JUTE AGROTEXTILES. its PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS. P K Choudhury. Technical Textile Division

Transcription

1 JUTE AGROTEXTILES its PROPERTIES & APPLICATIONS by P K Choudhury Technical Textile Division Indian Jute Industries' Research Association 17, Taratola Road, Calcutta: ijiraweb@ijira.org, geotex@ijira.org Website:

2 Jute Agrotextile is a kind of natural technical textile, usually either in woven or non-woven form, made from 100% natural eco-friendly bast fibre of jute plant used on soil to achieve higher agricultural productivity by improving agronomical characteristics of soil and by reducing growth of unwanted vegetation. Constituents of Jute Fibre : Alpha & Hemi Cellulose 85%, Lignin 11.5%, Ash 1.6%, Nitrogenous Compound 1%, Others 0.9%

3 Properties of Natural Fibres vis-à-vis Synthetic Fibres A fibre would be suitable for manufacturing Agrotextiles when it possesses suitable mechanical and hydraulic properties Type of fibre Tenacity N/tex Extension at break (%) Initial modulus N/tex Volume swelling % Moistur e regain % Lignin content % Jute Coir Sisal Polyester Nil PP <0.1 Nil

4 Moisture Absorption Capacities of Different Natural Fibres % Moisture absorption % % Light sisal Heavy sisal Coir Jute

5 Ignition temperature ( C ) : 193 Properties of Jute Fibre Bulk density ( gm/cc ) : Specific Gravity ( gm/cc ) : 1.48 Swelling in Water ( Area wise ) : 40% Water retention : 70% Insulation Resistance ( Ohm ) : Refractive Index ( Parallel ) : Specific Heat ( Cal/gm/ C ) : Thermal Conductivity(Cal/Sec/sq.cm. C/.cm 2 ): x Heat of Combustion ( Joules/gm ) : 17.5

6 Open mesh woven JAT is manufacture by processing the jute fibres through Rove Spinning m/c. to produce about 125 lbs yarn and woven into fabric on flat bed loom using creels for feeding warp ends. Nonwoven JAT is manufactured by processing the jute fibres through Garnetting cum Cross lapping m/c followed by needle punching loom for mechanical bondage. Conventional jute cloth is cut and stitched in lock stitch sewing m/c to fabricate jute sleeve for use as sapling bag. JATs are designed and manufactured in such a manner that it could possess all the desired physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties required for effective application in Agri-horticulture & Forestry

7 Jute Agrotextile provides the natural answer to ensure faster cropand-plant growth. JAT helps retain soil humidity at conducive levels, arrests desiccation of soil and attenuates extremes of temperature due to the inherent characteristics jute. It absorbs water / moisture upto about 5 times of its dry weight. On biodegradation, jute coalesces with soil, increasing its permeability and supplementing its nutrient level. JAT fosters growth of vegetation even in arid and semi- arid zones much faster than under control conditions without use of manures. On top of it, the non-woven variety of JAT can suppress weedgrowth effectively without use of chemical weedecides. JAT provides all these advantages without affecting eco-ambience adversely at affordable and competitive cost.

8 Plant JUTE Fibre Fabric Yarn

9 Jute Non-woven Agrotextile

10 Open Weave Jute Agrotextile

11 Jute Sleeve for growth of Sapling in Nurseries

12 Specifications of some typical Open Weave Jute Agrotextile TYPES PROPERTIES Weight (g/m 2 ) at 20% M.R. Threads/dm (MD x CD) 292± 7 % 500± 10 % 730± 10 % 12(+4, -2) x 12(+4, -2) 6.5(+4, -2) x 4.5(+4, -2) 7(+4, -2) x 7(+4, - 2) Thickness (mm) 3± 10 % 5± 10 % 6± 10 % Width (cm) 122± 2 % 122± 5 % 122± 5 % Open area (%) 60± 10 % 50± 10 % 40± 10 % Tensile Strength (kn/m) [MD x CD] Water holding capacity (%) on dry weight 10± 10% x 10± 10% 10± 10% x 7.5± 10% 12± 10% x 12± 10% 400± 10% 500± 10% 500± 10%

