Improved Production Technology for Little millet

Transcription

1 P O R C : S T E L IL M U T R IT I O N A L S E S F O R C L IM ATE CHAN G E A N D N LL A M S Y IT CU R AICRP on Small Millets Improved Production Technology for Little millet Prabhakar Prabhu C. Ganiger Boraiah B. Sujata Bhat Nandini C. Kiran Tippeswamy V. Manjunath H. A. Project Coordinating Unit ICAR-AICRP on Small Millets GKVK, Bengaluru

2 Technical Bulletin - 4/ Improved Production Technology for Little millet Prabhakar, Prabhu C. Ganiger, Boraiah B., Sujata Bhat, Nandini C., Kiran, Tippeswamy V., Manjunath H. A. All rights reserved - No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by Project Coordinating Unit ICAR-AICRP on Small Millets GKVK., Bengaluru Designed & Printed by V V V

3 Foreword In India it is cultivated over an area of 2.34 lakh ha with total production of about 1.27 lakh tones and with productivity of 544 kg/ha during the year The major little millet growing states are Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. Little millet is one of the coarse cereals consumed in the form of rice. It contains high amount of carbohydrates, Proteins, minerals and vitamins, Because of their nutritional superiority they are also referred as nutria s grains or nutri millets. The protein has balanced amino acid profile and good source of methionine, cystine and lycine. Little millet can be grown in tropic and subtropical climate and it is well known for its drought tolerance and is considered as one of the least water demanding crop and it is suitable for delayed sowing, rain fed condition, drought tolerant, multiple and contingent cropping system. Compared to other minor millets and staple food crops like rice and wheat in little millet fairly good amount of Iron content was observed. Constrains for production and productivity in farmers is mainly due non adoption of improved production technologies and usage of improved varieties. This can be overcome by adopting usage of improved varieties, agronomical, plant protection measures etc. This lucidly written farmer-friendly technical bulletin is a treasure trove of information on improved cultural practices in little millet cultivation. This technical bulletin would help to know cultivation practices among farmers and extension personnel on the latest varieties, production and protection technologies, low cost technologies. I thank who are all responsible in bringing out this bulletin. I am sure this information given in this bulletin will assist the extension personnel, state department officials, students as well as other millet workers. I hope that this manual will prove valuable information to farmers for improved production technologies to increase yield. Date: Place: Bengaluru (PRABHAKAR) Project Co-ordinator AICRP on Small Millets

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5 Sl. No Contents Production technologies Spacing and seed rate Manures and fertilizers Water management Weed control Cropping system Chapters Introduction Crop growing conditions Climate Soil Season Varieties Page No Plant protection Insect pests Diseases 9 10

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7 Common Name Vernacular Names Family Introduction Kutki Little millet (English), Sawai, Samalu and Same Gramineae It is an annual herbaceous plant, which grows straight or with folded blades to a height of 30 cm to 1 m. The leaves are linear, with the sometimes hairy laminae and membranous hairy ligules. The panicles are from 4 to 15 cm in length with 2 to 3.5 mm long awn. The grain is round and smooth, 1.8 to 1.9 mm long. It is wonderful millet which is suitable for people of all age groups. It helps to prevent constipation & heals all the problems related to stomach. It improves the semen counts of men. It also helps for women with irregular periods problems. Its high fiber helps to reduce the fat depositions in the body. The little millet contains 8.7 gram protein, 75.7 gram carbohydrate, 5.3 gram fat and 1.7 gram mineral and 9.3 mg iron in per 100 gram. The major little millet growing states are Orissa, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh. In India it is cultivated over an area of 2.34 lakh ha with total production of about 1.27 lakh tones and with productivity of 544 kg/ha during the year Climate Little millet originated in southeast Asia and is now a days it is g r o w n t h r o u g h o u t I n d i a, particularly in Madhya Pradesh Orissa Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh. In the temperate zones of Asia: the Caucasus, China, East Asia and also in the tropics of the continent: India, Indochina and Malaysia. It can withstand both drought and water logging. It can be cultivated up to 2000 m above sea level. Soil Little millet or sama, is a quick growing short duration cereal which withstands both drought and water logging. As in other small millets, its cultivation is restricted to tribal areas and marginal lands. 1

