Pests of Phytosanitary Significance. James W. Muthomi Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi

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1 Pests of Phytosanitary Significance and their effect on trade James W. Muthomi Department of Plant Science and Crop Protection University of Nairobi

2 WTO-SPS Agreement Provides guidelines for application of SPS Measures Includes measures relevant to Plant health protection Animal health protection Food safety

3 Use of Standards owide range of private standards and regulations among them stringent sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures govern agriculture production and trade opromotion of use standards would greatly contribute to sustainable agriculture, safe food and safe trade.

4 International bodies/organizations involved in setting phytosanitary standards, rules and regulations oorganization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) ointernational Seed Testing Association (ISTA) ointernational Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) ointernational Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) ocartagena Protocol on Biosafety CBD oworld Trade Organization (WTO)

5 National Legal & Regulatory Framework othe Agriculture Act (Cap 318) othe Agricultural Produce (Export) Act (Cap 319). othe Plant Protection Act (Cap 324). othe Suppression of Noxious Weeds Act (Cap 325). othe Seeds and Plant Varieties Act (Cap 326). o The Fertilizer and Animal Foodstuffs Act (Cap 345). othe Pest Control Products Act (Cap 346) othe Food, Drugs and Chemical Substances Act (Cap 254).

6 Market and phtosanitary standards applied during Inspection of Export commodity Freedom from pests/pest damage Freedom from diseases/disease damage Freedom from soil Freedom from other inert material Maximum Residue Levels compliance Some of the standards are quality but not phytosanitary issues. Phytosanitary requirements are only part of the expected compliance to standards

7 Tolerated levels for seed borne diseases Disease Head smut (maize) Loose smut (maize) Bunt (wheat) Bunt (sorghum) Halo bight (bean) Anthracnose (bean) Common bacterial blight (bean) Bean common mosaic Bacterial blight (cow pea) Botrytis head rot (sun flower) Sclerotinia wilt & head rot (sun flower) Tolerance level 2 plants per hectare 2 plants per hectare 1 head per 100 sq. m 1 plant per 1,000 plants None at inspection None at inspection None at inspection None at inspection None at inspection 5 plants per 1,000 plants 5 plants per 1,000 plants

8 Quarantine pests Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Cysts of golden nematode (Globodera rostochiensis):

9 Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria padwickii):

10 Karnal bunt of wheat (Tilletia indica)

11 Melon thrips (Thrips palmi)

12 Potato wart (Synchytrium endobioticum)

13 Bacterial wilt (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens)

14 Regulated pests Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Fruit fly (Bactrocera invadens):

15 Mango weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae

16 Larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus):

17 Cassava brown streak virus

18 Leaf miner (Liriomyza spp):

19 Bollworms (Helicoverpa spp.):

20 White fly (Bemisia tabaci)

21 Thrips (Frankliniella spp):

22 Spider mites (Tetranychus spp ):

23 Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens):

24 Bacterial crown gall on rose (Agrobacterium tumefasciens)

25 Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) Invasive water weed

26 Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Banana Xanthomonas wilt (Xanthomonas campestris pv musacearum)

27 Citrus canker (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri)

28 Wilting of tomato Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) Brown discolouration of stem Wilting of potato Discolouration and ooze on tuber

29 Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Halo blight on bean (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv phaseolicola)

30 Common bacterial blight on bean (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv phaseoli)

31 Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Fusarium wilt or Panama disease on banana (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense).

32 Angular leaf spot on bean (Phaeoisariopsis griseola)

33 Bean anthracnose on pods and leaves (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)

34 Maize leaf blight Exserohilum turcicum Pests of Phytosanitary Significance Gray leaf spot Cercospora zeae-maydis

35 Loose smut (Ustilago maydis) Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reilianum)

36 Sclerotinia Head Rot of sunflower

37 Mycotoxin producing fungi

38 THANK YOU