Self-recruiting Species in Aquaculture: Their Role in Rural Livelihoods

Transcription

1 Sef-recruiting Species in Aquacuture: Their Roe in Rura Liveihoods Case Study V 3: Thanh Tri group, Cong Hoa Viage, Phu Linh Commune, Soc Son District 1. Introduction 1.1 Schedues and Persons Invoved This study was carried out between June 7 and 12, The RIA1-AIT team first visited the viage on June 7 and worked on the PRA process on June After coating and transating information obtained at RIA1 in evening of June 11, the team continuous work and a debriefing with viagers in afternoon of June 12. The RIA1-AIT for the fiedwork consisted of 1.2 District Commune Description 1. Kim Van Van 2. Bui Ngoc Thanh 3. Chien Van 4. Huu Hoa 5. Caroine Soubry Soc Son district is the northern most district of Hanoi province. It ies some 40 km north of Hanoi city centre and surrounds Noi Bai Internationa Airport. The tota area of the district is km 2 and the popuation 240,950 peope. Despite its ocation, 87.4% of the househods of the district are engaged in agricuture and the average per capita income of the district is a rather ow VND2.596 miion (US$180). 8.6% of the househods in the district are cassified as poor. The district was chosen as representative of the drier fringe of the Red River deta and is sometimes cassified as midand. The district sopes steadiy from west to east. The western edge of the district in fact has a ine of sma his, rising to around 550 feet above sea eve with 5 communes situated in this area. The other 15 communes are entirey owands, but a group of 6 communes in the southeast ie aongside the Cau river and suffer from over bank fooding from the river. It was decided to seect three communes aong a transect from west to east, Minh Phu in the foothi area; Phu Linh in the intermediate owand areas and Bac Phu in the owest ying area aong the river. The characteristics of these communes are summaried in Tabe 1. 11

2 Tabe 1: Natura and Socia-Economic Characteristics of Seected Communes Variabe Minh Phu Commune Phu Linh Commune Bac Phu Commune Topography Midand Lowand Very Lowand Tota Area (km2) Land Area (ha) Agricutura Area (ha) Agricutura Househods (%) Popuation Density Poor Househods (%) (od), 8.5 (new) 14.0 Water Surface Area akes 38.0 Used (ha) Water Surface Area 25 No data 43 Unused (ha) Aquacuture Systems Extensive Extensive Extensive Species Grass, siver, common and Indian s Grass, siver, common and Indian s Grass, siver, common and Indian s Wid fish No data No data River catfish Source: Soc Son Departments of Statistics and Agricuture and Rura Deveopment; Seected Commune Offices. 1.3 Seection Process for the Viage Once the tentative commune sampe framework had been estabished, the RIA1-AIT team began its work by making an appointment with Mr Tran Tuan Chac, Chairman of the Phu Linh Peope s Committee for the afternoon of June 7, detais of the constituent viages of the commune were obtained. Phu Linh. Commune comprised 4 viages as foows: 1. Cong Hoa for 469 famiies 2. Ve Linh 480 famiies 3. Phu Ma 450 famiies 4. Xuan Doai 216 famiies It was stated that Cong Hoa viage contained the greatest number of poor househods. The viage was chosen for PRA process after that Mr. Chac introduced to Mr. Tien Phuc, head of Cong Hoa viage, immediatey that afternoon a meeting with Mr. Phuc in cutura houses of Cong Hoa viage. The viage is too big to do PRA, so one group of viage shoud be chosen. Mr Phuc supported detai information of the viage. The viage incudes 5 groups as foows: 1. Thanh Lai 100 famiies Good economy 2. Thanh Quang 77 famiies Fairy economy 3. Thanh Tri 110 famiies Poorest 4. Thai Linh 72 famiies Fairy economy 5. Xuan Lap. 110 famiies Poor Tota and area of the viage is 365 ha during hi area is 36.6 ha, and for iving is 47 ha and 36 ha for water surface area. The viage has 8-10% poor househods foow new criteria and 4.5% poor HHs foow od criteria (new criteria: poor = income ess 130,000 VND/ month/ person, starving = income ess 70,000VND /month/ person; od criteria: poor = income ess 100,000 VND/ month/ person and starving = income ess 50,000 VND/ month/ person). The Thanh Tri group has the greatest number of poor househods. The 12

