ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMANDS AND RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL FOR IBRAHIMPUR MASAHI VILLAGE, DIST. HARIDWAR (UTTARAKHAND)

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1 ESTIMATION OF WATER DEMANDS AND RAINWATER HARVESTING POTENTIAL FOR IBRAHIMPUR MASAHI VILLAGE, DIST. HARIDWAR (UTTARAKHAND) Estimation of water demand and availability is important for making water security plans for an area. The present study deals with the estimation of total water demand in Ibrahimpur Masahi revenue village, District Haridwar. The study area is a part of Shipla-Halzora Nadi watershed, which lies from to 3 5' N Latitude and 77 5 ' to 77 55' E Longitude (SOI Toposheets Nos. 53 F/16 and 53 G/13, 1:5,). The total human population of the village is 7135 as per GOI census, 211. The major crops are: wheat, paddy, sugarcane, maize, fodder, fruits & vegetables. The data pertaining to human and livestock population, crop acreage and type of crops in the area was collected from different sources. The domestic water requirement for human population was 7 litre per day per capita for rural areas which corresponds to the vision of the Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, GOI. The domestic water requirements for reported and projected human population were obtained as.141 MCM/year for 21,.182 MCM/year for 211,.235 MCM/year for 221 and.33 MCM/year for 231, respectively. The livestock water requirement pertaining to daily (LWR d, m 3 /day), monthly (LWR m, m 3 /month) and annual (LWR a, m 3 /annum) demands were estimated for all domestic animals such as- cattle (cow family), buffaloes, bovines (cow family)/yak, sheep, goat, swine, and fowls (poultry birds). The total livestock water requirement was estimated as.247 MCM/year. The crop water requirement for different crops was estimated season-wise, i.e. for Kharif, Rabi and Zaid seasons. The crop water requirement was estimated as MCM for Rabi, MCM for Kharif and.54 MCM for Zaid season crops, respectively. Thus, total water requirement for the Ibrahimpur Masahi village was estimated as MCM/year. For rainwater availability in the study area, the daily observed rainfall data of the nearest hydro-meteorological observatory pertaining to 27 years (1987 to 213) was analysed to obtain dependable rainfall at different probability levels. A door to door survey was also conducted in the village to collect necessary data for assessing rainwater harvesting potential in the village. Keywords: Water Demand, Rainwater Harvesting Potential, Ibrahimpur Masahi Village INTRODUCTION In our country, most of the traditional surface water sources in villages are on the verge of disappearing/shrinking due to encroachment, siltation, water quality deterioration, emergence of water hyacinth and eutrophication. The ponds located in the Haridwar District are also suffering from various hydrological problems and are at the verge of extinction, which require immediate attention to restore them on priority basis. Renovated ponds may be useful to store rainwater for various uses. Rain water harvesting is a popular technique of developing surface water resources that can be used to provide water for livestock, domestic use and irrigation purposes. The purpose of rain water harvesting is to either augment existing water supplies or to provide water where other sources are not available. It also aims to provide water in sufficient quantity and of suitable quality for the intended use. Therefore, water conservation and its management of village ponds is essential for proper utilizing the water for beneficial use in the society. The water conservation and rain harvesting may be helpful for improving the livelihood of the people by reducing the uncertainty of human life. The present study was taken for the Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue village of the Haridwar District (Uttarakhand) for water demand estimation and finding RWH potential. STUDY AREA The Ibrahimpur Masahi revenue village is falling under Shipla Nadi-Halzora Nadi watershed, District Haridwar National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 1 : omkar.nih@gmail.com Omkar Singh 1 and V.C. Goyal ABSTRACT J. Indian Water Resour. Soc., Vol. 38, No. 1, Jan, 218 (Uttarakhand). The location map of the study area is given in Fig. 1. The Shipla Nadi-Halzora Nadi watershed lies from to 3 5' North latitude and 77 5 ' to 77 55' East longitude under SOI Toposheet Nos. 53 F/16 and 53 G/13 (1:5,). The area of Ibrahimpur Masahi revenue village is km 2. The Ibrahimpur Masahi revenue village consists of five sub-villages namely, Ibrahimpur, Masahi, Belki, Inayatpur and Haljora) under its jurisdiction. The climate of Hardwar District is moderate subtropical to humid climate with three distinct seasons viz. summer followed by rainy and winter seasons. Temperature begins to rise from March (29.1 C) and reaches to its maximum in May (39.2 C), with the commencement of monsoon season by mid-june, the temperature begins to fall. During the winter season in the month of November to February the temperature ranges between.5 C and 6.1 C. The relative humidity is highest in monsoon season (85% in the morning and 79% in the evening). The lowest humidity is observed during the month of April and May i.e. 24% (in evening) and 4% in May (in morning). The mean monthly wind speed is highest in the summer season when it goes up to 7.4 and 7.2 km/hour in the month of May and June and the minimum wind speed is observed during winter when it is 2.6 km/hour in the month of October. The potential evapotranspiration is maximum in the month of May mm and minimum 38.5 mm in the month of December (CGWB, 29). The average normal annual rainfall in Hardwar district is mm, out of which 84% is received during monsoon season and only 16% occurs during non-monsoon period. Manuscript No.:

