Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Methodology on the Supply Chain of Feta Cheese in Greece

Transcription

1 Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Methodology on the Supply Chain of Feta Cheese in Greece V. Anestis, A. Vatsanidou and T. Bartzanas Vasileios Anestis, PhD Candidate

2 Application of the EU Product Environmental Footprint (PEF) Methodology on Outline 1. Concept of EU PEF 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results 4. Conclusions 2

3 1. Concept of EU PEF Product Environmental Footprint (PEF): Defined with the EC Recommendation of 9 April 2013 (2013/179/EU): A multi-criteria measure of the environmental performance of a good or service throughout its life cycle. PEF information is produced for the overarching purpose of seeking to reduce the environmental impacts of goods and services taking into account supply chain activities (from extraction of raw materials, through production and use, to final waste management). EC Recommendation (2013/179/EU) - Guidance on: Ø Estimation of PEF Essentially connected with environmental ISO LCA Ø Development of PEF Category Rules (PEFCRs) when available: basis for PEF calculation With this recommendation s publication: Ø Start of a pilot phase for PEFCR development for various product categories (information at: Ø TS for dairy products was established: a) PEF screening report (June 2015), b) PEFCR-Dairy draft (July 2016) Ø Additional PEFCR Guidance document from European Commission s side (information at: 3

4 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Feta cheese: Ministerial Decision /1994 of 11 January 1994 (Feta cheese s PDO recognition) table white cheese kept in brine that is traditionally and exclusively produced by using ewe s milk or mixture of ewe s and doe s milk. Doe s milk concentration in the mixture cannot exceed 30% w/w. Maximum water content is 56% w/w and minimum fat content is 43% w/w (DM basis) Estimation of PEF for Feta cheese PDO : Guidelines in the PEFCR-Dairy, PEF screening & PEFCR Guidance documents Dairy products from ewe s and doe s milk: not in the scope of those documents implementation of their guidelines is recommended, more justification of modelling choices 4

5 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Why PEF for Feta cheese? Ø Following PEFCR-Dairy: The most standardized procedure for estimating and communicating the environmental performance of its supply chain, promoted by the EC Ø Commercially important cheese product, both domestically and abroad Performed from the dairy processor s point of view (cooperation with a leading Dairy Company Thessaly Region) FU: 10g DM of Feta PDO cheese, consumed as final product without cooking or further transformation (corresponding RF: 22.4g wet basis) Selected product code: 15kg net weight in tinplate can package / FCT-15 (highest sales, year 2015 and 2016) 5

6 April 4th 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology System boundaries Non-dairy materials Raw milk supply foreground system (primary data) Feta cheese manufacturing foreground system (primary data) Rest of the stages: secondary datasets Packaging materials Distribution Use End-of-life 6

7 Modelling assumptions 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Ø Sheep & Goat dairy farm processes q FAO s GLEAM Model (herd module) for animal categories & population q Feedipedia for feed constituents properties (RME, GE, RDE, DM, CP & P) q Animal dietary energy requirements recommended model in the IPCC (2006) Guidelines q Grazing capacity: total energy requirements minus energy requirements covered by ration at house q On-farm GHG emissions: Tier 1 & Tier 2 IPCC 2006 methodologies q Other on-farm emissions to air: Tier 1 & Tier 2 most recent EMEP/EEA (2016 & 2017) methodologies q On-farm emissions to water: N leaching to water bodies - form of nitrate 7

8 Modelling assumptions 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Ø Ration constituents supply to the dairy farms q Cereal grains & roughages (hay, straws) & compound feeds entirely domestically produced q Compound feed components market mixes (data for Greece from FAOSTAT) Ø Refrigerated transport of milk to the dairy industry q Distance estimation (main producing areas, avg. distance of these areas from dairy industry, milk quantities delivered by these areas) Ø Non-dairy materials supply: sea salt production modelled with respective mining process Ø Distribution, use and EoL q Product losses only at retailer q Car transport from retailer to consumer: one product per journey q Packaging retailer and household waste treatment: according to data for Greece from Eurostat 8

9 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Sheep & Goat dairy farms sampling procedure Ø Proposed stratified sampling procedure (PEFCR Guidance) according to farming practices (PEFCR- Dairy): q Reared breeds q Avg. annual milk production per female q Grazing vs. not grazing q Type of manure management system q Feed supply and rations Ø Not feasible for the network of dairy farm suppliers of this Dairy Company: q Parameters not known a priori from the company s side q Extended farm network (close to 600 farms) q Time limitation 9

10 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Sheep & Goat dairy farms sampling procedure Ø Procedure proposed by company s experts: q Separation of farm population in 3 categories: a) sheep, b) goat and c) mixed farms q Classification of those farms according to the annual milk delivery: a) 0-10tn, b) 10-25tn and c) more than 25tn q Selection of 4 farms (2 sheep, 1 goat and 1 mixed): Major contributing class to milk delivery (more than 25tn) Best available options regarding primary data provision (limited ability of most of the farmers, inexistence of record keeping system) q F1: 1.82% w/w, F2: 0.99% w/w of the ewe ECM delivery from sheep farms q F3: 6.35% w/w of the doe ECM delivery from goat farms q F4: 2.42% w/w and 5.94% w/w of the ewe and doe ECM delivery from mixed farms 10

