of the effect of rice-ratoon with hybrid rice (HR) and high immediately after harvest of paddy rendering it unsuitable

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1 Legume Research, 41(6) 2018: Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Influence of system of cultivation and genotypes of preceding rice-ratoon on growth and yield of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) sown at varying dates in coastal alluvium soil of eastern India Sanat Kumar Dwibedi*, Gopal Chandra De 1, Sudhi Ranjan Dhua 2 and Ashok Kumar Mohanty 3 Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar , Odisha, India. Received: Accepted: DOI: /LR-3804 ABSTRACT Field experiment was conducted in coastal alluvium soil of eastern India during late rabi of and in split split-plot design with three dates of sowing for rice-ratoon i.e. 20 June, 5 and 20 July followed by green gram cv. PDM-139 (Samrat) i.e. 2 January, 17 January and 1 February in main plots, three systems of cultivation of the preceding rice-ratoon i.e. ratoons of rice under best management practices (BMP), system of rice intensification (SRI) and modified SRI (MSRI) in sub plots and two genotypes of rice-ratoon i.e. HR Ajay and HYV Tapaswini in sub sub-plots. Green gram was grown under residual soil nutrient and the crop sown on 2 January recorded the highest seed yield of t ha -1 (REY of t ha -1 ) and this was followed by sowing on 17 January and 1 February. The seed yield of green gram followed diminishing trend under SRI-ratoon, MSRI-ratoon and BMP-ratoon, respectively. Key words: Growth, Green gram, Rice-ratoon-green gram system, Sowing time, Yield. Abbreviations: HYV: high yielding variety, HR: hybrid rice, SRI: system of rice intensification, MSRI: modified rice intensification, BMP: best management practice INTRODUCTION compels the farmers to keep it fallow for a month or two Green gram being one of the major pulse crops in before sowing green gram. Moreover, due to higher soil Odisha, occupies million hectares during rabi, salinity in coastal tracts unlike interior Odisha, the paira or mostly grown after kharif paddy (Odisha Agriculture utera cultivation of green gram is also not successful due to Statistics, ). However, its productivity is deplorably poor germination, sparse plant population and stunted plant low (477 kg ha -1 ) in comparison to the national average (654 growth. kg ha -1 ). The low productivity in this state can be attributed Although, the benefits of system of rice intensification to factors like a) no or low and imbalanced nutrient (SRI) in and around Odisha compared to the continuous application, b) use of local genotypes, c) delayed sowing, d) flooded traditional farmers practices are well established no supplemental irrigation, e) inadequate and belated curative (Dwibedi et al., 2016: Dwibedi et al., 2017), but studies on plant protection measures, etc. Among these factors, nonmonetary factor like delayed sowing plays a vital role in the relative effects of the ratoons (stubble crops) of SRI, modified SRI and best management practice (BMP) on determining the productivity of this crop in coastal Odisha subsequent green gram crop were to be evaluated in riceratoon-green gram system. Similarly, comparative analysis especially in case of resource poor farmers. Such delay in sowing occurs mostly due to late harvesting of the main rice crop and also due to presence of higher soil moisture of the effect of rice-ratoon with hybrid rice (HR) and high immediately after harvest of paddy rendering it unsuitable yielding variety (HYV) of rice viz. HR Ajay and HYV for land preparation. Summer crops are sometimes harvested Tapaswini was not conducted before to adjudge the genotypic late in May or June, which restricts the farmers for timely superiority. preparation of land for kharif rice. Ultimately, the farmers MATERIALS AND METHODS are oriented towards delayed planting in more than 60 per The field experiments were conducted from 2009 cent of rice area. Delayed planting of rice results in its to 2011 at Nimakana village of Jagatsinghpur district in east delayed maturity and harvest which ultimately defers the and south east coastal plain zone of Odisha, India (86 22 E establishment of the subsequent crop (s). Early harvesting longitude, N latitude and 14 m above the mean sea of rice may leave the field in swampy condition which level). The experimental soil has indicated clay loam texture, *Corresponding author s sanatdwibedi@rediffmail.com 1 Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Bolpur, West Bengal, India. 2 National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India. 3 Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India.

