ILVO. Ziekten en plagen in aardappel: Waar is ILVO mee bezig en waarom? Potato diseases and pests: What is ILVO investigating and why?

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1 Ziekten en plagen in aardappel: Waar is mee bezig en waarom? Potato diseases and pests: What is investigating and why? Nicole Viaene Interpom, 26 november 2018

2 Plant Plant Health: Research AND diagnostics National Reference Laboratory of Belgium Diagnostic Centre for Plants (ISO certified) Insects & Mites Hans Casteels Johan Witters Bacteria Johan Van Vaerenbergh Fungi Kurt Heungens Viruses & Viroids Phytoplasmas Kris De Jonghe Nematodes Nicole Viaene about 60 staff members in plant health

3 Today: A selection of the harmful organisms we are watching for you Insects: wireworms, Epitrix Nematodes: cysts, root-knot nematodes Fungi: wart disease Bacteria: see presentation Johan Van Vaerenbergh Phloem bacteria: zebra chip Viruses: virome scanning on Solanaceae

4 What are wireworms? (FR: agriotes, taupins, NL: ritnaalden, koperworm) Wireworms are larvae of click beetles (family Elateridae) (kniptorren) These larvae can cause great damage to crops: In potato, wireworms make holes in the tubers, that become unfit for human consumption

5 Wireworm damage risk prediction model A model predicting wireworm damage per field for the next season Based on a threshold value per damaging species Based on field data collected from 2015 to 2017 Wireworm monitoring with bait traps More than 150 fields in Flanders Crops: maize, potato and Belgian endive (witloof chicory) 25 field parameters: crop history (rotation), soil characteristics (texture, ph, organic matter), management practices Model development Machine learning algorithms Determining factors: Crop history from the last 5 years (main crops and number of years with Poaceae crops) Soil type, ph and organic matter level Model validation and further refinement with monitoring data from 2018

6 AGRIORISK online tool for advisers and farmers predicts risks for wireworm damage

7 What are Epitrix spp.? (FR: altise de la pomme de terre, E: flea beetle, NL: aardvlo) Epitrix spp. are small beetles belonging to the family of the Chrysomelidae Damage: Larvae: shallow sub-surface furrows on the tubers Adults: minute circular holes on the leaves Damage symptoms of exotic Epitrix spp. on potato tubers imported to Belgium from Spain

8 Geographical distribution of exotic Epitrix spp. in Europe 2 exotic species in Europe with restricted distribution: Epitrix cucumeris: Portugal Epitrix papa: Portugal and Spain Besides exotic Epitrix spp. also 9 native Epitrix spp. in Europe In Belgium 3 spp.: E. pubescens, E. atropae and E. intermedia (in southern Belgium during warm years) but no damage on potato!

9 Risk for introducing exotic Epitrix spp. in Belgium Via import of early potatoes (adhering soil) from Spain and Portugal (mid-may to mid-july) Monitoring in Belgian potato importing companies/packers: symptoms of Epitrix spp. were observed after washing the tubers symptoms on the tubers were of low economic importance no Epitrix beetles/larvae/pupae were found introduction is possible Adaptation to a packer s installation to catch beetles at the reception when unloading the potatoes and before washing. Adhering soil falls in a container with water and soap. Beetles fall in the water and drown.

10 What are root-knot nematodes? (FR: nématodes à galles, nématodes cécidogènes, NL: wortelknobbelaaltjes) Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M. fallax: quarantine organisms, but spreading Meloidogyne minor: NO quarantine, mainly in grassland, but also in potato! We found M. minor in golf courses, in potato after grassland (2017) and in seed potato (2018).

11 More root-knot nematodes Meloidogyne ethiopica and M. luci: alert species, can also damage potato M. luci found in Greece, Portugal, Slovenia, Turkey M. ethiopica on grapevine roots and damaging yacon tubers (left: healthy - right: infested) Courtesy: Dr RMDG Carneiro (Embrapa, BR), EPPO website closely related sister species: we check out PCR and barcoding for diagnostics on new crops: we will investigate presence of nematodes and viruses in project PRONC-B = Phytosantitary Risks of newly introduced crops in Belgium

12 2-01(GWV032) (PCA-WP2/9) VLA120 avornay /6 (GOV029) (=PCA- GWV101 ube4-soignies GOV255 GOV043 avornay 2015 GWV080 RV van Innovator What are potato cyst nematodes? (FR: nématodes à kyste, NL: aardappelcystaaltjes) Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida: quarantine organisms, virulence groups Virulent populations reported from the Netherlands and Germany: multiply on resistant cultivars is result of selection: too frequent potato cultivars with same resistance traits virulent populations can spread! Belgium? no virulent populations found (yet) survey 35 fields in multiplying in pots increased virulence -- in field? 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Watch out!