2 Fig. 1: Location map of the study area 48

3 Average Roof Area (Sq. Meter) Ibrahimpur Masahi Masahi Kala Velki Masahi Inayatpur Halzora Revenue Villages Fig. 2: Average roof-top area available per household in Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue Villages The average available rooftop per household (Fig. 2) in sub villages was calculated based on the actual dimensions of available roofs at household level while conducting door to door survey and data collection in this study. METHODOLOGY The criteria for providing drinking water to human population generally varies from State to State based upon the availability of water resources. The Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, Govt. of India and Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, (CPHEEO, 1999) have laid down various criterions for water supply to the society. Under the Assured Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP, GOI) the norms that have been adopted since the inception of the programme (1972) for providing potable drinking water to the rural population based on basic minimum need was 4 lpcd. From the 12th Five year Plan the focus has shifted to provision of piped water supply. The vision for rural domestic water supply in the strategic plan of the Ministry is to cover all rural households with safe piped drinking water 7 lpcd. The total livestock water requirement daily (LWR d, m 3 /day), monthly (LWR m, m 3 /month) and annual (LWR a, m 3 /annum) were estimated by adding water required for all domestic animals such as- cattle/cow family (85 l/d), buffaloes (85 l/d), bovines/cow family/yak (85 l/d), sheep ( l/d), goat ( l/d), swine(15 l/d), and poultry (.4 l/d) as reported by Frasier and Myers (1983). Livestock Water requirement (LWR) refers to the quantity of water required for drinking and animal hygiene conditions (animal and place washing). The water required for livestock rearing depends on the number of animals and consumptive use per head (Amarasinghe et al., 24). Zende, et. al (214) has also presented studies on village level water demand and supply in Western Maharashtra. Crop water requirement was estimated broadly using Inductive method based on standard crop deltas (Varshney, et. al, 1983; Garg, 25). Accordingly, the quantity of water requirements (CWR, m 3 ) is the product of cropped area (CA, m 2 ) and standard delta (, m) of respective crops. Estimation of Rainwater Harvesting Potential and Water Balance The volume of rainwater that could be harvested per household per month was estimated using Eq. given by Ghisi et al., 26 as below (Aladenola and Adeboye, 2):...(1) Where, VR= monthly volume of rainwater per household (m 3 ), R= monthly rainfall depth (mm), HRA= household roof area (m 2 ), and RC= runoff coefficient (dimensionless). The basic monthly balance would be estimated by subtracting monthly water demand from collected monthly rainwater and is expressed as below:.(2) Where, Wa= water available, Iv=initial volume in storage, Vc=volume collected and Vu= volume used. In this study, rainwater harvesting potential and balance of water was carried for the following cases: Household monthly harvested rainwater & balance after flushing Household monthly harvested rainwater & balance after flushing & laundry (combined) Rainwater harvesting potential of village ponds ly roof top water harvesting potential of schools/govt. buildings Average rainwater harvesting potential (m 3 / month) of each household were estimated based on the available roof-top area. During estimation of rainwater harvesting potential, the runoff coefficient (RC) was taken as.85 (Rahman et al. 2). Subsequently, monthly rainwater harvesting potential for sub village was estimated based on 3 years average rainfall data of nearby Observatory (NIH, Roorkee) as well as estimated frequency level of 5% and 75%, respectively. 49

