f sils Any sil with gd drainage is mre imprtant Neutral t mderately alkaline sils

5 ph ranges 6.5 t 8.0 Cmplete failure in sandy sil with ph 4.6 Varieties CO1, CO2, CO 3, CO 4 Mdern, K2, K1, BSH 1 EC Hybrids have advantage than varieties High yield ptential Unifrm crp stand Mre self-fertile, less prblem f seed set MSFH 1, BSH 1 Seasns Rainfed June-July, Kharif in Nrth Oct-Nv Irrigated Dec - Jan April May Field preparatin Fine tilth Apply FYM / Cmpst incrprate Ridges and furrws Spacing 30 t 60cm accrding t variety 10 t 15 cm fr shrt & medium stature 15 t 30 cm fr tall (>120cm) Seed 2 seeds per hle Seed weight f 45g/ x kg 30 x 15 20kg 30 x 30 10kg 60 x 30 5kg Seed treatment

6 Swing Trichderma 4 g /kg Azspirillum 600 g t ne ha Saking the seeds 2% ZnSO4 fr 12hrs and Shade drying fr rainfed swing is desirable Well prepared deep, friable seedbed is mre preferable Depth f swing 3-5cm Plant ppulatin 55,000 t 98,000 /ha almst same yield If the head diameter is <10cm mre ppulatin If >20cm less ppulatin Thinning Highly sensitive t intra-specific cmpetitin Nutrient management Fast grwing high il yielding thus requires mre nutrients Lw yield in India is attributed t pr fertile sil, cultivated in rainfed cnditins A crp yielding 2 t seed, 3.2t stver and 0..8t rt uptakes 82 kg N, 13 kg P, 60 kg K, 9.4 kg S, 37 kg Ca and 21 kg Mg. State wise nutrient recmmendatin TN UP AP - Rainfed Irrigated Hybrids ; Variety

7 Weed management Fluchlralin / Pendimethalin 2.0kg as pre-mergence High vlume spray Heing and weeding n 15th day & 30th day Within three days irrigate the filed Water management Immediately after swing 4-5 days later nce Interval f 7-8 days Seeding, flwering and seed develpment stages are critical Seed setting and filling Prblem is seen with pr seed setting This prblem is mre in warmer regins In India seed filling under gd management is nly 75% It will be as lw as 10-20% Reasns Genetic Envirnmental Physilgical Availability f pllinatrs Maturity Physilgical maturity (30-40% seed misture When the back f the head turns green t lemn yellw There will be 5-6 green leaves at this stage Harvest maturity (10-12%) Delay beynd harvest maturity severe yield lss

8 Crpping systems Sequential crpping Suthern India Rainfed - Sunflwer millets/pulses Irrigated- Rice sunflwer Nrth Rainfed - SF wheat / chickpea Rw intercrp Grundnut + SF Pigeanpea + SF Castr + SF Pulses + SF Multiple chice questins 1. Origin f sunflwer is a. India b. Argentina c. Suth west America 2. Scientific name f sunflwer is a. Helianthus annuus b. Carthamus tinctrius c. Sesamum indicum 3. Ttal prductin f sunflwer in the wrld is m tnnes a b c Ttal prductin f sunflwer in India is m tnnes a b.1.25 c Oil cntent f sunflwer is a % b % c % 6. Nutrient recmmendatin fr sunflwer in Tamil Nadu is kg NPK/ha 80:60:40 b. 60:30:0 c.40:20:20 7. Saturated fatty acid cntent in sunflwer is a. 12 % b. 15 % c. 10 % 8. Mn unsaturated fatty acid cntent in sunflwer is a. 16 % b. 15 % c. 10 %