3 number of poor househods in this group is 16% foow new criteria about starving and poor. The group is presented for Cong Hoa viage and it has arger surface water area than other groups. One of these, Thanh Tri group of Cong Hoa viage was chosen. After that ist of househods in Thanh Tri group was supported by Mr. Phuc and an appointment with viage eaders in Thanh Tri on the morning June 11 incuding: 1. Mr. Duy Tien Phuc (Viage Head) 2. Tran Van Khoa (Head of production N o 2-3) 3. Mr. Van Noi (Head of production N o 4) 4. Mr. Dang Ngon (Od peope Union) 5. Tran Van Thieu (Red Crod) 6. Do Thi Tinh ( Women Union) 7. Thi Tuyet (Head of Women Union) 8. Van Tuong (Head of Labour party) On the basis of which an appointment was made to begin work that same day. 2. Setting the Context 2.1 Mapping the Current Resource Context Figure 2.1 presents the viage resource map. Mr. Van Khoa and Mr. Tran Van Noi drew this, Head of production N o 2-3, 4 in Mr. Tuong s house the meeting was taking pace. Thanh Tri group, Cong Hoa viage sits on a ridge of upand surrounded concentricay by hi in West of Thanh Tri group and ow and fied in North. The paddy and to the West of the viage aternate with his appears to be rather more ow-ying and the one Thanh Tri ake sits in Northwest of the group, The army offices aternative fieds and his sit in South of the group. 2.2 Mapping the Deveopment of the Viage (Timeine) Figure 2.2 shows the timeine of key points in the viage deveopment. Information was suppied by Mr. Dang Ngon and Mr. Tran Van Thieu (for year od men). Thanh Tri group, Cong Hoa viage was estabished in At that time there were 11 househods; by 1936 the group was managed by French, at the time, there were 19 househods. By 1945, farmer enthusiastic resistanced with French army, at the time there was 27 househods. In the foowing thirty years the viage was bady affected by confict. In 1954, young peope joined army, trained for farmer, recaimed waste and, required reducing and rent in 1955 and an agrarian revoution occurred, at the time there were 54 househods. By 1963 the viage started motorising in agricuture and enthusiastic in resistance with American army, at the time there were 75 househods. The viage combined sma agricutura co-operative became big agricutura co-operative mutua hep farm in 1975, at the time there were 95 househods during 27 househods had radio. The and poicy was changed in 1988, the and was divided to each househods. Eectricity was instaed in 1995, the road was buit in 1997, kindergarten in 1998 and in 2001 for 100 househods had TV and at the time there were 120 househods. 13

4 2.3 Mapping the Socia Context: We-being Ranking and Criteria We Being Ranking Criteria R a n k Tria 1 Thi Tuyet Thi Tinh, Women Union Singe mothers (e.g. divorced) Most chidren coud not finish primary schoo Lack knowedge & faciities to get information Lack food about 2 months per year Borrow money to buy food Difficut about finance Some have B&W TV Enough food Some risks Chidren finish secondary schoo Some have brick was Many HHs go to wage abour Chidren finish secondary schoo Have buffao, cow, pig, chicken Have enough food (but none spare) Many HHs go to do wage abour. Trading Tria 2 Van Noi Tran Van Khoa, Head of product N o 2-3, 4 Poor heath (househods have sick peope) so cannot work Lack investments Lack farm equipment Lack faciities Lack knowedge Enough food Lack investments Not active in working Many young chidren Lack farm equipment Lack faciities Norma heath Stabe finances Income from agricuture No other source of income Have 80% of farm equipment & faciities Not enough money for chidren to go to higher education Most househods have payment from government Some retired, some sti work High income Have investments Good conditions to deveop economics Enough faciities & furniture e.g. motorbike, coour TV, radio Good farm equipment Good heath Chidren go to higher education Tria 3 Duy Tien Phuc, Head of viage Earn itte, but spend ots Poor knowedge Don't know how to work Widows/widowers Singe mothers Poor for ong time Lack farm equipment Some HHs have not and for chidren as they were born after and had divided aocated. Not enough and for product. Have risk Some disabed, drunk or gambers. Poor knowedge Spend ots of money Simiar to group 4, but more od peope Normay good heath Enough rice Lack investment Trading Farmers, but aso do wage abour (construction) Have stabe income Enough food, but ack money to buy meat Chidren usuay finish secondary schoo, but not higher education 14