2 874 LEGUME RESEARCH An International Journal with ph (5.5 to 5.6), organic carbon (0.79% to 0.87%) and electrical conductivity (0.96 to 0.98 ds m -1 ). The available N, P 2 O 5 (Bray, 1945) and K 2 O were of to 488.8, 22.6 to 24.3 and to kg ha -1, respectively. The climate of the experimental location is characterized as warm and moist with a hot and humid summer and normal cold winter which broadly falls in the moist hot group (Lenka, 1976). The mean annual rainfall is 1,333.9 mm and nearly 62% of rainfall was received between June and October. The experiment consisted of three dates of sowing of green gram (2 January, 17 January and 1 February), three Table 1: Agronomic practices of plant rice. systems of cultivation of the preceding rice-ratoon (BMPratoon, SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon) and two genotypes of rice-ratoon (HR Ajay (IET 18166) and HYV Tapaswini (IET 12168). Three dates of sowing of preceding main rice crop (20 June, 5 and 20 July). The green gram variety PDM-139 (Samrat) was used in the experiment. The agronomic practices followed in rice cultivation are summerised in the Table 1. The plant rice was harvested at physiological stage according to the chronological forwarding of the dates of sowing of plant rice (Table 2). The nitrogenous 60 kg ha -1 was applied to the Practices Best management System of Rice Modified SRI (MSRI) practice (BMP) Intensification (SRI) Seedling age at 25 days old seedlings from 10 days old seedlings from 10 days old seedlings from transplanting raised dry bed nursery raised dry bed nursery raised dry bed nursery Plant spacing and Two seedlings per hill at One seedling per hill at Two seedlings per hill at density 25 cm x 12.5 cm spacing 25 cm x 25 cm spacing 25 cm x 12.5 cm spacing Nutrient management FYM at the rate of 5 t ha -1 FYM at the rate of 15 t ha -1 along with total P and 1/4 th of the along with total P and 1/3 rd of total (50:50:50 kg ha -1 of N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O) N and K were applied the total recommended dose before final puddling. Rest of the N and K fertilizers were (100:50:50 kg ha -1 of N:P 2 O 5 :K 2 O) applied in three equal splits i.e. 1/4 th each at 25, 40 and 70DAS of N and K were applied before final puddling. Rest of the N and K fertilizers were applied in two equal halves i.e.1/3 rd at maximum tillering (40 DAS) and 1/3 rd at panicle initiation (PI) stage (70 DAS). Weed management Three hand weedings at 40, 55 and Four weedings at 20, 30, Four weedings at 20, 30, 70 DAS incorporating the weeds. 40 and 50 DAS by cono-weeder 40 and 50 DAS by in situ in criss-cross manner. conoweeder in east west direction only. Water management Water was allowed to stand in the Water was not allowed to stand in the plots and special care plots since planting of the seedlings was taken to avoid submergence of 10 days old seedlings just by irrigating at alternate days so as after planting in the field. The soil was kept moist above the to maintain a layer of 5 to 8 cm field capacity by irrigating as per requirement till PI. These depth of water during the entire plots were first irrigated 5 days after transplanting to moisten crop period till 15 days before the field without ponding. A second irrigation was given on harvest. the evening of 9 th day after planting at a ponding depth of 2 to 5 cm and the next morning first weeding was performed by using cono-weeder. Thereafter alternate wetting and drying irrigation method was practiced and subsequent irrigations were applied three days after disappearance of the ponded water or immediately after the development of hair cracks on the soil surface. However, after PI stage, the plots were allowed to hold standing water of 5 cm height up to two weeks before harvest. Plant protection Prophylactic sprays of neem oil at the rate of 5 ml liter -1 of water at 15 days intervals were carried out to avoid any possible damage by insects and diseases. In addition, Trichocards with 1,00,000 viable eggs of Trichogramma japonicum ha -1 were released at 15 days intervals i.e. at 40, 55 and 70 DAS for preventing the infestation by stem borers in all three systems of planting. Sex pheromone traps at the rate of 20 traps ha -1 were installed and lures were regularly changed at 15 days intervals. However, necessary and adequate plant protection measures were adopted depending upon the possibility and incidence of the disease and pest infestation reached at economic threshold limit (ETL).

