Soil test based fertilizer prescription for wheat (Triticum aestivum L) in rice (Oryza sativa L.)- wheat cropping system in Inceptisols

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1 2017 RELS ISSN: Res. Environ. Life Sci. 10(10) (2017) Soil test based fertilizer prescription for wheat (Triticum aestivum L) in rice (Oryza sativa L.)- wheat cropping system in Inceptisols G. R. Khedikar 12 D. S. Kankal* 3 V. N. Mishra 1 and A. G.Shukla 1 1 Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur (Chhattisgarh) India 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth) Hiwara Gondia (Maharashtra) India 3 AICRP on Integrated Farming System Research Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth Akola (Maharashtra) India * dskankal@gmail.com (Received: November ; Revised received: July ; Accepted: July ) Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during rabi season for wheat (Triticum aestivum L) crop in rice (Oryza sativa L.) -wheat cropping system on Inceptisol of Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh. The field was divided into three equal long strips (L 0 ) with fertility variation in a Reinforced Resolvable Block Design of 21 selected treatments of three groups. Considering soil test vis-à-vis targeted yield concept; based on Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply (IPNS) fertilizer prescription equations were developed from basic data of nutrient requirement q -1 grain production (NR) and nutrient efficiency from soil (E S ) fertilizer ( ) and farm yard manure (YM ).Mean values (kg ha -1 )of available soil N P and K were ranged from 230 to to and 277 to 284 in strips L 0 respectively increased with respect to fertility strips from L 0. Plant uptake showed highest increase in mean N P and K in strip L 2 ( and %respectively). Strip L 1 recorded a highest yield increase of % than others. Fertilizer N and P with FYM showed better efficiency and grain yield (R 2 =0.80) than fertilizer nutrient alone or with other combinations. Contribution towards uptake of N P and K was highest of O from fertilizer (61.48%) and lowest was of P 2 from FYM (3.22%).Fertilizer prescription equations showed reduced fertilizer requirement with increased use of FYM and soil test values resulting in saving of chemical fertilizer. Key Words: Cropping system fertilizer prescription Inceptisol IPNS targeted yield wheat Introduction Wheat (Triticum aestivum L) is the most important cereal crop in the World and stands next to rice in India. It is estimated that more than 35 per cent world population is depends on wheat due to its better nutritious value than any other single crop. It also supplies nutritious feed for a large population of cattle through straw (Pavithra et al. 2014). The average productivity of wheat in the country is q ha -1 with the wide yield differences among the major wheat growing states (Majumdar et al. 2012). A rice-wheat cropping system is predominantly practiced according to soil and climate across the country; and is considered as the backbone of food security in India. Depleted soil fertility is the major problem of this cropping system (Yadav et al. 2015).Wheat is the major rabi crop in rice-wheat cropping system of Bastar plateau zone of Chhattisgarh state. Indiscriminate inadequate blanket and imbalanced use of chemical fertilizer is one of the major reasons of low productivity of the region. This affects adversely on soil health leads to emergence of multi nutrient deficiencies in soil (Dwivedi et al. 2006) and also reduces the nutrient use efficiency (Buresh et al. 2010). Growth rate for productivity of major crops is also stagnant and declining. Balance nutrition not only includes the application of essential nutrients in certain proportion through fertilizer but it also ensures that whether the native nutrient availability is in adequate quantity to obtain the desired levels of crop yield. Soil nutrient availability is rarely adequate and balanced. Adopting fertilizer prescription based on soil test minimizes the risk of uneconomic as well as indiscriminate use of fertilizer. It will enhance and sustain the food production soil fertility and productivity and minimize environmental degradation. As a diagnostic tool the value of soil testing in both general and specific