5 5 6 Most HHs are farmers (hard work) Some HHs trading Good knowedge Have enough faciities & furniture, but not so good Chidren finish secondary schoo Most HHs have husband who does trading Have brick wa Other income source e.g. empoyee government Fat roof Most Hhs have motorbike Some Hhs have teephone More concerned about chidren education Stabe economics Expect chidren 's successfu to increase income Trading in market, home & town to earn more money (2/3) Extra income from forest Sma famiies More income from government Stabe income Some HHs have some person retired, oder chidren. Chidren go to higher education. Stabe materias Socia Structure of the Community: Community incudes 4 viages, each viage has some groups. The positions in community: Chairman, vice chairman, accountant, chairman of party abour, vice chairman party abour, Young union, Women Union, Od Peope union & Army Union. The positions of persons in each viage are the same, but at eve of viage. 2.4 Summary/ Key Points Thanh Tri group, Cong Hoa viage sits on a ridge of upand surrounded concentricay by hi and ow fieds, paddy and and army offices. The viage has been estabished for 70 years & deveoping. We Being Ranking criteria: - Poor Househods: + Lack of knowedge, ack faciities and furniture, ack food for 2 months per year. Lack farm equipment, ack. + Some widows or widowers, some women have chidren without husband, poor heath. + Earn a itte but spend a ot. + Their chidren don t often finish primary schoo. - Fairy Poor: + Sti ack farm equipment, faciities, furniture and investment. Poor knowedge. + Many young chidren, norma heath. Some of young chidren have no and. - Medium: + Enough food, but sti not enough money and ack investment. + Their chidren often finish secondary schoo. + Wage abour - Fairy Rich: 15

6 + Have catte and 80% farm equipment and faciities, sti not enough money for chidren go to high education. - Rich Househods: + Good knowedge, + Enough materias, good houses, even motorbikes, teephone, spare some money. + Most of them get other income out of agricuture as work for government empoyed, some trading, stabe income. 3. Activity Profie of the Viage 3.1 Seasona Caendar Figures present the annua caendar of activities for the different socia groups in the viage. There are sma but not significant differences in the perception of the weather, with some groups emphasising temperature and others rainfa or wind. Nor are the differences in the socia events mentioned especiay significant; it may be noted that there are festivas and ceremonies in amost every month, some of them traditiona, others promoted by the state. In reation to economic activities, the caendar for a groups shows doube-crop rice cutivation being practised by a groups. Winter spring rice is panted in February and harvested in May; summer-autumn rice foows immediatey from Juy/August, with harvest in September/October. A groups are aso engaged in fied crop cutivation, again over two seasons. Maize, beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes and Irish potato, cassava are aso panted in February and harvested in May-June; a second crop of winter maize is panted in August and harvested in December, this crop is after harvesting bean, peanut. A groups were aso engaged in ivestock cutivation, it was suggested that the profie of ivestock might be different between the groups, with the poor concentrating on rearing of pigs and chickens, whie the rich had a wider range of stock incuding catte and ducks. Fish cuture occurred in men groups, fish stocking in March and harvesting in the end or eary year of seasona oca caendar. From this anaysis, there are cear peaks in the abour demands and income fow from agricuture. Famiies are extremey busy in February, May, Juy, September-October and December-January, whie the main income streams appear particuary concentrated in May-June, October and December-January, especiay just before the Tet New Year. Interesting rich groups have wage abour a year with every work but for poor groups can not find work to do wage abour. It is a groups who seem to suffer most from heath probems, mentioning specificay virus fever and tiredness in May-June at the change of seasons 16

