2018 BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL

Transcription

1 older. It is also known that generally calf weaning weights will also increase as a dam s milk production increases towards maturity. The three scenarios in Figures 4 and 5 depict the cases where the same cow weans calves during her first three parities and all weights were recorded when these calves were 205 days of age. Figure 5. Calf:Cow weight ratios at 205 days calf age in the first three parities of the same cow. Figure 6. The contribution of the dam and the calf s own ability on the calf s weight change during suckling. Calf weight (Kg) Calf s own growth contribution Cow s contribution to Calf s weight Parity 3 Weaning at 205 days Parity 3; Ratio = 46% Parity 2; Ratio = 49% Days after calving Parity 2 Parity 1 Calving Parity 1; Ratio = 53% Calf weight Cow weight Days after calving 1 st Calf 2 nd Calf 3 rd Calf As can be seen from Figure 5, differences in ratios are likely due to changes in the expected body weights of dams and their calves due to the age of these dams at calving. Due to these differences, phenotypic ratios of 205 days of age calf to cow body weight are of little value when comparing the differences in efficiencies among dams. Some more complications Although some of the major complications of using the calf to dam s body weight in the calculation of cow efficiencies were described, even more factors contribute towards wrong assumptions when a simple division of two weights are used. These include: Sex of the calf. Bull calves are heavier at weaning (and birth) than females. Differences can not be linked to efficiency of the dam. During the first 100 days or so, the calf is basically a monogastric that gradually changes into a ruminant. Young calves therefore rely purely on their dam s milk whereas older ones must rely on their intake of other feed (mostly grass). Irrespective therefore of the age effect at weight recording, as described earlier, this furthermore complicates efficiency comparisons among cows. Figure 6 depicts the effects of the dam and the calf s own growth ability on the calf s weight. Even after the calf is weaned, the dam s contribution can be seen as a carry over effect. Ratio values are complicated. The cow efficiency definitions usually work with the division of one value by another. Generally, the winner in terms of the biggest contribution towards differences among animals (their ranking), will be the factor with the biggest variation. This is illustrated in Figure 7. Figure 7. The impact of dividing with cow weight in differing body weight variations in 205 days calf weights and cow weights. Variation Calf 205 day weights Small variation Big Effect Small Effect Divided by Variation in Dam weights Big variation This implies that cow efficiency values will, in the biggest majority of cases, simply favour dams with lower body weights. Given the earlier descriptions, this is not always true. Real efficiencies are driven by reproduction efficiency. Basically, the biggest loss in terms of maintenance will be barren cows. They are still consuming feed to maintain themselves without producing any products. Simple differences in calf to cow weight ratios can not make up for these losses. Combined selection indices, the better solution. Although outside the scope of this article, the combination of traits contributing towards profit and loss in beef production included in a selection index is a much better solution to distinguish between the efficiency levels of different cows. The logix Beef COW VALUE is such an index. It uses BLUP breeding values of beef cattle in combination with the relative economic value of the included traits to predict the genetic merit of cows and bulls to produce efficient offspring. Values are basically expressed in Kg or Rand per Hectare. Given the pitfalls of using simple ratios in determining cow efficiency, the use of the defined property should be discouraged. There are more appropriate and more accurate (and therefore safer) measures to be used for this purpose BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL 41

2 at 13 years Shakira - BA Solio 460 T x KPO 741 Members of... Shakira - PRB VST x Shakira - BA Spartan - PRB Lobase - TLM02 06 x Shakira - BA I can do nothing on my own. As I hear, I judge and my judgement is just, because i seek not my own will but the will of Him who sent me. - John 5:30 Cattle run on Heartwater, Redwater and Gallsick veld.

3 at 14 years in partnership with Ooskus Boran Stoet Celine - B K6K 2997 x K6K 1961 Celine - GE Celine - PRB VST x B Husky - MHB x B at 12 years Rose - MHB NDA 9 x KPO 21 PRB 16 24, PRB 16 33, PRB PRB 16 24, PRB 16 33, PRB Full sisters from Cojack - CI x Britney - BA

4 Defining Generations Ivan Voigts / Mount Verde Estate, Hilton, KZN

5 CI VADER: TLM MOER: HOTSPOT BIANCA TLM VADER: K6K2588 MOER: KPO 961 KPO 2558 GOLIATH NJS VADER: HVT9503 MOER: B LINE MUSCLE KING TLM KP02588