8 Season Orissa - Middle of June Tamil Nadu - June and September-October Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and South Bihar-last week of June to first week of July is desirable to escape from shoot fly and gall midge. Varieties A number of varieties with high yield potential have been released for different states. Table 1 : Latest and popular varieties recommended for different states of India. Sl. No. 1 Orissa OLM- 203, OLM -208, OLM-217, BL-6, DHLM-36-3, DHLM Madhya Pradesh JK-4, JK 8, JK 36, JK-137, BL-6, DHLM-36-3 Spacing and Seed rate Spacing 22.5 cm between rows and 10 cm between plants within a row Seed rate State -1 8 kg ha for line sowing kg ha for broadcasting Varieties 3 Andhra Pradesh OLM 203, JK 8, BL-6, DHLM Tamil Nadu 5 Chattisgarh Paiyur 2, TNAU 63 and CO 3, C0-4, K1, OLM -203, OLM -20, BL-6, DHLM-36-3, DHLM-14-1 JK 8, BL 6, BL-4, JK 36, JK-137, DHLM Karnataka OLM 203, JK 8, BL-6, DHLM-36-3, DHLM Gujarat 8 Maharashtra GV 2, GV 1, OLM 203, JK 8, BL-6, DHLM-36-3, DHLM-14-1 Phule Ekadashi, JK 8, OLM- 203, BL-6, DHLM-36-3, DHLM

9 Manures and fertilizers 5 tones of farm yard manure per hectare 2-3 weeks before sowing. Table 2 : State wise Recommended dose of fertilizers States Andhra Pradesh Bihar and Orissa Tamil nadu Other states -1 Fertilizer recommended NP2O5K2O kg ha 20:20:0 20:10:0 40:20:0 20:20:0 Bio-fertilizer Seed inoculation with Agrobacterium radiobacter and Aspergillus awamori improves seed yield. Water management First irrigation at DAS and second irrigation at (DAS). Little millet inflorescence and its parts (A) Inflorescence; (B) Spikelet; (C) Side view of spikelet; (D) Opened spikelet; (E) Outer glume; (F) First lemma; (G) Sterile floret; (H) Fertile floret; (I) Upper glume; (J) Grain enclosed in lemma and palea 3

10 Table 3 : Popular varieties and their special features Variety Pedigree Maturity (days) Average yield (q/ha) Special characters Area of adaptation OLM 208 Selection from Lajigada local Moderately resistant to shootfly All Little millet growing areas of the country OLM 217 Co 4 JK 36 BL 6 Selection from Udayagiri local Resistant to rust and grain smut, but moderately resistant to sheath blight, tolerant to shootfly All Little millet growing areas of the country Co 2 x MS Non-lodging, suitable for double cropping Selection from local Shahdolgermplasm Tolerant to shootfly Tamilnadu Madhya Pradesh Paiyur 1 x OLM Recommended for upland cultivation, and rich in zinc and calcium All Little millet growing areas of the country 4 DHLM 36-3 Co-4 x Paiyur Late maturing variety All Little millet growing areas of the country

11 Table 3 : Popular varieties and their special features (Continued) Variety Pedigree Maturity (days) Average yield (q/ha) Chhattisgarh Kutki-2 (BL-4) CO-2 x TNAU GV-2 Derivative from mutant of released variety 'Gujarat Vari -1' Phule Ekadashi (KOPLM 83) Selection from local germplasm Jawahar Kutki 4 (JK 4) DHLM-14-1 DLM 42 x Kutki 1 CO-2 x TNAU Special characters Area of adaptation It has high iron content (28.3 mg/100 g grain). Tolerant to major pests Clean White colour and bold seeded, Resistant to pest and diseases Chhattisgarh Gujarat Non-lodging Sub-montane and Ghat Zone of Maharashtra Suitable for sole as well as inter/mixed cropping, responsive to NPK, resistant to drought, lodging, and key pest Shoot fly and moderately resistant to head smut Rainfed areas of Madhya Pradesh Tolerant to shoot fly Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujrat, Maharastra and Orissa OLM 203 (Tarini) Selection from local cultivar KL Resistant to blast and grain smut. Non lodging, non shattering, long duration and high yielding, grains have superior qualities for value addition. Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Bihar and Tamil Nadu 5