7 3.2 Group Activity Profie Some of these differences are refected in the group activity profies. Poor Women Names Activities Tran Thi Hue Tran Thi Yen Thi Ngan Tran Thi ChØnh Thi Chi Thi Viet Tota Ricecutivation Fied Crop Livestock Take care chidren Tota Poor Men Names Activities Au Van Ben Van Chi Sai Van Thong Dao Xuan Lan Van Thuc Tota Rice-cutivation Fied Crop Livestock Cuture Fish Take care chidren Tota Rich Women Names Activities Do Thi Tinh Thi Luong Tran Thi Duc Sai Thi Chin D- ng Thi Nuoc Tota Rice-cutivation Fied Crop Livestock Trading Construction 3 3 Transfer fruit tree 2 2 Making 3 3 environment Take care chidren Tota

8 Rich Men Names Tran Van Khoa Tran Van Trong Tran Van Binh Van Thang Van Thang Tota Activities Rice-cutivation Fied Crop Livestock Construction Fishing Fish cuture Take care chidren Tota These are summarised in Tabe 3.1. It wi be noted that rank rice cutivation, ivestock and fied crop are important with a groups. They pace reativey itte importance on wage abour and no this activity in poor group. For rich peope spend more time for take care chidren. Fish cuture ony appeared in men groups. Tabe 3.1. Activities summary: FAIRLY POOR FAIRLY RICH Women Men Women Men 1. Rice cutivation 2. Live stock 3. Fied crop 4. Take care chidren 5. Fish cuture 1.Rice cutivation 2.Fied crop 3.Live stock 4.Take care chidren Severa other points are worth noting. These incude: 1. Rice cutivation 2. Live stock 3. Fied crop 4. Take care chidren 5. Trading 6. Construction 7. Work environment. 8. Nursing pant 1. Rice cutivation 2. Live stock 3. Take care chidren 4. Fied crop 5. Fishing 6. Fish cuture 7. Construction The fact that poorer women did not originay mention housework as important and even when pressed at the vaidation meeting, put it ower than better-off women because of the need to spend considerabe time earning a basic iving as they put it just to feed their chidren. For wage abour activity is ony occurred in rich group because most of them are very active. The different with other PRAs in Thanh Tri have few peope go out for wage abour, simpe economic activities. For poor women group acks abour. Between poor & rich group have difference opinions about ivestock: poor group concerns to pig and rich group concerns to catte, pig, chicken & duck and with high quantity. Because for poor peope ack investment. The overa ow ranking of fish cuture 18

9 4. Roe of Aquatic Animas 4.1 Species Ranking Figures present the ranking of the main aquatic animas according to their importance in iveihood by the different groups (poorer men, poorer women, better-off men; better-off women) in the viage. On the basic aquatic anima species were supported by a groups. Six highest important aquatic anima species were chosen. Fig. 4.1 Poor Women Criteria Easy Species catch Few bone s High vaue 19 Deici ous Cheap Easy buy Tota Snai Indian Siver Grass Common Carias catfish M orpercuaris Tiapia Snakehead Carassius auratus Anbas testudineus Fied shrimp O. pagaense Sma Wid Fish Mis.anguiicaudatus Bivavias Fresh Water Cam Big FW Cam Frog Fied Crab Tota Fig. 4.2 Poor Men Criteria Species Easy cut ure Eas y cat ch Gro w fas t Few bone s Hig h va ue High nutri tion De ici ous Chea p Eas y se Ava ia be Tota Siver Tiapia Fied shrimp Grass C. auratus Water snake Ee Hard turte Spinibarbus A. testudineu s