6 ARTIKEL ARTCLE MIK VIR SPIERE, NIE VET Elke beesboer wil soveel kilogram vleis as moontlik produseer, want dit bepaal sy wins. Die goeie nuus is boere kan vir die eienskappe selekteer, sê dr. Roger Hunsley, vooraanstaande beeskennis van Amerika. Andries Gouws (Landbouweekblad 23 Des 2011) Die enigste manier om meer vleis te produseer, is om die gewig van die spiere te vermeerder en die produksie van vet te verminder sonder om die dier se raam groter te maak. Daarom is kennis oor die karkassamestelling van n bees baie belangrik. Nege kilogram voer is nodig om 1 kg vet te produseer, terwyl net 4 kg voer 1 kg maer vleis kan produseer. Boere het dus diere nodig wat vinnig groei en die maksimum hoeveelheid spiere en die minimum hoeveelheid vet tydens die groeiproses produseer, het Hunsley gesê. Genetiese inligting dui daarop dat groeitempo en karkaseienskappe nie baie deur dieselfde groep gene beinvloed word nie. Dit beteken dat diere vinnig kan groei en gewenste karkasse kan lewer, maar dat daar afsonderlik vir die eienskappe geselekteer moet word. Die hoeveelheid vleis in die dele waar die gesogte snitte voorkom, kan nie deur visuele seleksie verander word nie. Met dit in gedagte, meen Hunsley, is die enigste manier waarop vleisbeeste meer vleis kan produseer om die gewig van die spiere te verhoog en die hoeveelheid vet te verminder. Dit kan gedoen word deur die dier groter te teel, maar dit hou probleme in waarop daar nie klinkklare antwoorde is nie. In n sekere stadium van volwassenheid vermeerder die hoeveelheid vet in die karkas namate die gewig toeneem en dikwels word n oormaat vet dan geproduseer. Die suksesvolle teler is die een wat beeste selekteer wat by sy omgewing en die toestande op sy plaas pas. Hy kan daarom tydens seleksie verskillende eienskappe verskillend beklemtoon om hierdie oogmerk te bereik. By aangepaste koeie behoort boere dan bulle te gebruik wat n nageslag sal produseer wat karkasse met genoeg bespiering sal lewer wanneer die diere teen hul optimale gewig vir hul raamgrootte bemark word. Maar, waarsku Hunsley, seleksie moet altyd met omsigtigheid gedoen word. Die meeste beesrasse het oor die afgelope paar dekades kleiner geword nadat ondervinding geleer het dat die :groot en rankerige: beeste nie so doeltreffend was as wat boere gemeen het nie. Maar dit beteken nie dat n klein, vet bees doeltreffender is nie, dit beteken net hulle is klein en vet. n Mens kan nie vir doeltreffendheid selekteer of geneties vorder as jy nie spesifieke eienskappe meet nie. Vermy uiterstes en selekteer diere wat presteer en puik karkasse produseer. Die teeldoelwit moet wees om diere te produseer wat in die spesifieke toestande van n spesifieke omgewing doeltreffend kan produseer en reproduseer. Dit is die enigste manier waarop vleisbeesboere meer wins kan maak, sê Hunsley BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL

7 Hunsley se wenke: Bulle wat sal sorg dat hul nageslag goed bespierd is sonder dat hulle die grootte van die aangepaste koeikudde nadelig sal beinvloed, behoort deur boere gebruik te word. Temperament Temperament is n eienskap waaraan boere na Hunsley se mening te min aandag gee. Veekenners in Iowa, Amerkia, het oor tien jaar data van duisende beeste versamel ten opsigte van temperament. Hulle het vasgestel dat diere met n swak temperament gemiddeld $61 per kop minder ingebring het as die diere wat die beste telling vir temperament gehad het. Senuweeagtige diere het net nie soveel gewig aangesit nie en het n swakker voeromsettingsverhouding as kalm diere. Daarby hanteer diere met n swak temperament moeiliker en hul kalwers wat aankom, is wilder. As dit die geval in n kudde is, moet die boer na sy bulle kyk en sal dit vir hom ook die moeite werd wees om van die wilde koeie in sy trop ontslae te raak. Bespiering Moenie bulle met oordrewe bespiering gebruik nie, want hulle veroorsaak probleme met kalftyd, minder binnespierse vet en hulle het nie so n goeie loopvermoë as die bulle met effens leniger spiere nie. Die grootste probleem is egter dat dit tot dubbelbespiering kan lei. Dit is nie aanvaarbaar vir die vleisbeesbedryf nie, aangesien dit gekoppel is aan laer vrugbaarheid en n gebrek aan binnespierse vet. Kapasiteit Om die produksie van hul vleisbeeskudde te verbeter, moet boere diere met die regte kapasiteit gebruik. Die woordeboek beskryf kapasiteit as die vermoë om op te berg, te absorber of te hou. Die kaparsiteit van n bees word bepaal deur die lengte, breedte en diepte van die bors- en buikholte. Dit moet groot genoeg wees om die organe vir produksie en reproduksie te huisves sodat dit optimaal kan ontwikkel en die dier verder toelaat om genoeg te kan vreet om optimaal te kan groei. Hunsley voeg by dat die bulle wat in prestasie- en nageslagtoetse uitblink, is die diere wat groter bors- en buikholtes het. Dit lyk vir hom asof boere beeste sal moet selekteer wat in al hul groeistadiums n goeie skelet en groot kapasiteit het. Karkassamestelling By karkassamestelling bestaan n hoë genetiese korellasie tussen die lengte van bene, die bouvorm en die groeitempo. Daarby is die oorerflikheid van die lengte van bene hoog. Dit beteken dat beeste met besonder kort bene en lywe normaalweg stadiger sal groei en uiteindelik ligter karkasse sal lewer as diere met lang bene en lywe. n Mens moet ook onthou dat spierverhouding, groeitempo, voeromsetting of vleisgehalte nie in die bouvorm van die dier weerspieël word nie, behalwe dat vet die bouvorm van die dier kan beinvloed. Breedte Vir Hunsley maak die breedte van n bees die grootste verskil aan sy kapasiteit, want dit kan maklik van 100 mm tot 150 mm verskil. Die breedte sien n mens die beste raak as jy die dier van voor af bekyk. n Breë bees se borsvloer is wyd, met die voorbene wat wyd uitmekaar is. Die breedte is dan ook in die agterkwart sigbaar. Daarby moet die bees n goeie sprong van rib hê. Die ribbebene moet uitdy waar dit aan die ruggraat vasgeheg is en ovaalvormig afloop na onder waar dit aan die breë borsbeen vasgeheg is. Hiermee saam moet daar goeie rug- en agterkwartbespiering wees. En as die beeste voldoen aan die vereistes van lengte, diepte, breedte, met die regte sprong van rib, en die bespiering na wens is, is dit noodsaaklik dat die dier ook struktureel korrek moet wees. Die diere moet maklik kan loop om te kan wei, by die water uit te kom en te kan paar om uiteindelik doeltreffend te kan produseer en reproduseer. Seleksie Is dit moontlik om diere te selekteer wat op n sekere ouderdom minder vet sal produseer en terselfdertyd nog vinniger sal groei? Die volgehoue seleksie vir n swaarder karkasgewig sal lei tot koeie met n swaarder volwasse gewig wat kalwers met n swaarder geboortegewig sal lewer. Dit kan lei tot n afname in die vrugbaarheid van die koeie en probleme met kalftyd, wat ekonomiese implikasies vir die boer inhou. Diepte Diepte het oor die jare n bekende norm geword vir seleksie, maar dit word dikwels totaal verkeerd verstaan. Baie boere, beoordelaars en keurders dink die kapasiteit van n bees word deur die diepte van die dier se lyf bepaal. Hunsley se ondervinding is egter dat van die diepte, breedte en lengte van n bees se karkas, is die breedte juis die maat wat die meeste verskil, en die diepte die minste. Syns insiens is die lengte van lyf vir die meeste mense die maklikste om raak te sien. As n mens n horisontale streep trek van die bees se elmboog reguit agtertoe (of jou kierie daar in posisie hou), is alles wat onder die lyn lê vet of afval wat niks bydra tot produksie of geen ruimte skep vir organe nie. Die elmboog is op dieselfde vlak as die borsvloer van die bees. As n mens die reël toepas, sal jy gou sien daar is bitter min verskil in die diepte van lyf van beeste van dieselfde tipe en ouderdom. Hunsley is glad nie ten gunste daarvan dat boere nie na diepte moet kyk en die beste diere selekteer nie, maar hy dink daar word soms heeltemal te veel klem daarop gelê. As dit nie oordeelkundig toegepas word nie, selekteer boere diere wat duur vet produseer wat die slagter uiteindelik moet weggooi. Diere wat n goeie gemiddelde diepte het, moet geselekteer word BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL 47