terms is to identify soil fertility problems and constraints in an area and to give specific fertilizer recommendation based on soil analysis of aspecified farmto improve productivity and profitability (Dobermann et al. 1996). Fertilizer is one of the most expensive inputs used in the current agriculture and has contributed handsomely to the total agriculture turnout of the country since last few decades. Soil test based balanced fertilizer prescriptions have been developed for rice wheat cropping systems under different soil types of India (Kosha et al. 2012). In the present context fertilizer prescriptions are not available for Bastar plateau zone which covers a large area of the Chhattisgarh state. Secondly the nutrient consumption of this zone is very low (16 kg NPK ha -1 ) and hence crop productivity is also low. Therefore it is an urgent need to generate the information on soil test based balanced Research in Environment and Life Sciences 807 October 2017

2 fertilizer prescriptions with integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) approach so that efficient and judicious use of plant nutrients can be used to enhance the crop productivity of this zone. In view of the above facts the present investigation was undertaken in wheat on Inceptisol of Bastar plateau of Chhattisgarh to elucidate the relationship between soil test values and crop response to fertilizers to develop fertilizer prescription equations under IPNS for desired yield target of wheat and to estimate the nutrients (N P and K) requirement of wheat. Materials and Methods A field experiment was conducted during rabi at the Instructional Farm of Shaheed Gundadhur College of Agriculture and Research Kumrhawad Jagdalpur under Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur Chhattisgarh. The field was divided into three equal long strips and denoted as L 0. Each strip was further divided into 3 blocks having 0 5 and 10 t ha -1 FYM. These three blocks were introduced in a Reinforced Resolvable Block Design such that the 21 selected treatment of three groups and in each group thus had eight treatment combinations (seven treatments + one control). The soil samples (0-15 cm) were taken from each plot of the experimental field before sowing of wheat crop. Plant and grain samples of wheat from each plot were collected at harvest processed and analyzed. Soil analysis was done for Alkaline KMnO 4 N Olsen P and NH 4 OAc K whereas plant and grain samples analyzed for N P and K contents using standard procedures (Tandon 1995). Wheat grain yield was recorded plot wise and calculated on hectare basis. Statistical analysis: Standard regression procedure was used to relate the soil test and fertilizer with crop yield response. The nutrient requirement soil and fertilizer efficiencies were estimated with the help of STCR software. Sigma plot version 8 was used for graphics. Basic parameters: The calculations of basic parameters viz. nutrient requirement per quintal wheat grain production (NR) and nutrient contribution (efficiency) from soil fertilizer and farm yard manure (FYM) were calculated using the formulations as developed by Ramamoorthy et al. (1967) as follows. Nutrient requirement per quintal grain production (NR) of wheat: NR kg N/P 2 O= Uptake of N/P O /K O in kg ha-1 from grain + straw grain yield in q ha-1 Nutrient contribution(%) from soil to total nutrient uptake (E S ): Es of N/ P 2 / O = Uc of N/ P O / K O Sc of N/ P x / O Where: U C is uptake of N or P 2 O kg ha -1 from grain + srtaw from control plot and S C is soil test value for available N or P 2 or O kg ha -1 from control plot. Nutrient contribution (%) from fertilizer to total uptake ( ) of N/ P 2 O= (U) (S x Es of N/ P O / K O / x100 Fertilizer N/ P 2 O applied in kg ha -1 Where: U is uptake of N or P 2 O kg ha -1 from grain + straw and S is soil test value for available N or P 2 O kg ha -1 Nutrient contribution (%) from FYM to total uptake (EFYM): EFYM = (UFYM - Uc) x 100 FYM applied in kg ha-1 Research in Environment and Life Sciences 808 Where U FYM is nutrient uptake in kg ha -1 from grain + srtaw from only FYM treated plot and U C is nutrient uptake in kg ha -1 from grain + srtaw from control plot. Yield targeting equations or fertilizer prescription equations: Based on the IPNS the