10 Snai Snake head Frog Soft turte Big FW Cam Fied Crab Carias catfish Bivavias Common Tota Fig. 4.3 Rich Women Criteria Chea Deici Easy High Few Avaiab Tota Species p ous catch vaue bones e Carassius auratus Snake head E. bambusa M.orpercuar is C. erythroterus Indian Carias catfish Siver A. testudineus Bivavias Gossogobius H euciscuus Fied shrimp Frog Fied crab Snai Water snake M. anguiicau Grass Cynogossus. sp Tiapia O. pagaense Common Tota Fig. 4.4 Rich Men Criteria Species Easy cutu re Easy catc h Grow fast Few bone s 20 High vau e De ici ous Chea p Eas y buy Eas y se Tota Snake head O pagaense Crab Sma ee Snai Frog

11 Indian Siver A testudineu s C. auratus Tiapia Grass Carp Fied shrimp Sma Fish Common Carp Bivavias Water snake Carias catfish Tota \Important Aquatic Animas - Summary: Poor Women Men Women 20 Species 19 Species 23 Species 1. Snai 1. Shrimp 1. Snai 2. Big FW cam 2. Carias Catfish 2. Shrimp 3. O. pagaense 3. Common 3. FW Cams 4. Shrimp 4. Snake head 4. Anabas tes. 5. Mis. fossiis 5. O. pagaense 5. Mis. fossiis 6. Sma FW cam 6. Crab 6. O. pagaense Rich Men 18 Species 1. Siver 2. Snai 3. Snake head 4. Indian 5. Common 6. Sma wid fish It wi immediatey be apparent that the ranking is rather different between the different groups. The better-off men emphasised cutured species, other groups argey mentioned wid species as O. pagaense, shrimp. Women group mentioned criteria consume as cheap, deicious, few bones and easy catch, they iked Mis.fossiis, cams and snai. Poorer men and especiay poorer women gave importance to aquatic animas, which coud be gathered and/or in the paddy fieds or natura water bodies. Poor men iked deicious, few bones and high vaue wid fish. For rich women often buy wid fish than cuture fish due to tasty & cheap price, even they are fairy rich but in rura they have not much money. For men groups mentioned criteria for cuturing as grow fast and easy cuture. Important Criteria - Summary Criteria Poor Rich Women Men Women Men Deicious Consume Cheap Easy buy High nutrient 23 Few bones

12 Easy catch Avaiabe High vaue Cuture Grow fast Easy cuture Easy se Aquatic Anima Seasonaity From figure shown that for poor groups and rich women ike wid fish due to cheap, avaiabe, catch easy & tasty. Rich men ike fish cuture. Poor men have wid fish due to catch them in fied, ake or pond in rainy season when fish were spawning. This point eads to more reducing natura resource. For poor women have them due to both buy in market and catch them in fied. For rich women get wid fish due to buy aso, some wid fish are catched by men. For fish cuture come mainy by harvesting or buy in market. Most peope in Thanh Tri group, Cong Hoa viage ike O. pagaense, snai and shrimp. For men groups iked common and snake head. 6. Aquatic Anima Trends Poor Women Periods Species Snai Increase as few peope Big FW cam Increase as few peope O. pagaense Increase as few peope Shrimp Increase as few peope Mis. fossiis Sma FW cam Increase as few peope Increase as few peope Increase as few peope Increase as few peope Increase as few peope Stabe Stabe Stabe Decrease - A ot of peope catch, & deveopment & ivestock Decrease - a ot of peope Decrease due to bad environment Decrease - a ot of peope Decrease due to bad environment Decrease as a ot of peope for ivestock, pesticide use Decrease due to bad environment Decrease due to bad environment & pesticides Decrease a ot of peope, & bad environment Increase Stabe Stabe Decrease - environment affected by pesticide & over harvest Increase Decrease - many peope Decrease - affected by environment 22