13 Nematodes in soil tare/waste soil (FR: terre adhérente; NL: restaarde) Potato harvest = tubers + soil Can soil be used to detect cysts in fields? YES

14 How can waste soil be treated to kill nematodes? INUNDATION - Inundation: > 8 weeks - Inundation with organic waste (potato peels, leek): 4 weeks to kill all cysts - Practical??? Tests in NL HEATING project Restaarde Circulair -- ongoing cysts in water: 70 C for 2 min dry cysts: > 90 C needed pilot study Source: Boerburgertweet

15 What is Synchytrium endobioticum? Synchytrium endobioticum is a fungus. It causes potato wart disease. Warts : are only present at the buds can be small to quite large have a cauliflower-like texture are white to brown coloured Survival/dispersal: Warts contain very durable resting spores Dispersal with infected tubers, contaminated soil or manure

16 Why is Synchytrium endobioticum a potential problem for Belgium? Potato wart disease is NOT present in Belgium but it is a potential problem because : of relatively recent new findings in Germany, Denmark and the Netherlands (5 km from Belgium) our main potato varieties are susceptible (Bintje) and moderately susceptible (Fontane) it is a quarantine organism

17 research on Synchytrium endobioticum POWADIS project with Inagro and FAVV: Optimized the detection method of resting spores in soil: zonal centrifuge + qpcr: detection limit of 0.02 spores/g! now offered as a service via the diagnostic centre (DCP) Validated the molecular pathotyping method (pathotype 1) Assessed the risks for introduction, establishment and spread in BE Conducted a survey in the most endangered BE area -> not found!

18 Phytoplasma and Liberibacter in potato and carrot an eminent zebra chip risk? Targeted pathogens (phytoplasmas and liberibacter) and vectors: Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum & phytoplasmas (stolbur and aster yellows) - is transmitted to solanaceous species by the potato/tomato psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli. - has been detected in carrot and celery in several EU countries and is vectored by the carrot psyllids, Trioza apicalis & B. trigonica. Bactericera cockerelli Trioza apicalis

19 Phytoplasma and Liberibacter in potato and carrot an eminent zebra chip risk? First finding of Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum in carrot in Belgium Continued disease monitoring during vector survey -> Ca. L. solanacearum in two carrot plots Harvesting and filtering out carrots with symptoms

20 Phytoplasma and Liberibacter in potato and carrot an eminent zebra chip risk? Ca. L. solanacearum - Liberibacter Potato: haplotypes A and B carrot: haplotypes C, D, E Low infection risk of the carrot haplotypes in potato Different psyllid vectors Ca. Phytoplasma asteris - Aster Yellows phytoplasma Widespread in carrot Also found in our potato fields Belgium: Ca. L. solanacearum haplotype (D) and Ca. Phytoplasma asteris widespread Vector monitoring: no specific (known) vectors found during the survey However! In Spain infection of potato with a carrot haplotype (E) Linked to Bactericera trigonica, also vectoring in carrot. => Risk low, but can t be excluded

21 Virome scanning of Solanaceae using HTS project project SEVIPLANT High-throughput sequencing: untargeted sequencing of all viruses/viroids present in samples Why HTS in plant virus diagnostics? Clean Plant Program/certification/import-export (phytosanitary passports) For full-range testing Unusual symptoms unknown ethiology Do not use NGS for single virus tests (e.g. surveys) PCR and Elisa testing is quicker and cheaper Screening Solanaceae by HTS potato tomato bell pepper petunia/surfinia Brugmansia S. jasminoides weeds Will give a better view on which viruses/viroids are present in Belgium Risk assessment

22 Detection of pathogens using drone-based hyperspectral camera PVY Plant diseases such as Potato virus Y (PVY) and Alternaria solani produce distortions or leaf spots Alternaria Goal = detection with (hyperspectral) camera early stage spatial information automatic

23 More details: Detection of pathogens using drone-based hyperspectral camera + information at the booth 600a

24 Thanks for your attention! info about the Diagnostic Centre for Plants at booth 600a Instituut voor Landbouw-, Visserij- en Voedingsonderzoek Plant Unit Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 T + 32 (0) plant@ilvo.vlaanderen.be