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Drinking Water Demand The human population in Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue village (comprising of Ibrahimpur, Masahi, Belki, Inayatpur and Halzora) was collected from District Administration. Accordingly, this village had a total human population of 5535 and 7135 during 21 and 211 as per Census of Government of India data, respectively. The projected population of the Ibrahimpur Masahi was estimated using average population growth rate of Haridwar District and subsequently rectification for Ibrahimpur Village using the Census 21 population data. In Haridwar District, there was a change of 3.63 percent in the population compared to population as per 21. In the previous census of India 21, Haridwar District recorded increase of 28.7 percent to its population compared to 1991 ( haridwar.html. In this study, the projected population increase of the Ibrahimpur Masahi village was 28.9 % per decade. The domestic water demand of the Ibrahimpur Masahi 7 Litre/person/day has been estimated for the years 21, 211 and projected population of the village (221, 231). The results are given in Table 1. Livestock Water Demand The total livestock water requirement comprising daily (LWR d, m 3 /day), monthly (LWR m, m 3 /month) and annual (LWR a, m 3 /annum) were estimated by adding water required for all domestic animals such as- cattle (cow family), buffaloes, bovines (cow family)/yak, sheep, goat, swine, and Fowls (poultry birds). The results are given Table 2: Agricultural Water Demand Agricultural water requirement was estimated broadly using Inductive method based on standard crop deltas of different crops (Varshney, et. al, 1983; Garg, 25). Accordingly, the crop water requirements (CWR, m 3 ) is the product of cropped area (CA, m 2 ) and standard delta (, m) of respective crops during different seasons (Rabi, Kharif and Zaid). The total annual crop water requirement for Ibrahimpur Masahi village is given below: CWR (MCM/yr)= (Rabi) (Kharif)+.54 (Zaid)= (3) Total Water Demand of the Revenue Village The total water demand, which includes demands for drinking, livestock and crop production was obtained MCM/Year for the Ibrahimpur Masahi revenue village. The details are given in Table 3. ( * Projected Population) Table 1: Domestic Water Demand (Human) for Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue Village Year Population Water Demand m 3 /day m 3 /month m 3 /year MCM/Yr * * Table 2: Livestock Water Demand for Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue Village Livestock Population m 3 /day Water Demand m 3 /month m 3 /year MCM/yr Cattle (i/c Indigenous, Exotic and Cross breed) Buffaloes Bovines (cow family)/yak Goat Swines (Pig) E-5 Fowls (birds) E-5 Total Table 3: Estimated Total Water Requirement for Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue Village S.No. Sector Water Requirement (MCM/Year) 1. Drinking Water Demand for Human.182 Population (as per 211 Census) 2. Livestock Water Demand Agricultural Water Demand Total

5 Rainwater Harvesting Potential and Demand-Deficit Analysis For Ibrahimpur Masahi Sub-Village The average roof-top area of 62 m 2 per household was found based on survey and analyses in sub-village-ibrahimpur Masahi. This average roof-top area was used in estimation of rainwater harvesting potential per household on monthly bases. During estimation of rainwater harvesting potential, assessment were made based on three scenarios, first on the basis of average rainfall (calculated from 27 years rainfall data), second based on 5% frequency and third based on 75% rainfall frequency, respectively. The amount of potential rainwater harvested on monthly basis for all the three scenarios in Ibrahimpur Masahi is depicted in Table 4 and Fig. 2. It was observed from the Table 4 and Fig. 3 that during the four months (June to October) have the plenty of rainfall and rest of eight months have very little rainfall. Further, rainfall estimated based on the average yearly rainfall data were used in feasibility assessment of water harvesting potential in the study area of Ibrahimpur Masahi, which seems to highest when compared with the estimated rainfall based on the rainfall frequencies of 5% and 75%. To maximize the availability of water for the important daily sanitation activities, feasibility assessment based on monthly water balance were made for two scenario; first, supply of 22LPCD (toilet flushing, washing clothes and other uses only) and second, supply of 12LPCD (washing clothes). The results of these two scenarios have been depicted in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Table 4: ly rainwater harvesting potential per household (average roof-top area of 62 m 2 ) for Sub-village- Ibrahimpur Masahi ly rainwater harvesting (m 3 ) based on average rainfall data of 27 years (53 mm) ly rainwater harvesting (m 3 ) based on average F= 5% (866 mm) ly rainwater harvesting (m 3 ) based on average F= 75% (537mm) January February March April May June July August September October November December Total (m 3 ) Water Volume (Cubic Meter) ly Rainwater Harvested (Ibrahimpur) ly Rainwater Harvested (Cubic Meter.) in Ibrahimpur Masahi Household with Average Roof Area of 62 meter sq. with Average Rainfall Basis ly Rainwater Harvested (Cubic Meter.) in Ibrahimpur Masahi Household with Average Roof Area of 62 meter F= 5% ly Rainwater Harvested (Cubic Meter.) in Ibrahimpur Masahi Household with Average Roof Area of 62 meter F= 75% Fig. 3: ly rainwater harvested at average rainfall and other frequencies levels (5% & 75%) for Ibrahimpur Masahi 51