13 Poor Men Periods Species Shrimp Carias Catfish Common Snakehead ee Crab Rich Women Before 60 In. due to ow popuatio n Fishin g a itte In. Few peope & no pesticide after 2000 Same before Same above due to in. Pop. Many peope, effected Env. Pesticide Env. Poution due to Pes. Many peope In. Env. poution but started protect resource In. The same above The same above The same above The same above Periods Species Snai Fied Shrimp FW cams Anabas testudineus Misgurnus anguiicaud atus Befor e Stabe due to have a ot, ess consume Stabe due to have a ot, few peope Stabe as above Stabe Have a ot, few peope Stabe as above O. pagaense Stabe as above Afte r effected by pesticide Effected by pesticide Effected by En. & Pesticide Many peope Avaiabe effected by Pesticide Weather effected by pesticide & eectric shock as above

14 Rich Men Perio ds Speci es Siver Snai Snake head India n Commo n Sma wid fish Befo re Stabe None deveopment due to feudaism and resut of war. In. Stabe environment, expoited a itte. Stabe Norma deveopment and breeding and expoited a itte. Stabe, None deveopment due to feudaism and resut of war. Stabe, None deveopment due to feudaism and resut of war. Stabe Aquacuture techniques were appied in production and Aquacuture area opened. Stabe Norma deveopment, but catch so much Poution environment, agricuture pesticide and too expoited resource. Due to poution environment, a ot of pesticides were used in agricuture, too expoited, Aquacuture area was become smaer. In. In., Aquacuture techniques were appied in production and Aquacuture area opened., Due to poution environment, a ot of pesticides were used in agricuture, too expoited, Aquacuture area was become smaer. Three of four groups in the viage ike wid fish, but recenty most of wid fish have been decreasing due to chemicas, pesticides used in agricuture & damaged equipment as eectric shock and a ot peope. Ony fish cuture are increasing due to deveoping seed & technique. Most peope ike, O. pagaense, shrimp, snai, Mis. fossiis, snake head. For common is reducing in nature but increasing in cuture, for poor men group mentioned at the moment shrimp is increasing due to protecting aw for natura resource. 7. Cross checking 7.1 Transect Wak 24

15 Head of the viage and some men taken us to around the viage with the map and shown where are their fied, ponds, ake and peope iving. Which fieds have wid fish & where water resource run to & cana system and where they coud catch wid fish and ow and wi be changed using purpose into rice-fish. 7.2 Farmer meeting - Shown the map of their viage which some peope had drawn yesterday and required them shown some paces and asked them which parts were not correct, pease drawn up. After that summary their activities and which aquatic anima they ike & some questions were taked out: - Rice cutivation is main activity of a groups. There are differences with other PRAs, Thanh Tri has few peope go out for wage abour and often in rich groups. - Poor women due to ack abour, they have wage abour but earn sma money so that they forget mention it. - Rich women has trading but ony sma trading for tourism in Giong tempe. - Poor men forget mentioned to fruit pant and it is reput before fied crop and Rich women is aso put it before take care chidren and rich men put it after fied crop. - For aquatic animas, most peope said that they iked O. pagaense due to tasty but at the moment O. pagaense is decreasing and very expensive. For siver is suitabe for both ivestock and consume due to cheap and avaiabe. 8. Summary/ Key Points Most of groups have same ideas about weather as temperature, rain, sun, wind and storm, about socia events as mid month, Internationa women day, Giong festiva, ki insect day, chidren new year, wedding and ceremony season and Tet. Most groups have two rice crops: Transpant in month 1 and 6 and harvesting in month 4-5 and month 8-9. Rice cutivation is main activity for a groups The wage abour is mentioned in rich groups. It is difference with other PRAs. This area is very difficut to find sub-job for poor peope. Men groups mentioned fish cuture. Most poor peope and rich women ike wid fish, men ike cuture fish. The criteria about aquatic animas are cheap, avaiabe, easy catch, easy cuture, buy easy, tasty, few bones & high nutrient. Most wid fish are decreasing and cuture fish are increasing. 25