11 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Impact categories Ø Climate change Ø Water resource depletion Ø Freshwater eutrophication Ø Marine eutrophication Ø Terrestrial eutrophication Ø Freshwater ecotoxicity Ø Land use Ø Acidification Normalisation & weighting Ø European ILCD-compliant factors (EC-JRC EU27 (2010) factors, equal weighting) Ø SimaPro v. 8.5 PhD Multi-functionality issues Ø Dairy farms Biophysical allocation to co-products (raw milk, animal live-weight and raw wool): dietary energy needs Ø Feed material inputs to dairy farms economic allocation to co-products (feed crop production, milling and oil extraction industry Ø Dairy industry allocation to the different product packaging codes based on the avg. DM content of the packed dairy products 11

12 2. PEF of Feta cheese Methodology Required primary data Dairy sheep & goat farms Ø Products sold Ø Water use (natural resource) Ø Rations of various animal categories Ø Bedding material Ø Cleaning chemicals Ø Fuel & Electricity consumption Required primary data Dairy Industry Ø Produced and sold products Ø Water use (natural resource) Ø Raw milk and other material inputs Ø Electricity input Ø Wastewater treatment at dairy industry Ø Packaging materials Ø On-farm feed crop cultivation Ø Animal population & productivity Ø Manure management Ø Grazing management 12

13 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results Processes based on primary data Weighted results Ø Dairy sheep and goat farms q Water resource depletion: most contributing impact category to the total weighted score (more than 95%) q Most important processes for models: o Compound feed production (production) (F1: 93%, F3: 19%, F4: 24% (ewe milk), F4: 30% (doe milk)) o Wheat bran market mix (F2: 68.5%, F4: 29% (ewe milk), F4: 30.6% (doe milk)) o Maize grain market mix (F2: 29.3%) o Tap water market mix (F3: 73.7%, F4: 46.5% (ewe milk), F4: 38.9% (doe milk)) q Connected to: o Water input to the treatment of the waste water from the production of some of the feed ingredients e.g. wheat bran, rapeseed meal o Water input to the treatment of the waste from the construction of the tap water s network 13

14 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results Processes based on primary data Weighted results Ø Feta cheese manufacturing q Water resource depletion: most contributing impact category to the total weighted score (more than 95%) q Most important processes for model: o Waste water for treatment (60%) o Tinplate (production) (11.4%) o Ewe milk production mixed farms (9.3%) o Ewe milk production sheep farms (type F1) (6.9%) q Connected to: o Water input to the treatment of sludge waste (from dairy industry) o Water input to the treatment of the waste from tinplate production o Water input to the treatment of the waste from feed constituents production and water network construction 14

15 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results Processes based on primary data Data quality Process model TeR TiR GR P DQR F1 (ewe milk) F2 (ewe milk) F3 (doe milk) F4 (ewe milk) F4 (doe milk) Feta cheese manufacturing In general lower than recommended in the PEFCR Guidance (DQR < 1.6) 15

16 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results Processes based on secondary datasets Data quality Process Complete name of the secondary dataset (Database) Data quality Refrigerated transport of raw milk Transport, freight, lorry with refrigeration machine, (farms to dairy unit) ton, EURO4, R134a refrigerant, cooling {GLO} transport, freight, lorry with refrigeration machine, ton, EURO4, R134a refrigerant, cooling APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4) Most relevant processes for the dairy sheep and goat farms process models Farm 1 Compound feed production for Compound feed dairy cattle/nl Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4 lactating ewes (input) 4) Compound feed production for Compound feed dairy cattle/nl Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4 growing sheep (input) 4) Farm 2 Wheat bran market mix (input) Wheat bran, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/nl 4 Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) Maize grain market mix (input) Maize, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/nl 4 Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) Farm 3 Tap water market mix (input) Tap water {Europe without Switzerland} market for 3.25 APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4) Production of compound feed for Compound feed dairy cattle/nl Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4 lactating does (input) 4) Farm 4 Tap water market mix (input) Tap water {Europe without Switzerland} market for 3.25 APOS, U (Ecoinvent v. 3.4) Wheat bran market mix (input) Wheat bran, consumption mix, at feed compound plant/nl 4 Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) Production of compound feed for lactating ewes/ does (input) Compound feed dairy cattle/nl Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) 4 Production of compound feed for growing sheep / goats (input) Compound feed dairy cattle/nl Economic (Agri-footprint v. 4) In general lower than recommended in the PEFCR Guidance (DQR < 3 for relevant farm inputs) 4 16

17 3. PEF of Feta cheese Data quality results Processes based on secondary datasets Data quality Consumer s household Refrigerated storage operation at the consumer s house FCT-15 product consumed at consumer s household No SD 4 No SD 1.92 Data quality of the product s consumption process almost completely dependent on the data quality of the manufacturing process 17

18 Results regarding data quality 4. PEF of Feta cheese Conclusions The farm sampling procedure negatively reflects data quality and therefore reliability of the results: Classification of farm population according to farm practices important for PEF estimation Relevant data recording at sheep & goat dairy farm level to be further promoted Compilation of country-specific secondary datasets for feed production processes (crop production, milling and vegetable oil extraction industry) & related waste treatment processes Potential for further data quality improvement at dairy industry level especially regarding waste water treatment More results will be soon available for: Ø Mid-point level impact categories (supply chain and stages) Ø Environmental hotspots (supply chain and stages) 18

19 Thank you for your attention!! 19

20 Contacts: 20