13 IJIRA with the support of IJMA and JMDC has conducted a number of studies with JAT in association with reputed research organizations like, Tea Research Association Assam, Silsoe College-U.K, Tobacco Research Institute Karnataka, Forest & Environment Dept. Govt. of Sikkim, ICAR -Tripura, Dept. Of Forests Govt. of West Bengal etc. Efficacy of JAT has been established in the areas like Soil conservation & Reduction of nutrient loss. Nursery seed bed cover. Shade over nursery. Weed management & agromulching. Afforestation in semi-arid zone. Sleeves for growth of sapling. Air layering and wrapping / covering of plants

14 A Few Case Studies on Applications of JAT with Results

15 SOIL CONSERVATION & REDUCTION OF NUTRIENT LOSS WITH JAT Location Arcuttipore T.E. Rosekandy T.E. Year of Study Month of Study Aug. to Oct. March to Oct. Aug. to Oct. March to Oct. Rainfall (mm) Soil Loss (t/ha) Jute Agrotextile Conventional Method Bare Plot Reduction of Soil Loss (%) Nutrient Loss (kg/ha) Jute Agrotextile Bare Plot Conventional Method Reduction of Nutrient Loss (%) Soil Composition Loamy Sand (sand 77%, silt-18%, clay-9%) Sandy Loam (sand 61%, silt-24%, clay-14%)

16 High Rainfall Intensity % Soil Loss Low Rainfall Intensity Soil : Sandy Loam Control Jute 500 Jute 400 Jute 300 Coir 700 Synth.450 Straw 250 Different Products CONTROL OF SOIL LOSS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGROTEXTILES (SILSOE COLLEGE, U.K)

17 JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN SEED BED COVER COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE WITH STRAW & BARE PLOT HASUR, KARNATAKA CRITERIA TREATMENTS BARE PLOT STRAW JUTE AGRO TEX No. of seedlings per sq. metre Weight of plants (g) Height of plant (cm) Survival rate (%)

18 EFFECT OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN NURSERY SEED BED COVER 80 Control Jute Coir Straw Synthetic Cover (%) Days Figure 1 : Vegetation Cover % with Time Temperature Temperature C Figure 3 : Soil Temperature with Various Treatment 1 4 Control Jute Straw Sy nthetic Days Days Figure 2 : Soil temperature with various treatment

19 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF SHADES FOR NURSERIES ON ROOTING OF CLONAL CUTTINGS OF TEA PLANTS. TRA ASSAM Shed Cover Root Strike (%) Bamboo thatch 88 Thatch 84 Jute Agrotextile 83 Netlon 84

20 JUTE AGROTEXTILE FOR WEED MANAGEMENT Emergence of weeds in tea plantation Suppression of weeds in tea plantation with JAT Suppression of weeds in pineapple cultivation with JAT Emergence of weeds in pineapple cultivation

21 EFFECT OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE ON WEED CONTROL, SOIL MOISTURE & YIELD Applications Weed Emergence (%) % Reduction Soil Moisture (%) in dry months % Increase Yield (kg/ha) of Tea Without Jute Agrotextile 100 Nil Jute Agrotextile Jute Agrotextile + Pre-emergent contact weedicide Jute Agrotextile + Post-emergent translocated weedicide Jute Agrotextile + Pre-emergent translocated weedicide Jute Agrotextile + Post-emergent contact weedicide

22 PRECIOUS TREE The value of contribution of a tree (weighing 50 MT) to the earth during its life cycle is Rs lacs. Emission of Oxygen Production of Protein Categories of Contribution Control of soil erosion & enhancement soil fertility Control of atmospheric temperature & humidity, maintenance of water cycle for all living bodies Providing shelter to birds and others Control of environment pollution Source - Sh Abhijit Nath, Chief Secretary, Social Association for Environment, Ananda Bazar Patrika, Total Value (Rs. in Lakhs)