12 Table 3 : Popular varieties and their special features (Continued) Variety Birsa Gundli Paiyur 1 JK 8 Gujarat vari 1 Dindori 1 TNAU 63 (Sukshema) Pedigree Maturity (days) Average yield (q/ha) Pure line selection Pure line selection Pure line selection Pure line selection from vari 8-3 Pure line selection Pure line selection Special characters Grey to black colored grains, early duration and non shattering Non lodging, long duration, suitable for little millethorsegram cropping sequence Profuse tillering, stay green character. Moderately tolerant to shoot fly High yielding Long panicles with Black colored grains Profuse tillering, actively growing, long duration, high grain and fodder yield Area of adaptation Jharkhand Tamil Nadu Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Gujarat Gujarat Madhya Pradesh All Little millet growing areas of the country 6

13 BL 6 DHLM 36-3 JK 8 OLM 203 JK 36 7

14 Weed control Important weeds: Among grassy weeds, Echinochloa colonum, Enhinochloa crusgulli (sawan), Dactyloctenium aegypticum (makra), Elusine indica (kodo), Setaria glauca (banra), Cynodon dactylon (doob), Phragmites karka (narkul), Cyperus rotundus (motha), Sorghum halepanse (banchari) are common. The broad-leaved weeds are Celosia argentia (chilimil), Commelina benghalensis (kankoua), Phylanthus niruri (hulhul), Solanum nigrum (makoi) and Amaranthus viridis (chaulai). Weed Control: Two inter- cultivation and one hand weeding in line sown crop and two hand weeding in broadcost crop are necessary for effective weed control. Post-emergence application of 2, 4-D sodium salt 1.0 kg a.i./ha at DAS. 1.0 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence Two inter cultivations and one hand weeding in line sowing Two hand weeding in broadcasted crop Cropping systems Inter cropping Orissa: Little millet + black gram (2:1 row ratio) Madhya Pradesh: Little millet +Sesamum/soybean/pigeon pea (2:1 row ratio) Southern Bihar: Little millet + +pigeon pea (2:1 row ratio) Cropping sequence South Bihar: Little millet - Niger Harvesting Time Kharif season crop - September to October Rabi - January to February Yield Grain qtl/ha and Straw qtl/ha. 8

15 Table 4 : Insect Pests of Little millet Common name & Scientific name Nature of Damage Shoot fly (Atherigona pulla) The damage of this pest is observed from sowing to six weeks of old crop. As result of it s feeding the central shoot starts drying and shows the typical symptoms of dead heart in the early stage and profuse tillering in the later stage, which are also affected. Damaged tillers may produce ear heads, but with no grains (white ears). Maximum 9 Management Early sowing of crop i.e. second fortnight of July or with the onset of monsoon. Adopt higher seed rate (1.5 times the recommended seed rate) to make up for seedling mortality Monitored by fishmeal trap Soil application of phorate 8-10 kg/acre in furrow is effective in checking shoot fly infestation in kodo and little millet and gave higher yields. Carbofuron 3G (1.5 kg a.i/ha) as soil application was most effective in reducing shoot fly incidence. Spraying of quinolphos (2ml/lit) effectively reduced shoot fly infestation in little millet.

16 Table 5 : Diseases of Little millet Common name & Scientific name Symptoms Grain smut, Macalpino mycessharmae Grain smut disease affected up to 50 per cent plants/ grains are affected by the pathogen (Sharma and Khare, 1987). The affected ovary is converted into smut sorus, but does not increase in size than the normal grain (Fig. 5e ). The glumes Brown Spot (Seedling Blight or Leaf Blight), Alternaria sp. Appearance of brown to dark brown spots on the leaf lamina, especially in older plants where in the woolly growth of the fungus can be seen in the centre of the lesion, especially under high humidity conditions. 10 Management The disease can be controlled by adopting resistant cultivars (DPI 2394, PLM 202, OLM 203, DPI 2386 and CO 2), cultural practices like delayed sowing and Seed treatment with Carboxinor 2 g

17 Insect Pests and diseases of Little millet Egg, maggot, adult of shoot fly Dead heart Fishmeal trap Grain smut of Little millet Banded sheath blight 11

18 Small millet growing areas in different states of the country

19 NOTES

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