CHAPTER-III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA

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1 CHAPTER-III PROFILE OF THE STUDY AREA 3.1 Introduction An attempt is made in this chapter to give a brief profile of the State of Andhra Pradesh and the profile of the sample district chosen, i.e. West Godavari District, along with a short profile of the mandals under study, i.e. Bhimavaram, Chintalapudi and the villages/town under study,( i.e. Bhimavaram town, Errampalle, Pragadavaram and Velagalapalli). This chapter is presented in three sections. Section-I deals with the brief profile of the State of Andhra Pradesh. Section-II presents the profile of the district chosen, with details of climate, agriculture, industry, demographic features etc. Section- III deals with the profile of the selected mandals and of sample villages and town. SECTION-I Profile of Andhra Pradesh State Location Located in the Southern part of India, Andhra Pradesh is bounded in North by Orissa and Madhya Pradesh, West by Maharashtra and Karnataka, in the South by Tamil Nadu and East by Bay of Bengal. The State has a coast line of 974 kms. The State came into existence on November 1st, 1956 with the merger of Hyderabad and Andhra State. The data regarding population, literacy, per capita etc., of the State of Andhra Pradesh is presented in table

2 Table 3.1 Facts and Figures of Andhra Pradesh POPULATION 8,46,65,533 MALES 4,25,09,881 FEMALES 4,21,55,652 SEX RATIO (females/1000 males) 992 DENSITY OF POPULATION(Persons/Square Km) 308 URBAN POPULATION per cent LITERACY RATE in per cent 67.7 MALE LITERACY in per cent 75.6 FEMALE LITERACY in per cent 59.7 BIRTH RATE (PER 1000)* 19.0 DEATH RATE(PER 1000)* 7.0 NSDP at current prices( ) UA ` Crores 3, 68,737 ` Crores. PER CAPITA INCOME ( ) UA prices ` * : SRS 2004, RGI at current 44,081 UA : Updated Advanced Estimates NSDP : Net State Domestic product Source: Census of India, 2011 and ap.gov.online. 74

3 MAP-3.1 STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH 75

4 3.1.2 Infrastructure The State is well connected by road, rail, air and sea. Visakhapatnam is a major port in the State. Hyderabad, Tirupathi, and Visakhapatnam are air-linked. National and international flights link the state with important world locations. Hydel and thermal power projects in the state meets the power requirements of the State. A number of new power projects are coming up in the State which is expected to generate additional power capacity in the State Agriculture Agriculture is the main occupation and 70 per cent of population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Rice is the major food crop and staple food of the state. Other important crops are jowar, bajra, maize, ragi, small millets, pulses, tobacco, cotton and sugar cane. The State has 23 percent area covered with forest Industries Several major industries are in operation around Hyderabad, which has now been nicknamed as Cyberabad due to its Information Technology foray and location of major software industries in the city. Another industrial location is Visakhapatnam which is also one of the major sea ports of India. The State is promoting Information Technology in a big way and has one of the IT parks in Hyderabad. 76

5 SECTION-II 3.2 Profile of West Godavari District West Godavari District is one of the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. It lies between to of Northern latitude and to eastern longitude. The district is surrounded by river Godavari on the East, Krishna District on the West, Khammam District on the North and Krishna District and Bay of Bengal on the South. It has a geographical area of 7742 sq kms divided into 46 mandals. There is a total of 887 Gram Panchayats in the district. The district in its present form was established on 15th April Based on type of soil, rainfall and irrigation, district has been divided into 26 farming situations. It is a premier district in respect of agricultural production and accounting for 11 per cent in area and 14.6 per cent in production of Rice in the State 1. The district can be divided into three natural regions, viz., Delta (22 mandals), Upland and Agency Areas Administrative Setup The district is divided into 4 revenue divisions, viz., Eluru, Narsapur, Kovvur and Jangareddygudem consisting of 46 revenue mandals and each mandal having a Mandal Praja Parishad and an elected president. The district has 1 corporation, while there are 7 municipalities and 866 Grama Panchayaths. It has 15 Assembly and 2 Parliament Constituencies. Data regarding the District was presented in table