23 AFFORESTATION IN SEMI-ARID ZONE GROWTH OF PLANTS WITH & WITHOUT JUTE AGROTEXTILE Treatment Height(cm) after 3 months Height (cm) after 6 months Without Jute Agrotextile With Jute Agrotextile Soil Composition(%) Sand , Silt , Clay - 4.6, Gravel

24 JUTE SLEEVES FOR GROWTH OF SEEDLING / SAPLING Generally, polythene sleeves (bags) are used in nurseries for growth of saplings / seedlings. But disposal of poly sleeves has become a matter of concern from environmental point of view. Moreover, inherent properties of polythene retard growth of saplings. Jute sleeves, an eco-friendly product developed by IJIRA with the support of JMDC -- was tried at 8 different nurseries at different altitudinal and climatic zones of Sikkim under Forest and Environment Dept. The study continued for 1 year to observe the comparative performance of poly sleeve vis a vis jute sleeves. Performance of jute sleeve was observed to be highly

25 EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS 1. Specification of jute fabric used 47 x 43 / dm, 272 gsm 2. Dimension of jute sleeve 23 cm x 15 cm 3. Weight / jute sleeve 25 gms 4. No. of sleeves tried pcs 5. Period of experimental study to Types of species ( sapling ) Walnut, Broomstick, Agava, Cherry, Juniper, Tooni, Lapsi, Sunal etc. 7. Name of the executing Agency Land and Environment (N) Div. Deptt. of Forest Environment and Wild Life, Govt. of Sikkim. 8. Name of the Nurseries with Altitude (ft) Chewang ( ) / Tarang ( ) Phedang ( ) / Namprikdang ( ) Menshithang ( ) / Bop ( ) Shimphere ( ) / Singring ( ) 9. Annual Rain fall (mm) Temparature Rang 3 C - 24 C

26 Findings of the Study Particulars Polythene Sleeve Jute Sleeve Handling Not convenient in handling/filling. Filled sleeve tilts during setting on the ground Aeration Thermal behavior No air passage, affects the plant growth. Delicate seedlings often die due to excess heat inside the sleeve. Temperature varies. Condensation inside the sleeve is more. Affects the growth process Convenient in handling, filling and transplanting. Filled sleeves set straight on the ground. Highly airy due to fibre property and permeable fabric structure Support growth of seedling/sapling. Temperature remains fairly constant. No water condensation & ice formation inside Helps the growth process

27 Contd.. Particulars Polythene Sleeve Jute Sleeve Hygroscopicity Transmittivity Can not absorb moisture from atmosphere in dry spell Can not distribute water along the plane of the sleeve body Being hygroscopic, absorbs moisture from atmosphere, retain it and release during dry spell. Distribute water uniformly along the plane of the sleeve body Water logging Water logging occurs inside. No water logging inside. Niche Does not provide niche to the root of the seedling / sapling. Provides relevant niche to the root of the seedling.

28 Contd.. Particulars Polythene Sleeve Jute Sleeve Growth and survival rate Average growth with survival rate is 70%. Healthy growth with survival rate is 90%. Transplantation Tender roots are often damaged during tearing off the poly sleeves prior to transplantation Saplings are transplanted along with jute sleeve. Tender roots are never damaged. Disposal Causes pollution, decreases fertility of soil, affects drainage system. Pollution free. Form biomass, increases soil fertility after degradation

29 Growth of sapling Growth of sapling in poly sleeve Growth of sapling in jute sleeve

30 Soil conservation & reduction of nutrient loss Soil loss reduced by 96% Nutrient loss reduced by 97% Nursery seed bed cover Control extreme of soil temperature Highly effective in fostering vegetative cover Plant survival rate 95% Shade over nursery Root Strike 83%