yield targeting fertilizer prescription equations were developed from the above parameters as given by Goswami et al as furnished below: i) Fertilizer nitrogen in kg ha -1 (FN) FN = [(NR ) x Y] [(Es ) x SN] [(YM ) x FYM ii) Fertilizer phosphorus in kg ha -1 (F P 2 ) F P 2 =[(NR )x Y] [(Es )x 2.29x SP] [(YM )x FYM iii) Fertilizer phosphorus in kg ha -1 (F O) F O=[(NR )x Y]-[(Es )x1.21x SK]-[(YM )x FYM Where: NR is nutrient requirement of N or P 2 O kg q -1 produce; E S and EFYM are percentage contribution from soil available nutrients and FYM respectively; SNSP and SK are soil test values (kg ha -1 ) for available N P and available K respectively. Y is yield target (q ha -1 ) and FYM is farmyard manure (t ha -1 ). Results and Discussion Soil available nutrients: Tables-1 show the range and mean values of available nutrients before sowing of wheat crop during rabi season. Mean values of soil N were and 248 kg N ha -1. Mean soil P was and kg ha -1 and the mean available K was and 284 kg ha -1 in strips L 0 respectively. The soil test data indicate that the level of soil P increased with respect to fertility strips from L 0.This might be due to the immobile nature of P subjected to fix in soil (Dwivedi et al. 2003).No more variation was noticed in case of N and K; as the nature of N in soil is very dynamic and its different forms are subjected to losses through leaching volatilization and de-nitrification. (Singh and Dwivedi 2006).The exchangeable nature of K may also be resulted in less variation in its availability. Almost similar results for soil available K are reported by Dwivedi et al. (2009) in case of pearl millet. Nutrient Uptake: The nutrient uptake data (table 1) revealed that the N uptake ranged from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 0 ; from to with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 1 and from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 2. The per cent increase in mean N uptake of strip L 1 was and strip L 2 was and respectively. Nutrient Uptake: The nutrient uptake data (table 1) revealed that the N uptake ranged from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 0 ; from to with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 1 and from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 2. The per cent increase in mean N uptake of strip L 1 was and strip L 2 was and respectively. The P uptake ranged from 3.14 to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 0 ; in strip L 1 from 5.45 to with a mean of kg ha -1 and in case of strip L 2 it ranged from 5.65 to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha - 1. The per cent increase in mean P uptake of strip L 1 was and strip L 2 was and 7.89 respectively. The K uptake ranged from to kg ha -1 with October 2017

3 Table-1: Range and mean values of available N P and K before sowing nutrient uptake and grain yield of rice crop Fertility Strips Soil available nutrients (kg ha -1 ) Nutrient uptake(kg ha -1 ) Grain KMnO 4 -N Olsen- P NH 4 OAc K N P K yield(q ha -1 ) L 0 Minimum Maximum Mean SD CV L 1 Minimum Maximum Mean % change in mean over L SD CV L 2 Minimum Maximum Mean % change in mean over L % change in mean over L SD CV a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 0 from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 1 and from to kg ha -1 with a mean of kg ha -1 in strip L 2. The per cent increase in mean K uptake of strip L 1 was recorded to be and strip L2 over strips L0 and L1 was and 8.15 respectively. The higher N P and K uptake by wheat crop might be attributed to grain and straw yield of wheat. Besides increase in nutrient uptake in grain and straw owing to increased availability of nutrients to the crop as a result of higher contribution of nutrients applied through fertilizers. The similar trend of NPK uptake for particular grain yield of wheat crop was reported by Zia et al. (2003) who also opined the necessity of nutrient uptake to be taken into account for fertilizer recommendations as it is closely related to yield level. Grain yield: The grain yield data (table 1) revealed that in strip L 0 ranged from 7.17 to q ha -1 with a mean of q ha -1 from 10.23to q ha -1 with a mean value of q ha -1 in strip L 1 ; and from to q ha -1 with a mean of q ha -1 in strip L 2. There