3 Table 2: Schedule of sowing and harvesting of rice-ratoon-green gram system. Volume 41 Issue 6 (December 2018) 875 Particulars First year ( ) Second year ( ) Sowing of plant rice Transplanting of plant rice Harvesting of plant rice Harvesting of ratoon rice Sowing of green gram Harvesting of green gram sub sub-plots and irrigated subsequently after harvesting of rice at 10 cm above ground surface (Oad and Cruz, 2002) so as to facilitate ratooning (Mobasser et al., 2009 and Daliri et al., 2009). Sufficient water was maintained in the field to control weeds after ratooning. As the maturity in ratoon rice was irregular, the field was drained out at 80% maturity stage and harvested leaving the residue at 5 cm above the ground level. Harvesting dates of ratoon of rice are presented in Table 2. After harvesting of the ratoon rice, the field was ploughed thoroughly according to dates of sowing of green gram at 15 days intervals i.e. 2 January, 17 January and 1 February each year. Green gram seeds of cv. Samrat (PDM 139) after seed treatment with Vitavax 1.5 g kg -1 were sown at 5 cm deep furrows and in paired rows with 15 cm intra paired row spacing and 35 cm inter paired row spacing. The crop was grown with residual soil fertility. The seeds were treated with Rhizobium spp. and Phosphorous solublising bacteria (PSB) each at the rate of 20 g kg -1 of seeds before sowing. The plots were irrigated with 5 cm water after sowing for early and uniform germination of the seeds. The weeds were managed with pre-emergence application of herbicide 0.5 kg a.i. ha -1 two days after sowing. Subsequently, two irrigations were applied at 20 and 40 DAS for mitigating the water requirement of green gram crop. Earthing up was carried out at 20 DAS. The crop was protected from the attack of white fly by using yellow sticky traps at the rate of 50 traps ha -1. The neem oil at the rate of 5 ml L -1 of water was sprayed as prophylactic measures at 25 DAS. The harvesting of green gram ranged from March to April for different sowing dates of as sown in Table 2. The matured pods were plucked manually from the plants in net plot area for recording the economic yield plot-wise. The pods were sun-dried for 3-4 days and threshed manually. The seed and haulm yield were recorded plot-wise after reduction of moisture content to 8%. Statistical analysis: The data were analysed as per the procedure suggested by Gomez and Gomez (1984) for splitsplit design. Least significance difference (LSD) values at P = 0.05 were used to determine the significant differences between treatment means. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth: Plant height of green gram decreased with subsequent delay in sowing beyond 2 January (Table 3). Both SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon crops had significantly more influence on increasing the plant height of green gram. The SRI-rice ratoon-green gram cropping system recorded significantly higher plant height in green gram. The genotypes of rice (Tapaswini and Ajay) had no significant effect on plant height of subsequent green gram crop. Green gram sown on 2 January had taken longer duration than the crop sown on other two dates (Table 3). Sowing on 1 February recorded early maturity of crop. Reduction in duration of crop might be due to rapid ascending atmospheric temperature and increase in duration and intensity of sunshine which could have produced shorter plants. The green gram crop sown after SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon matured significantly late than the green gram sown after BMP-ratoon. The green gram crop matured earlier after hybrid rice Ajay thantapaswini. The availability of residual plant nutrients in soil applied to hybrid rice might have increased the growth duration and triggered plant height of green gram grown after SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon. Yield attributes and yield: The sowing dates of green gram had significant effect on number of pods plant -1. It was significantly higher in green gram sown on 2 January (16.38 ) and thereafter decreased with delay in sowing date (Table 4). Green gram sown on 1 February has recorded the lowest number of pods plant -1 (11.84). The green gram in sequence of SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon had significantly higher number of pods plant -1 than after BMP-ratoon. However, no such significant difference in pods plant -1 was observed between the two genotypes tested. Favourable atmospheric condition and better plant geometry could have produced more number of pods plant -1 in early sown green gram. Green gram sown on 17 January had significantly longer pods (6.96 cm) than both 2 January and 1 February sowing dates. However, both early and late sown green gram did not differ in pod length (Table 4). The green gram grown after SRI-ratoon and MSRI-ratoon crops had longer pods than the crop grown after BMP-ratoon rice crop. There was no significant effect on pod length of green gram due to the genotypic variation of rice in rice-ratoon crops. The 1,000 seed weight of green gram (Table 4) showed significant difference among the three dates of sowing. Sowing of this crop on 2 January recorded the highest test weight of g which reduced with further delay in sowing date. There was no significant effect of genotypic

4 876 LEGUME RESEARCH An International Journal Table 3: Effect of treatments on growth characters of green gram. Treatments Plant height at harvest (cm) Days to maturity Pooled Pooled 2 January a a 17 January b b 1 February c c S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) C.V. (%) Pr(BMP) )-ratoon-green gram b b Pr(SRI) )-ratoon-green gram a* a* Pr(MSRI) )-ratoon-green gram a a S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) C.V. (%) Genotypes of rice-ratoon Tapaswini a Ajay b S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) NS 1.73 NS C.V. (%) BMP- Best management practice, SRI-System of rice intensification, MSRI-Modified SRI and Pr-Plant rice. Table 4: Effect of treatments on post-harvest studies of green gram. Treatments Pods plant -1 Pod length (cm) Seeds pod -1 1,000 grain weight (g) Pooled Pooled Pooled Pooled 2 January a b* a 17 January b a b 1 February c b c S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) NS NS NS C.V. (%) Pr(BMP)-ratoon b b b green gram Pr(SRI)-ratoon a* a* a* green gram Pr(MSRI)-ratoon a a a green gram S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) NS NS NS C.V. (%) Genotypes of rice-ratoon Tapaswini Ajay S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS NS C.V. (%) BMP- Best management practice, SRI-System of rice intensification, MSRI-Modified SRI and Pr-Plant rice.