31 Weed Management & agromulching Contd. Weed reduction by 65% Soil moisture increased in dry spell by 23.4% Crop yield increased by 10.0 kg/ha Afforestation in semi-arid zone Healthy growth of plants Height of plants increased by 80% Jute sleeves for growth of seedling/sapling Saplings are transplanted along with the sleeves. Degraded sleeves add nutrient to the soil. No disposal or environmental hazard. Healthy growth with survival rate of 90%

32 Studies conducted with JAT & other materials for sustainable crop production at ICAR Research Complex, Tripura: Control of soil erosion Maintenance of requisite soil moisture Suppression of weed growth

33 Soil and Nutrient loss in Tripura LOSS PARAMETERS SLOPE PERCENT & above SOIL LOSS (t/ha) ORGANIC CARBON (kg/ha) ORGANIC MATTER (kg/ha) AVAILABLE NITROGEN (kg/ha) AVAILABLE POTASSIUM (kg/ha) AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS (kg/ha) EXCHANGEABLE CALCIUM (kg/ha)

34 Work done: Suppression of weed growth in pineapple gardens with the use of non woven JAT (500 gsm) laid between the pineapple rows. Control of soil erosion in terraced land for bhindi plantation with the use of open mesh JAT(500 gsm) put in the terrace riser. Maintenance of soil moisture in sloping land (10% slope) in ground nut cultivation with the use of open mesh JAT (292 gsm) laid between the rows of groundnut.

35 Effect of 500 gsm OW JAT on Groundnut Yield Treatment Soil Loss ( t/ha) Weed Density ( kg/sq.m) Pod Yield ( t/ha) Haulm Yield (t/ha) Control JAT

36 Productivity with various materials for various crops Material Sesamum Groundnut Black gram Upland rice Pod Haulm Pod Haulm Pod Haulm Grain Straw Control JAT Polythene Broom Grass ,

37 Weed Density (kg/m 2 ) Treatment Sesamum Black gram Upland rice Control JAT Polythene Broom grass

38 Soil Loss (t/ha) Treatment Soil loss Control gsm OW JAT 67.2 JAT + hybrid napier 76.1 JAT + Arhar 72.7

39 CASE STUDIES IN AGRICULTURE NAME OF THE PROJECT : ( 1 ) 4 FIELD TRIAL WITH WOVEN & NON-WOVEN JUTE AGROTEXTILE FOR STUDYING EROSION CONTROL AND OTHER ALLIED FEATURES. OBJECTIVE 4 TO STUDY SURFICIAL SOIL EROSION CONTROL, ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENT LOSS AND AGRO- MULCHING EFFECTS BY USING APPROPRIATE JUTE AGROTEXTILE.

40 Open Weave JAT for Erosion Control

41 Open Weave JAT laid between the rows of young plants

42 PROPERTIES OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE PROPERTIES OPEN WEAVE TYPE - I TYPE - II WEIGHT (g/m 2 ) THICKNESS (mm) 3 3 OPEN AREA (%) THREADS / dm (Warp X Weft) 34 X X 4.6 WIDTH (cm) WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY (%) TENSILE STRENGTH (kn/m) [ Warp X Weft] 12 X X 7.5 ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) [ Warp X Weft] 10 X X 15

43 FINDINGS & CONCLUSION JUTE AGROTEXTILE WAS EFFECTIVE WHEN USED IN COMBINATION WITH GREEN CROP IN REDUCING SOIL EROSION AND CONTROLLING NUTRIENT LOSS. TYPE I JUTE AGROTEXTILE WAS FOUND MORE EFFECTIVE THAN TYPE II JUTE AGROTEXTILE.

44 NAME OF THE PROJECT : ( 2 ) FIELD TRIAL WITH JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN TEA ESTATE FOR WEED MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE : TO STUDY THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN WEED SUPPRESSION.