6 Table 3.2 WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT AT A GLANCE Geographical Area in Sq. Kms 7742 No. of Revenue Divisions 4 No. of Mandal Praja Parishads 46 No of Villages inhabited 866 No. of Hamlets 2100 No. of Municipal Corporations 1 No. of Municipalities 7 POPULATION: Males 19,10,038 Females 18,93,479 Total 38,03,517 No. of Towns 10 Rural Population 30,52,630 Urban Population 7,50,887 Density of Population per sq. km 491 Females for every 1000 males 986 SC Population 6,42,584 Percentage to total population 16.90per cent ST Population 88,863 Percentage to total population 2.34per cent LITERATES: Males 13,30,161 Females 11,77,008 Total 25,07,169 Percentage to literacy Total main workers 11,63,323 Agricultural workers 8,90,333 Non Agricultural workers 2,72,990 LAND UTILISATION: Hectares 1) Forests 81,166 2) Barn Land 41,128 3) Land under non Agrl use 1,11,118 4) Cultivable waste 18,838 5) Permanent Pastures 13,771 6) Miscellaneous 8,025 7) Current Fallows 24,141 8) Other Fallows 5,089 9) Net Area sown 4,38,124 10) Area sown more than once 2,69,001 AREA IRRIGATED: Hectares 1) Canals 3,63,363 2) Tanks 22,823 78

7 3) Tube Wells 2,18,858 4) Other Wells 7,665 5) Lift Irrigation 10,964 6) Net Area Irrigated 3,68,953 CROP AREA WISE (BOTH KHARIF & RABI): CROP Hectares Paddy 4,50,458 Maize 48,106 Jowar 3,015 Green Gram 4,264 Horse Gram 1,122 Red Gram 3,024 Sugarcane 29,394 Cotton 23,035 Groundnut 5,760 Seasum 350 Chillies 2,351 Tobacco (FCV) 23,211 Banana 5,296 Vegetables 4,694 Coconut 22,293 Mango 15,998 Orange 192 Acid Lime & other Citrus 1,958 Turmeric 235 Oil Palm 41,221 Cashew nut 36,540 Cocoa 9,501 FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: Public Sector Bank Branches 275 Private sector Bank Branches 45 Regional Rural Bank Branches 20 Co-operative Bank Branches 33 APSFC Branches 1 Total Bank Branches 374 CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTIONS: No. of PACs 257 Membership 11,80,000 Co-operative Rural Banks 33 Urban Banks 5 Membership 18,689 Marketing Societies 267 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT: No of Small Scale Industries 74 79

8 Medium and Large Industries 57 Regd. Under Factory Act 2,131 No. of Workers in Factory 10,777 No. of Workers in Small Scale Industry 1,203 SCHOOL AND COLLEGE EDUCATION: Post Graduate Centres 3 Degree Colleges 73 Junior Colleges 146 High Schools 582 Upper Primary Schools 610 Primary Schools 2,605 B.Ed. Colleges 4 Engineering Colleges 10 Medical College 1 Polytechnic Colleges 4 Teachers Training Centres 2 Physical Education Centres 2 ***Source: Annual Credit plan-west Godavari District *** 80

9 3.2.2 Soils The soils are made up of richly fertile alluvial, black regur and red ferruginous besides small belt of arenaceous sandy soils along the coastal belt. The alluvial soils are contributing for higher production Climate and Rainfall The climate is moderate both in winter and summer seasons in the Delta area. In the non-delta area the summer is severe particularly during the months of April and May. The average maximum and minimum temperatures recorded in the district normally are 37 0 C to C respectively. The district receives its rainfall mostly and predominantly from South West as well as North East monsoons and the normal rainfall of the district is 1153 mm. The premonsoon rains in the months of May and June facilitate sowing of various rains fed crops in upland areas. The normal peak monsoon rains in the months of July and August facilitate the transplantation work of the paddy crop and hasten up the growth of the other crops. However, the district is normally prone to the constant threats of cyclones making the crop husbandry practices critical Rivers Godavari is the important perennial river covering 36 sq. kms and passes through Polavaram, Tallapudi, Kovvur, Chagalu, Nidadavole, Undrajavaram, Peravali, Penugonda, Achanta, Yelamanchili and Narsapur mandals. Tammileru passes though Lingapalem and Pedavegi mandals. Another river Upputeru passes through Akiveedu, Kalla, Bhimavaram and Mogalthur mandals. The rivers irrigate 85 per cent of the cultivated land in the district. At Vijjeswaram the river is divided into two branches 81

10 namely Gowthami Godavari (Eastern Branch) and Vasistha Godavari (Western Branch) and flows towards the south of the district before falling in to the Bay of Bengal at Antarvedi. Other minor rivers in the district are Yerrakalava, Kovvadakalava, Jalleru, Rallamadugu, Byneru etc. Kolleru Lake, the largest fresh water lake in Asia, is an important bird sanctuary in the district Land Utilization/Cultivation The average cultivated area is 4.38 lakh hectares, as against the geographical area of 7.74 lakh hectares. The cultivated area works out to 57 per cent as against the State average of 37 per cent. This is mainly because of higher irrigation potential created through canal irrigation from Godavari and Krishna rivers, besides irrigation tanks filled by hill streams and other minor irrigation sources Cropping Pattern The total cultivated and net cropped area is 4.38 lakh hectares out of which 2.69 lakh hectares are sown more than once. Thus the gross cropped area is 7.07 lakh hectares. Paddy is a major crop with a normal area of 2.61 lakh hectares in kharif and 1.89 lakh hectares in Rabi, followed by Sugarcane 0.30 lakh hectares, Tobacco (FCV) 0.23 lakh hectares, Maize 0.48 lakh hectares and cotton, chillies, green gram, ground nut etc, in the remaining area. Oil Palm Plantation is also increasing day by day and the district stood highest in Oil Palm cultivation with the farmers in the upland area cultivating this in 41,221 hectares. 82