8

9

10 SKIPPER - PRB BREEDING Impossibullet BA x Shakira BA STEPHEN & DEBBIE JOHNSON P.O. Box 37, Edendale Farm, Fort Beaufort, Eastern Cape, R.S.A Stephen: Debbie: edendale@katco.co.za

11 JACKPOT - SPJ BREEDING HVT X MARYLIN SPJ STEPHEN & DEBBIE JOHNSON P.O. Box 37, Edendale Farm, Fort Beaufort, Eastern Cape, R.S.A Stephen: Debbie: edendale@katco.co.za

12 ARTIKEL ARTCLE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF BEEF COWS: MATING SEASON Livestock farmers have a simple and logical approach to most matters, namely sticking to the basic principles. There are only two secrets in farming: never think you can outsmart nature and never attempt to reason in any way than basic logic. Phillip Meiring BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL

13 Animal nutrition is one of the more complicated issues on a livestock farm, as it can be influenced by many factors. Each ration depends on the animal s age, gender, production stage, your goal with the animal and the available raw material on the specific farm, but there still is a lot of logic needed regarding which ration to use. If one narrows down the question and focuses more specifically on the nutrition of beef cows during the mating season, you soon realise that the experts all start their formulations with logic. Know your animals, know your veld and be aware of all the nutrients the animal needs to conceive without problems every year, get through the pregnancy period, give birth to a healthy calf, and rear and wean that calf. It s all part of nature and it is therefore crucial to work with nature and provide only the supplements that are not always available. What is good feed? The quality of summer and winter grazing differs. At the same time the needs of animals also differ from one farm to the next. Phillip Meiring, a nutritionist at Voermol Feeds, explains that protein, energy, fibre, fat, vitamins and minerals (especially calcium and phosphorus) are the most important elements of good feed. They should be given to the animals in the right proportions. Protein: According to Phillip a shortage of protein and energy in the ration will cause the rumen to function sub-optimally. Protein deficiencies lead to poor growth, weight loss, poor production, poor milk production and poor intake. Especially winter veld is characterized by protein shortages, and hence protein should be included in the cow s feed. Energy: An energy shortage will lead to poor growth, poor milk production, a loss in body weight during late pregnancy, early lactation and ultimately poor reproduction. Phosphorous: A phosphorus deficiency can also cause a lot of damage. Phosphate is involved in several physiological processes in the body and a deficiency, especially during the mating season, causes a loss in appetite, weight and milk loss, as well as a low weaning weight, and eventually lower reproduction. Such an animal will not conceive that year, but her phosphorus reserves will build up in the bone matrix and enable her to conceive in the next year. This means going back and forth. Once phosphorus is released from the bones, more phosphorus will disappear from the bones than are recaptured. This can lead to conditions such as knee arthrosis. A phosphorus deficiency can seriously harm the growth of young animals, while mature animals will become emaciated and their fertility levels will decline. Calcium: Calcium is the most common mineral in the animal s body and the most important ingredient of the skeleton. Deficiencies can cause incomplete mineralization of bones, which can cause rickets. In mature animals, a calcium deficiency can lead to osteomalacia. Other minerals: Various other minerals can also affect a beef cow s conception during the mating season. Copper aids in maintaining fertility. A manganese deficiency leads to delayed conception and calves with weak legs and joints. A cobalt deficiency causes a loss in appetite and weight, and a magnesium deficiency can lead to a sudden decrease in milk production. Phillip says the right rations have a major influence on the mating season. If a cow experiences any shortages of only one of the important nutrients, it can significantly weaken her ability to become pregnant and can lead to poor growth and several disorders. During calving time the calves will, for example, be weak and small. It will also affect the profitability of the enterprise to a large extent. Preparation for mating Breeding cows should be prepared for the mating season in winter. Protein licks in the dry months will supplement the nutrients that are missing from the veld. Especially the protein supplement will stimulate animals appetite. It also promotes digestion of dry grazing, a process that can increase the intake of grazing by up to 20%. A protein lick limits a loss of condition and weight, and promotes fertility. Without enough protein supplementation on dry grazing, breeding cows do not reach their target condition at the start of the mating season. This leads to poor conception and a resultant lower calving percentage. During the growth stage Phillip emphasises that the animal s production and growth stage will determine her ratio. If she has just calved, is lactating and still growing, she will obviously need a much better ration during the mating season. It is important to provide breeding cows with protein and energy supplements to get them in the right condition for mating. There are several methods and products available to supplement deficiencies. Some producers use ready-mixed rations, while others use lick concentrates together with greenfeed. In most of the summer rainfall areas, the mating season is from mid- November to mid-february, when the veld is green and the calves are born after next year s winter. As South Africa s rainfall is relatively erratic, the quality and production of summer veld varies due to drought periods during which veld quality declines rapidly. This can have a major impact on the nutrition of breeding cows and, nine months later, on growth of the calves. Hence it is crucial to supplement veld deficiencies with the right nutrients. Phillip says producers can capitalize on good grazing in the autumn and summer months, but they need to keep in mind that there still are shortages in the grazing. By identifying these shortages and strategically providing the animals with the right supplements, the cow herd can achieve outstanding performance at low cost BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL 53