45 Weed management in Tea garden with non woven JGT

46 PROPERTIES OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE NON-WOVEN PROPERTIES TYPE - I TYPE - II WEIGHT (g/m 2 ) THICKNESS (mm) 6 8 OPEN AREA (%) 0 0 WIDTH (cm) LENGTH (M) WATER ABSORPTION CAPACITY (%) TENSILE STRENGTH (kn/m) [Warp X Weft] 5 X 6 7 X 8 ELONGATION AT BREAK (%) [ Warp X Weft] 20 X X 30

47 FINDINGS & CONCLUSION NON-WOVEN JUTE AGROTEXTILE COULD REDUCE WEED GROWTH BY 65%. ADDITION OF WEEDICIDES COULD ENHANCE THE EXTENT OF SUPPRESSION BY A FURTHER 13% MAXIMUM.

48 NAME OF THE PROJECT : ( 3 ) STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN PLANT-GROWTH IN A SEMI-ARID ZONE IN WEST BENGAL. OBJECTIVE QUANTIFICATION OF DIFFERENCE IN GROWTH OF PLANTS WITH & WITHOUT JUTE AGROTEXTILE IN A SEMI- ARID ZONE.

49 Growth of plant without JAT.

50 Growth of plant with JAT.

51 FINDINGS & CONCLUSION g THE GROWTH OF PLANTS WAS FOUND TO BE MORE PRONOUNCED WITH TYPE-I JUTE AGROTEXTILE AND WAS ALMOST DOUBLE THE GROWTH UNDER CONTROL CONDITIONS.

52 NAME OF THE PROJECT : ( 4 ) STUDY OF THE EFICACY OF JUTE SLEEVES IN RAISING OF SEEDLINGS COMPARED TO CONVERNTIONAL POLY- SLEEVES. OBJECTIVE: TO STUDY THE COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES IN USING JUTE SLEEVES IN PLACE OF POLY SLEEVES FOR HOLDING SOIL BULBS OF SEEDLINGS.

53 Jute Sleeve for growth of sapling.

54 Sapling in conventional poly-sleeves

55 TYPICAL SPECIFICATION OF JUTE SLEEVES FABRIC USED 272 gsm HESSIAN SIZE OF SLEEVE 23 cm x 15 cm WEIGHT / SLEEVE 26 g.

56 FINDINGS & CONCLUSION FASTER & BETTER GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS DUE TO BETTER AERATION OF ROOTS OF SEEDLINGS, EVENING OUT OF TEMPERATURE EXTREMES, NON-FORMATION OF ICE WITHIN THE SLEEVES AND SPREAD OF ROOTS THROUGH FINE OPENINGS OF THE JUTE SLEEVES. HIGH SURVIVAL RATE (90%). NO EXTRACTION AT THE POST- PLANTATION STAGE WAS NECESSARY, UNLIKE IN THE CASE OF POLY SLEEVES. JUTE SLEEVES ARE EVIDENTLY SUPERIOR TO POLY-SLEEVES IN PERFORMANCE, INSTALLATION AND AFTER CARE. THE COST OF JUTE SLEEVES IS, OF COURSE, HIGHER THAN POLY SLEEVES.

57 FURTHER R & D WORK ON DEVELOPMENT OF COST EFFECTIVE JUTE SAPLING BAG National Jute Board ( NJB ) has entrusted IJIRA for Development of new variety of Jute Sapling Bag Development is under progress Initial result is highly encouraging

58 SEAMLESS BRAIDED JUTE SLEEVE

59 BRAIDING MACHINE

60 SOME OTHER USES OF JAT Air layering of plants with JAT Agromulching & weed suppression with JAT

61 JAT as flower tub Plant transplantation with the use of JAT Wrapping of plant stem with JAT

62 Agromulching with JAT Jute Sleeve for growth of sapling

63

64 Thank you.