11 MAP-3.2 REVENUE MANDALS IN WEST GODAVARI DISTRICT 83

12 3.2.7 Irrigation The irrigation system is well developed. About 84 per cent of the net cropped area is under irrigation. Of the total irrigated area, canal irrigation under Godavari Western delta and Krishna Eastern delta account for 85 per cent and the balance is under bore wells, filter points, MI tanks etc. Around 2.69 lakh hectares is irrigated more than once. Further, Tammileru Reservoir, Vijayarai Anicut, Jalleru reservoir and Yerrakaluva Reservoir projects are the medium irrigation sources being implemented in the district bringing more area under irrigation command Population & Literacy As per the latest provisional figures released by Directorate of Census Operations in Andhra Pradesh-2011, the West Godavari District has a total population of 39,34,782 showing a 3.45 per cent increase as compared to 2001 Census figures. Males constitute per cent and females per cent. The District has registered a sex ratio of 1004 females per every 1000 males, showing an increase of 13 points. The average density of population is 508 per square kilometre which was 491 according to 2001 Census. Average literacy rate according to 2011 Census is per cent. West Godavari District is mostly rural, and less than 20 per cent is urban Occupational Distribution and Employment Main workers in the district constitute 38 per cent of the population while per cent are non-workers about 29.2 per cent are agricultural labour followed by 8.15 per cent marginal workers and 6.63 per cent cultivators 2. 84

13 Self-Help Groups In West Godavari District, there are 53,231 Self Help Groups (SHGs) with a total membership of 5.32 lakhs as on SHG members from below poverty line (BPL) households are 3.39 lakhs in the District 3. SECTION-III 3.3 Profile of the Selected Mandals The West Godavari District has 46 mandals of which Bhimavaram and Chintalapudi mandals are selected purposively for this study Bhimavaram Mandal Bhimavaram is an important mandal in West Godavari district. It is extended to the total area of sq. km. Bhimavaram has got 16 villages and 63 hamlets. Total population of the mandal is 2, 14,557 inclusive of Bhimavaram Municipality. Main economic activity in the mandal is agriculture and many of the poor are agricultural labour. Total literacy in the mandal is per cent, male literacy rate is per cent, and female literacy is per cent of total population. Bhimavaram mandal has got 19,420 households, its density of population is 343 per sq. km. and sex ratio is 981. Cultivators in this mandal account for 7.82 per cent of total population of the mandal, per cent agricultural labourers, 9.68 per cent marginal workers and 0.67 per cent working in household industry. There are 24 nationalized banks that have their branches in this mandal, while there are 2 co-operative banks and 6 private banks. A total of 32 bank branches are functioning in the mandal. Bhimavaram mandal has 112 primary schools. There are three 85

14 Engineering Colleges run by private management. Bhimavaram mandal has 3345 selfhelp groups and Bhimavaram Municipality exclusively has 1443 SHGs Chintalapudi Mandal Chintalapudi mandal has 38 revenue villages in which 2 are uninhabited and 36 villages are inhabited. There are 20 Gram Panchayats in the mandal and 71 habitations. Total population of the mandal is 84,929 of which males constitute per cent and females per cent, SC population is per cent, and ST population is 8.29 per cent. The mandal has a sex ratio of 991 females per thousand males. There are 20,139 households in the mandal. The density of population per sq. km in the mandal is 247. The mandal has per cent literates, male literacy is per cent, and female literacy is per cent to the total population of the district. There are 7.03 per cent total cultivators, per cent agricultural labourers, 0.68 per cent working in household industry and 9.64 per cent workers in other than household industry. The mandal has 34,393 hectares of geographical area, 6581 hectares of forest area and 20,735 hectares of net area under cultivation. Main crops grown in the mandal are paddy, maize, sugarcane and mango gardens. Major sources of irrigation are mainly tube wells followed by tanks, other wells and canals. The mandal has 2 Primary Health Centres (PHCs), 36 villages electrified, 25 postal outlets, 6 bank branches of various banks, 96 primary schools, and 36 villages with road facility and a total of 1704 Self-Help Groups 4. Dairying is one of the prominent economic activities in the mandal. A bulk milk chilling plant with 5000 litres capacity at Chintalapudi village in the mandal is worth to be mentioned and the plant is organized by Indira Kranthi Pathakam (IKP). There are 44 factories and 8 rice mills functioning in Chintalapudi mandal. 86