6 In case of water 22LPCD (toilet flushing, washing of clothes and other uses only), monthly water demand of 6.42m 3 was estimated in Ibrahimpur Masahi which should be available round the years for fulfilling these demands. It was observed from the Figure 4 that this water demand (@ 22 LPCD) can be fulfilled from month of June (middle days) to about third week of September. However, at the same time (July to September) rainwater seems to be in surplus, therefore, appropriate rainwater harvesting tank need to be constructed in order to fulfil the water supply during the remaining months. Further, in case of water (washing of clothes and other uses only), the average monthly water demand of 3.5m 3 per family in Ibrahimpur Masahi was estimated which should be available round the years for fulfilling the demand. It was observed from the Figure 5 that this water demand (@12LPCD) can be fulfilled from month of June to about second week of October. However, disparity during months from June to September, rainwater seems to be in surplus, therefore, appropriate rainwater harvesting tank need to be established in order to fulfil the water supply in the remaining months. 9 8 Water Volume (Cubic Meter) Domestic Water Demand For Each Family in Village (Cu.M/) for for Toilet Flushing (), Washing clothes and other uses (12LPCD) ly Water Balance for Each Family in Villages (Cu.M/) on Average Rainfall Basis for 22LPCD Fig. 4: ly water balance for supply of 22LPCD (toilet flushing, washing clothes and other uses only) for each family in Ibrahimpur Masahi Water Volume (Cubic Meter) Domestic Water Demand For Each Family in Village (Cu.M/) for Washing clothes and other of 12 LPCD ly Water Balance for Each Family in Villages (Cu.M/) on Average Rainfall Basis for 12LPCD Fig. 5: ly water balance for supply of 12LPCD (washing clothes & other uses) for each family in Ibrahimpur Masahi Table 5: The capacity of major RWH structures (ponds) Pond-1 (pre-rejuvenation) Pond-2 Pond-3 Pond-4 Pond-5 Latitude Longitude Altitude Area (m 2 ) Perimeter (m) Depth (m) Volume (m 3 )

7 Table 6: Rainwater Harvesting in Govt. Schools of Ibrahimpur Masahi Revenue Village (Cubic Meter/ Year) S. No. Name of Village Total Roof Area (Sq. meter) Rainwater Harvesting potential(based on Average RF) Rainwater Harvesting potential at 5% Frequency 1 Ibrahimpur Masahi Masahi Kala Belki Masahi Inayatpur Halzora Total Rainwater Harvesting potential at 75% Frequency Rainwater harvesting potential of ponds The study area comprises of some traditional ponds of varying size and capacity. At present all these ponds are severely degraded due to siltation, wastewater input from villages, emergence of macrophytes and other vegetation. The preliminary investigations were carried out to estimate the capacity of ponds and the details are given in Table 5. These pond are used to supplement the irrigation needs in the area. CONCLUSION In the present study, water demands were estimated for drinking (human), livestock and agricultural purposes in the village. The total water requirement for the Ibrahimpur Masahi village was estimated in the order of MCM/year. A door to door survey was also conducted in the village to collect necessary data of household amenities for assessing rainwater harvesting potential in the village. Accordingly, the rain water harvesting potential of village at household level, ponds and school buildings was estimated for developing water conservation plan for the area. The study will be useful for the all residents of Gram Panchayat of Ibrahimpur Masahi who actively participated in various mass awareness activities organised by NIH Team on water conservation and management issues. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are grateful to the Gram Panchayat of village Ibrahimpur Masahi (Dist. Haridwar) for providing all necessary help for conducting this study in their sub-villages. The authors are also grateful to the Directors(s) and associated staff of the N.I.H., Roorkee in this study. REFERENCES 1. Amarasinghe, U.A., Sharma, B.R., Aloysius, N., Scott, C., Smakhtin, V. and de Fraiture, C., 24. Spatial variation in water supply and demand across river basins of India, Research Report 83. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute. 2. Aladenola, O.O. and Adeboye, O.B., 2. Assessing the Potential for Rainwater Harvesting, Water Res. Management., 24, , DOI.7/s y. 3. CPHEEO, Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, M/o Urban Development, GOI, New Delhi, 3 rd Edition. 4. CGWB, 29. Ground Water Brochure of Haridwar District, Uttarakhand, Uttaranchal Region, Dehradun. 5. Frasier, G.W. and Myers L.E., Handbook of water harvesting, Agriculture Handbook - 6. Washington DC, USA: US Dept. of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service. 6. Garg, S.K., 25. Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures, 19 th Revised Edition, M/s Khanna Publishers, Delhi, ISBN No.: Ghisi E., Montibeller A. and Schmidt R.W., 26. Potential for Potable Water Savings by Using Rainwater: An Analysis over 62 Cities in Southern Brazil, Build. Environ., 41 (2), MDWS, GOI, 213. National Rural Drinking Programme, Ministry of Drinking Water & Sanitation, GOI, New Delhi. 9. Rahman, A., Dbais, J., Imteaz, M., 2. Sustainability of rainwater harvesting systems in multistory residential buildings. American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3, Varshney, R.S., Gupta, S.C. and Gupta, R.L., Theory and Design of Irrigation Structures, Vol. 1, Channel and Tubewells, 5 th Ed., M/s Nem Chand & Bros, Roorkee. 11. Zende, Abhijit M., Nagarajan, R. and Kamalkishor, Atal, 214. Village-Level Water Demand And Supply From Natural Resources In Semi-Arid Region, Western Maharashtra, India, International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM 214) February 19 21, 214, CWRDM, Kozhikode, Kerala, India. 53