5 variation of the preceding rice crops on 1,000 seed weight of green gram. Better plant geometry in favourable growing condition could have produced higher test weight in early sown green gram declining trend in yield attributes with delay in sowing time beyond 2 January could be due to lesser availability of growth factors. The three dates of sowing of green gram crop had significant effect on seed yield (Table 5). Early sowing on 2 January recorded significantly the highest seed yield followed by seeding on 17 January and 1 February, respectively. It could be due to longer crop duration producing more number of pods plant -1 and higher test weight Table 5: Effect of treatments on seed yield and crop productivity of green gram Volume 41 Issue 6 (December 2018) 877 in early sown condition. Similar results were reported by Zare (2013) and Kumar et al. (2010). Among the three systems of cultivation of rice, SRI-ratoon rice-green gram recorded significantly higher seed yield of green gram. Both the genotypes of rice had significant effect on the seed yield of succeeding green gram crop. The yield of green gram grown in rice-ratoon sequence with rice cv. Tapaswini, significantly outyielded in comparison to the hybrid Ajay. The interaction effect on seed yield of green gram crop at varying dates of sowing and systems of cultivation revealed (Table 5 a) that sowing of green gram on 2 January under SRI-ratoon-green gram system recorded significantly Treatments Seed yield (t ha -1 ) Crop productivity** (kg ha -1 d -1 ) Pooled Pooled 2 January a a 17 January b b* 1 February c b S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) C.V. (%) Pr(BMP) )-ratoon-green gram c c Pr(SRI) )-ratoon-green gram a a Pr(MSRI) )-ratoon-green gram b b S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) C.V. (%) Genotypes of rice-ratoon Tapaswini a Ajay b S.Em (+) C.D. (0.05) NS NS NS NS NS CV% BMP- Best management practice, SRI-System of rice intensification, MSRI-Modified SRI, Pr-Plant rice, Rr-Ratoon rice and Gg-Green gram ** CP was measured in terms of green gram seed yield Table 5 a: Seed yield (t ha -1 ) of green gram as affected by dates of sowing of green gram and systems of cultivation of plant rice (pooled over 2010 and 2011). Pr(BMP)-ratoon- Pr(SRI)-ratoon- Pr(MSRI)-ratoon- Mean green gram green gram green gram Dates of sowing 2 January a of green gram 17 January b 1 February c Mean 0.516c 0.711a 0.670b S.Em (+) for systems of cultivation (averaged over all genotypes) at same or different dates of sowing of green gram = C.D. (0.05) for systems of cultivation (averaged over all genotypes) at same or different dates of sowing of green gram = S.Em (+) for dates of sowing (averaged over all genotypes) at same or different systems of cultivation of rice-ratoon = C.D. (0.05) for dates of sowing (averaged over all genotypes) at same or different systems of cultivation of rice-ratoon = BMP- Best management practice, SRI-System of rice intensification, MSRI-Modified SRI and Pr-Plant rice.