14 TZ 13-5 TR 13-4 FNJ MOU VST PRB 14-1 TZ 14-2 TZ

15 BORAN STOET Die Here is my herder Theo van Zyl Posbus 1642 Ladybrand 9745 Sel / theovanzyl@vodamail.co.za Gehalte Borane vir die Kommersiele en Stoetteler VST VST 11-3 TZ 14-4 SPJ

16 ARTIKEL ARTCLE DIE VOOR- EN NADELE VAN INTELING, LYNTELING Unistel Munro Marx (Veeplaas November 2017) & UITTELING Onderwerpe wat dikwels wyd uiteenlopende menings en misverstande tot gevolg het oor die teel van suiwer beesrasse, is inteling, lyntering en kruisteling. Veral die term inteling word dikwels verkeerdelik gebruik en misverstaan, gewoonlik weens die wyse waarop dit in die wetenskap deur wetenskaplikes gebruik word. Oor die algemeen word inteling as die paring van baie naverwante diere omskryf, dus broer-suster, pa-dogter, ma-seun en halfbroer-halfsuster kruise. Lynteling word gesien as die teel met diere wat n gemeenskaplike voorouer deel, maar nie verwant is nie, byvoorbeeld beeste wat n grootouer deel. Kruisteling word omskryf as die teel met diere wat geen gemeenskaplike voorouer deel binne die voorafgaande vier of vyf generasies nie. Inteling Inteling vind oor tyd plaas, veral in kuddes wat geslote is vir nuwe genetika. Hierdie praktyk kort prestasie in, veral by eienskappe soos vrugbaarheid en langlewendheid. Inteling dra grootliks by om n spesifieke eienskap vas te teel binne n ras of lyn deur die genepoel te vernou in die guns van die spesifieke eienskap. As n teler n spesifieke voordelige eienskap binne sy lyn wil vasteel, sal inteling en die paring van nageslag wat die eienskap sterk toon voordelig wees. Interling kan ook help om swak genetiese eienskappe wat binne die lyn bestaan te identifiseer. Afwisselende inteling binne lynof rasverband is nie noodwendig nadelig vir die langtermyngesondheid van beeste nie. Inteling by opeenvolgende generasies kan fiksheid en vrugbaarheid baie nadelig beinvloed deur wat bekend staan as inteling-depressie. Afhangende van die eienskappe, kan dit generasies neem om na vore te kom. Om hierdie teelmetode verantwoordelik toe te pas, moet diere met bekende nadelige genetiese toestande, swak temperament en bekende strukturele afwykings nie ingeteel word nie. Gesonde, meerderwaardige diere moet ook nie gereeld ingeteel word nie. Lynteling Lynteling is n beter, maar stadiger proses om gewenste eienskappe vas te teel. Met lynteling word verwante diere gepaar, maar gene van ander lyne word deurlopend tot die genetiese poel toegevoeg. Hierdie teelmetode verlaag die moontlikheid vir probleme wat met gereelde inteling voorkom. By lynteling mag dieselfde diere drie of vier keer in n vyf- of sesgenerasie stamboom voorkom. Kruisteling Kruisteling impliseer dat geen diere meer as een keer sal voorkom in die stamboom van n spesifieke dier nie. Hierdie tipe teling het voor- en nadele. Met kruisteling word die maksimum genetiese diversiteit en variasie behou, maar eenvormigheid van fenotipe en sekere eienskappe word dikwels ingeboet. Kruisteling waarborg ook nie dat diere geen genetiese siektes sal dra nie, maar neig tog om geaffektereerde nageslag te verminder. Die beste moontlike nageslag, wat geneties gesond en divers is, word geteel deur telers wat toegewyd en pligsgetrou sif vir genetiese afwykings en selekteer vir die ekonomies voordeligste dier sonder om die inherente waardevolle raseienskappe te verwater. Hierdeur word die ras voortdurend verbeter BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL

17 Steggies CHAPPIE LOBOLA Tuiste van Lobola en Chappie! STEGGIES BORANE Deon Stegmann OOS-KAAP Tel: Sel: E-pos:

18 O GREEN STAR CONTRACTORS 4 AUGUST - PRODUCTION AUCTION 2018 Boran National Auction 2017 THANK YOU! Belle BH (N x PJM 10 42) Special thanks to Damian and Cecilia Roberts of Kachere Boran Stud in Zambia for the purchase of BH Belle at the 2017 Boran National Auction for R100,000. She is a truly magnificent heifer and a guaranteed asset to any herd. Damian and Cecilia have been regular supporters of our auctions and certainly have an acquired taste for top quality cattle. Belle, together with Nikita, Graffiti and Amarock amongst other foundation super stars, will surely form a great basis upon which the future of Kachere Boran in Zambia is destined to flourish. Thank you both for your loyal support and true friendship over the years. Belle of the ball Simeon Hurwitz (owner) Jarren Hurwitz (owner) Hendy Mathews Jeannie Du Plessis (ceo) (stud manager)

19 AUCTIONS Highest priced heifer National Auction 10 OCTOBER - BULL AUCTION Tamsin BH (FNJ x NBOR ) Special thanks to Gerrie and Sunelia Oelofse of Gerben Borane for the continuous support and the purchase of BH Tamsin for R135,000, making her the highest priced heifer sold on the 2017 Boran National Auction. She is a picture-perfect, stunning heifer who simply has it all. She rejoins other outstanding Circle H Studs animals recently purchased by Gerben Borane, namely BH Mayuka & BH Penelope, who will undoubtedly bear excellent future progeny. Thank you very much for the support and confidence you have shown in our cattle. Bont Beauty Office Fax Web info@bhfarming.co.za

20 ARTIKEL ARTCLE Kalwing dekking TOT Dr. Danie Odendaal Veeplaas November 2017 Die tydperk van kalwing tot dekking is die moeilikste tydperk om korrek te bestuur in vleisbeeste se 12-maande produksiesiklus. Die volgende moet gedurende hierdie tydperk gebeur: Die produksie van kolostrum en normale kalwing. Normale involusie van die uterus na kalwing. Die koei moet haar kondisie herwin en weer in haar siklus kom. Piek melkproduksie word bereik. Dekking en inplanting van die fetus moet plaasvind. Kalwing en voorbereiding vir dekking Korrekte bestuur net voor en tydens kalwing Neem waar om te bevestig dat normale kalwing plaasvind. Gee bystand tydens kalwing indien nodig. Spesiale sorg is nodig vir verse wat die eerste keer kalf. Oorlewing van pasgebore en jong kalwers Monitor die kolostruminname en lewenskragtigheid van kalwers. Identifiseer kalwers en teken die kalwingsdatum aan. Verseker die vroegtydige behandeling van alle siek kalwers. Toets en berei bulle voor vir die teelseisoen n Veearts moet die bulle toets vir teelgesondheid en geslagsiektes. Voorbereiding van koeie vir die teelseisoen Monitor die kondisie en reproduksieaktiwiteit (hittetekens) van individuele koeie en verse wat gedek gaan word. Dekking en voorspeense groei van kalwers Korrekte bestuur van koeie en bulle in die teelseisoen Monitor en teken aan watter koeie deur die bul gedek is, en neem waar en teken aan watter koeie weer gedek word. Monitor die dekvermoë en kapasiteit van die bulle. Doeltreffende inenting van kalwers wanneer immuniteit via kolostrum eindig Immuniteit wat vanaf moeders se kolostrum verkry word, beskerm die kalwers vir so lank as drie maande. Daarna moet kalwers ingeënt word om hul eie immuniteit te ontwikkel. Optimale groei voor speen Kalwers groei die vinnigste tussen die ouderdom van 60 en 120 dae. Evalueer hul groeiprestasie deur hulle op 100 dae te weeg. Ontwurm terselfdertyd en weer twee maande later. Hierdie is verreweg nie die enigste belangrike beheerpunte wat oorweeg moet word nie, maar bied n omvattende voorbeeld wat verder ontwikkel kan word deur die individuele produsent met die hulp van die kuddeveearts BORAN JOURNAL JOERNAAL