was an increasing trend in the grain yields from L 0 strip. It was observed that SD and CV (%) levels were higher in L 0 strip and declined under L 1 strip indicating that yield variations were higher in L 0 strip due to soil test variations. The increase in wheat grain yields with respect to fertility strips may be due to fertility gradient in soil P status from L 0. Strip L 1 recorded a yield increase of 4.13 per cent and strip L 2 recorded a yield increase of and 7.65 per cent respectively. Similar results were reported by Milap-Chand et al. (2004) and Dhillon et al. (2006). Relation between yield and added nutrients: The relations of wheat yields with different added nutrients as independent variables were evaluated by regression analysis are presented in table 2. Table 2. Selected regression model to account for yield variation of wheat Regression model R 2 General equation Y = FN 0.74 Y= FN FN Y = FP 0.47 Y = FP FP Y= FK 0.31 Y= FYM Nutrient substitution equation Y = FN FP 0.77 Y= FN FP FK 0.79 Y= FN FP FYM 0.80 Where FN FP and FK are fertilizer (kg ha -1 ) N P 2 O respectively. FYM is Farm Yard Manure (t ha -1 ). SN SP and SK are soil test values (kg ha -1 ) for KMnO 4 - N Olsen s P and NH 4 OAc- K and Y is crop yield q ha -1. Results indicate that the larger proportion of variation in grain yields of wheat crops was accounted for by N alone (Eq. No.2) as compare to P and K. However its quadratic term gave better fit into the data with wheat yield as evidence from the higher R 2 value (0.77) with curvilinear equation. Higher crop responses were attributed to the high N requirement and being a mobile nature of this element it is accessible to the plant in the root system sorption zone (Ramamoorthy et al. 1967). Response to FYM also exhibited but had less marked as compared to fertilizer N P and K (Eq. No. 6). Fertilizer N application with P and FYM could explain more grain yield variation (Eq. No.9) than fertilizer nutrient alone or with other combinations (R 2 =0.80). This relation showed the better efficiency of fertilizer N and P with FYM application. Relationship between yield and nutrient uptake: A close association was observed between the wheat grain yield and total Research in Environment and Life Sciences 809 October 2017

4 N P and K uptake. This relation was used to estimate the nutrient requirement (NR) for wheat (Table 3). The nutrient requirement can be given by the regression coefficient (b1) of yield (Y) and total nutrient uptake (U). Y = b1 U or U = 1/b1 Y Where 1/ b1 give the NR. The results presented in table 3 revealed that wheat required 2.13 kg of N 0.57 kg of P 2 and 2.56 kg of O for producing one quintal of wheat grain. The order of NR was observed as O>N>P 2. The continuous application of P fertilizers to both crops in rice wheat cropping system might have resulted in higher soil P and its lower requirement by wheat crop (Dwivedi et al. 2003).The higher requirement of K fertilizers ascribed to imbalanced crop nutrition and lower residues recycling in rice wheat cropping system (Singh et al. 2013). Table-3: Relation of wheat grain yield (Y) with total nutrient uptake (U) Nutrient Y = b 1 U R 2 NR (kg q -1 ) N Y = U P Y = U K Y = U Basic Parameters for fertilizer prescription equations for wheat crop: The basic parameters are percentage contribution from soil available nutrients (E S ) percentage contribution from fertilizer nutrients ( ) and percentage contribution from FYM (YM ). Fertilizer prescription equations for wheat were developed from these basic parameters as explained under head statistical analysis of methodology section. Table-4 reveals that the E S towards the uptake of N P and K from soil was and per cent respectively. Among the three nutrients E S towards P 2 was high followed by O and N. The fertilizer contribution efficiency ( ) of N P and K was estimated as and per cent respectively in order of O>N>P 2.The results showed the higher contribution of fertilizer sources than the soil except P. The similar findings were also reported by Meena et al. (2001).The higher fertilizer contribution of O for wheat may be due to the interaction effect of higher fertilizer doses which might have caused the higher release of soil native K also resulted in higher uptake of K by wheat. (Yadav et al. 