6 878 LEGUME RESEARCH An International Journal Table 5 b: Seed yield (t ha -1 ) of green gram as affected by dates of sowing of green gram and systems of cultivation and genotypes of plant rice (pooled over 2010 and 2011). 2 January 17 January 1 February Systems of cultivation of Systems of cultivation of Systems of cultivation rice-ratoon-green gram rice-ratoon-green gram of rice-ratoon-green gram Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr Pr (BMP)- (SRI)- (MSRI)- (BMP)- (SRI)- (MSRI)- (BMP)- (SRI)- (MSRI)- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoon- ratoongreen green green Mean green green green Mean green green green Mean gram gram gram gram gram gram gram gram gram Genoty Tapaswini a* b c pes of Ajay ab b c rice-ratoon Mean 0.570c 0.790a 0.748a* 0.511d 0.748a 0.669b 0.468d 0.594c 0.593c S.Em (+) for genotypes at same combination of dates of sowing and systems = CD at 0.05 for genotypes at same combination of dates of sowing and systems = S.Em (+) for systems at same combination of dates of sowing and genotypes = C.D. (0.05) for systems at same combination of dates of sowing and genotypes = S.Em (+) for dates of sowing at same combination of systems and genotypes = C.D. (0.05) for dates of sowing at same combination of systems and genotypes = BMP- Best management practice, SRI-System of rice intensification, MSRI-Modified SRI and Pr-Plant rice higher seed yield over all other combinations except on 2 January in MSRI-ratoon-green gram and in 17 January SRIratoon-green gram. The seed yield of green gram sown on 1 February under BMP-ratoon-green gram cropping system was the lowest. The interaction effect of the rice genotypes on seed yield of succeeding green gram crop at varying dates of sowing and systems of cultivation revealed (Table 5 b) that sowing of green gram on 2 January after Tapaswini variety of rice under SRI-ratoon-green gram system was superior over all other combinations. The seed yield of green gram after hybrid rice Ajay under similar condition was of second in order. However, the seed yield of green gram sown on 1 February after hybrid rice Ajay under BMP-ratoon-green gram cropping system produced the lowest yield Crop productivity: The crop productivity of green gram sown on 2 January was significantly superior to 17 January and 1 February sown crops while the latter two dates did not differ statistically from each other (Table 5). The green gram grown after SRI-ratoon obtained significantly higher crop productivity. There was no significant effect of genotypes of rice-ratoon on subsequent green gram on crop productivity. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that to get maximum dividend, the green gram should be sown preferably on 2 January after SRI/MSRI-ratoon in Eastern alluvial soil of India. REFERENCES Bray, R. H., and Kurtz, L. T. (1945). Determination of total, organic and available forms of phosphorus in soils. Soil Science. 59: Daliri, M. S., Eftekhari, A., Mobasser, H. R., Ztari, D. B. and Porkalhor, H. (2009) Effect of cutting time and cutting height on yield and yield components of ratoon rice. (Tarom Langrodi Variety). Asian Journal of Plant Sciences. 8(1): Dwibedi, S. K., De, G. C. and Dhua, S. R. (2017). Correlation between vegetative parameters and yield with weed biomass of kharif rice genotypes at varying dates of sowing and systems of cultivation in coastal Odisha. Environment & Ecology. 35(1): Dwibedi, S. K., De, G. C. and Dhua, S.R. (2016). Weed dynamics and grain yield as influenced by sowing time and system of cultivation of rice genotypes. Journal of Crop and Weed. 12(1): Gomez, K. A., and Gomez. A. A. (1984). Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. New York, USA: A Wiley-Interscience Publication, John Wiley and Sons Inc., pp 680. Kumar, N. V., Lavanya, G. R., Singh, S. K. and Pandey, P. (2010). AAB Bioflux. 2(3): Lenka, D. (1976). Classification of rainfall zones and drought prone areas, In: water management of crops in Orissa. Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Orissa. pp Mobasser Hamid Reza; Siavoshi Morteza; Taari Davood Barari; Eftekhari Ali and Pourkalhor Hamid (2009) Determination of rice ratooning characteristics and yield as influenced by different agronomic practices. Indian Journal of Crop Science. 4(1 & 2). Oad, F. C. and Cruz, Pompe Sta. (2002) Rice varietal screening for ratoonability. Journal of Applied Sciences 2(1). Odisha Agriculture Statistics ( ). Government of Odisha. pp.51. Zare, M. (2013). Interrelationships among some agronomic traits in mungbean under drought stress and non-stress conditions. European Journal of Experimental Biology. Pelagia Research Library. 3(5):