15 Table 3.3 represents the data related to mandal-wise sample population. A total of 300 sample SHG households with 150 each from Bhimavaram and Chintalapudi mandals are taken as sample for the study. It is 5.4 percent of the total number of the SHG households in Bhimavaram mandal and 8.8 per cent of the total number of SHG households in Chintalapudi mandal. It may be observed from the table that the population of the sample SHG households in Bhimavaram mandal is 4.75 per cent of the total population of the SHG households of the mandal whereas it is 7.91 per cent in Chintalapudi mandal. 3.4 Profile of the selected Villages/Town Out of the 16 revenue villages and one municipality of the Bhimavaram Mandal, Bhimavaram town is selected for the present study, whereas out of the 38 revenue villages of the Chintalapudi mandal, 3 villages namely, Errampalle, Pragadavaram and Velagalapalli are selected for the present study Bhimavaram Bhimavaram is located at about 75 kms distance by road from Eluru, District Headquarters. Bhimavaram is the mandal headquarters. It is the richest town in the State of Andhra Pradesh. Bhimavaram has got a Municipality which is one among the 7 municipalities in the West Godavari District. The total extent of area of Bhimavaram is sq. km. comprising of 2 revenue villages. The total population of Bhimavaram is 1,43,0005; males are per cent and females are per cent, SC population is 9.37 per cent and ST population is 0.94 per cent of total population. Main economic activity is cultivation. Bhimavaram is an assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh. It is a special grade municipality since It has two railway stations (junction and town stations). It 87

16 TABLE 3.3 MANDAL-WISE SAMPLE POPULATION S.No. Name of the Mandal Sample SHG Households Total No. of SHG Households Population of Sample SHG Households Total Population of SHG Households 01 Bhimavaram (5.4)) (100.0) (4.75) (100.0) 02 Chintalapudi (8.8) (100.0) (7.91) (100.0) Source: Sample Household Data, & P.D., D.R.D.A.- West Godavari District 88

17 has train facility connected to metropolitan cities, such as Chennai, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Kolkatta. Bhimavaram is well known center of trade, shopping and entertainment for more than 300 villages. It is one of the biggest centres for aquaculture (fish and prawn farming) in India. Tradionally this area has been a large producer of paddy (rice), but more recently farmers are shifting to fish culture. Bhimavaram is a hub for prawn export. The place is noted for a big Naturopathic hospital located in an extensive garden. There are 1443 SHGs in Bhimavaram Municipality financed by banks Errampalle Errampalle is at a distance of 45 km from the District Headquarters. It is one of the Gram Panchayats in Chintalapudi mandal. The total village population is 4036 of which males are per cent and females are per cent. Total Scheduled Caste population is per cent of total population in which males are 49.8 per cent and females are 50.2 per cent. The total Scheduled Tribe population is 2.60 per cent of total population, in which males are per cent and females per cent. Total literacy rate in Errampalle, is per cent of its population. The Agricultural families constitute per cent of the population while agricultural labourers constitute per cent of total population in the village Pragadavaram Pragadavaram village is situated at a distance of about 40 km from the District Headquarters i.e. Eluru. It is one of the Gram Panchayats in Chintalapudi Mandal with a population of 12,955; males per cent, females per cent. The total Scheduled Caste population is per cent while 0.66 per cent of total population belongs to Scheduled Tribe. Total literates in the village constitute per cent. Agricultural 89

18 families constitute per cent of the population while agricultural labour constitutes per cent of the total population in the village Velagalapalli Velagalapalli is at about 45 km of distance from the District Headquarters. It is one of the Gram Panchayats in Chintalapudi Mandal with a population of 2200, comprising per cent males and per cent females. The Scheduled Caste population is per cent of total population of the village. The literacy rate in the village is per cent. Agricultural families constitute per cent and agricultural labourers account for per cent of total population of the village. 3.5 Conclusion This chapter, Profile of the Study Area has given an outline of the State of Andhra Pradesh. It is followed by the profile of the West Godavari District containing various socio-economic factors. Similarly, statistiacal information about the mandals of the study area in West Godavari District is presented. This is followed by the profiles of the selected villages/town under the selected mandal. In the light of this background the socio-economic characteristics of the sample households are going to be analyzed in the next chapter. 90

19 REFERENCES 1. Annual Credit Plan, of West Godavari District. 2. Census of India NABARD- Potential Linked Credit Plan, West Godavari District Chief Planning Officer ( )- Hand Book of Statistics Collectorate, ELURU. 5. Census of India