2015). The YM of N P 2 O was and per cent respectively. Among the three nutrients FYM contribution or efficiencywas more towards O than N and P 2. Similar trend for contribution of soil fertilizers and FYM for N P 2 O was reported by Santhi et al. (2011). Table-4: Basic data and Fertilizer adjustment equations for wheat crop Nutrient E S (%) (%) YM (%) Fertilizer adjustment equations N FN =8.98 Y SN FYM P FP = 3.36 Y SP FYM K FK =4.14 Y SK FYM Where E S and YM are percentage contribution from soil available nutrients and FYM respectively. FN FP and FK are fertilizer (kg ha -1 ) N P 2 O respectively. FYM is Farm Yard Manure (t ha -1 ). SN SP and SK are soil test values (kg ha -1 ) for KMnO 4 N; Olsen s P and NH 4 OAc- K and Y is crop yield in q ha -1. Fertilizer recommendations for wheat under IPNS: The ready reckoners for wheat based on above equations with the use of 5 tons of FYM are shown in table 5. The fertilizer requirement reduced with the use of FYM resulting in the saving of chemical fertilizer although it is a major amount however application of chemical fertilizer with FYM in integrated manner has beneficial effect by several ways in terms of soil fertility and physical properties improvement. It is further evident that the fertilizer requirements decreased with increase in soil test values (Zia et al. 2003). It should be noted that soil of better fertility if supplied with 5 tons of FYM ha -1 there is even no need to apply any fertilizers when its soil test value exceed 325 kg ha -1 for N and K and 18 kg ha -1 for P for the targeted yield of 15 q ha -1. These results are in close conformity with the findings of Randhawa and Velayuthem (1982). Therefore a slightly lower yield target may be considered for a poor resource farmers to obtain maximum profit per unit cost spent on fertilizer whereas a higher yield target for a resourceful farmers who are interested for maximum potential production per unit area. Thus the targeted yield approach of fertilizer recommendation ensures nutrient balancing to suit the situations involving different yield goals soil fertility and resources of the farmer (Dev et al. 1985). The balance nutrient supply for efficient Table 5: Ready reckoners for soil test based fertilizer N P 2 O recommendation forwheat in Inceptisols with 5 tons of FYM Soil Test values (kg ha -1 ) Yield Target of wheat (q ha -1 ) N P K FN FP FK FN FP FK FN FP FK Research in Environment and Life Sciences 810 October 2017

5 use of applied fertilizers with organic sources in presence of native availability using targeted yield concept was reported by Ray et al. (2000) and Khosa et al. (2012) in wheat. The principles of SSNM are well established and have produced yield and quality improvement in wheat across soils and regions. Majorresearch efforts in this line on wheat (Sharma and Tiwari 2004) showed the advantage of SSNM over the existing practices. From this study it is revealed that the findings of our study could be adopted in a large area of Bastar region for efficient fertilizer management which will beneficial in terms of reducing cost of cultivation increasing fertilizer-use efficiency and minimizing environmental pollution while maintaining soil quality and soil health based on judicious use of organic and inorganic fertilizers. Therefore the soil-test-based fertilizer prescription developed for wheat would be a useful tool for balanced fertilization of nutrients under Inceptisol; not only in Chhattisgarh plateau but also in other parts of the India under similar soil and agro-climatic conditions. Acknowledgement The authors express sincere thanks to Indian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi for funding AICRP-STCR. References Buresh R. J. Pampolino M.F. Witt C.: Field-specific potassium and phosphorus balances and fertilizer requirement forirrigated ricebased cropping systems: Plant Soil 335: (2010) Dev G. Dillion N.S. Brar J. S.andVig A. C.: Soil test based yield targets for wheat and rice-cropping system. Fert. News. 30: (1985). Dhillon N. S. Barar B. S. Benipal D. S. and Mavi M. S.: Economics of various soil test based fertilization approaches for different crops. Crop Res. 32: (2006). Dobermann A. Cassman K. G. Sta. Cruz P. C. Adviento M. 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