Ecosystem Service Perspectives. or ANR role?

Transcription

1 Ecosystem Service Perspectives or ANR role?

2 or how can I make a buck?

3 Ecosystem Services Perspectives What are ES values used for? Examples of projects Building on the culture

4 ES are broadly defined as the conditions and processes through which ecosystems sustain and enrich human life (Daily 1997); they are ecological processes or functions that have value for people.

5 Ecosystem services are about Decisions

6 How we use ecosystem services values: Three examples Influencing landowner decisions and choices Influencing policy choices Analytic tool

7 Influencing Landowner decisions and choices Encourage more environmentally positive practices and outcomes PES: EQIP (74 m in 2011), tax breaks (CLCA 80m when fully funded) Markets for ES: Conservation easements Grass fed, environmentally friendly beef Certifications (FSC) Etc

8 Making policy decisions More environmentally positive actions Morgan s example of the watershed in New York State. Zoning to prevent habitat fragmentation Regulating pesticides to protect pollinators Native bees on rangelands, 2 + billion in pollination services (Chaplin-Kramer et al. 2011)

9 Pollinating apples in China ,000 per acre in US

10 Analytic Tool Why do ranchers do the things they do? 1972 Economic Research Service report: ranchers, when contrasted to more progressive agriculturalists, seem to make irrational economic decisions and continue to employ economically unproductive managerial strategies (Schultz 1972).

11 Survey Research

12 Ranchers have been described as lifestyle consumers ; not economic men ; ranch fundamentalism (Smith and Martin 1972)

13 Reasons ranchers in California and Colorado studies gave for continuing to ranch (Rowe et al. 2001a, Sulak and Huntsinger 2002). I continue to ranch because Enjoy animal husbandry 95% 97% Way of life 95% 95% Family 95% 87% Tradition 95% 81% Live near natural beauty 92% 87% Work 89% 89% It would be difficult to get a job outside the ranch 14% 27% It's a good way to make money 14% 19%

14 Percent landowners living in oak woodlands because of family business and natural beauty

15 Increase in planting of oaks; decrease in cutting

16 I keep the oaks because I want it to look like a ranch not a farm. (McClaran 1995; Standiford et al. 1996)

17 Rancher and Public-consumed Ecosystem Services

18 Ranch land prices Reveals value above the production price (Torell et al 2005) Can be used to put a value on owner-consumed ecosystem services

19 Contingent Valuation study of oak woodland ranchers: valuing landowner consumed ecosystem services based on what owners forgo to stay in ranching

20 Grazing income generally increases linearly with property size Grazing income Property size

21 Owner consumed ecosystem services as a motive reach a saturation point: can be satisfied with a property of a few hectares (Campos et al. 2009, Oviedo et al 2012). Ecosystem Services Property size

22 Sheds light on: Why working landscapes, combining market products with ecosystem service consumption, is a good idea Popularity of ranchettes, trend of land fragmentation

23 Long term outlook: Those interested in easements more likely to invest in maintaining trees

24 Studies in California, Colorado, Arizona & West Sulak & Liffmann Huntsinger Huntsinger et al. et al. Rowe et al. (a&b) Smith & Martin Bartlett et al. Gentner & Tanaka Date State CA CA CA CO AZ CO Western US Sample Off-ranch income Permittees of 3 Fores ts, similar non permittees 43% not dependent on ranching All ranchers in three CA counties 44% income is off-ranch Oak woodland ranchers statewide 85% have off-ranch income Permittees in CO two counties 78% have other source of income All AZ ranch owners 80% hold off-ranch jobs All CO federal permittees All permittees of FS and BLM 62% hold off-ranch jobs Survey type Sample size Interviews Mail Mail Interviews Interviews Mail Mail Small (n=37) Large (n=245) Large (n~200) Oak Woodland Studies Small (n=37) Medium (n=89) Large (n=313) Very large (n~1070)

25 Challenge Much focus on using ecosystem services valuation is to increase income streams. Converting intangibles to products as in I want to manage for real things ; finding monetary values. Ranchers already manage for many ecosystem services for cultural reasons, stewardship ethic, lifestyle benefits, psychological reasons. What are the most powerful motivations? Does emphasizing one detract from the other? Snoo 2012: We should aim to place farmland biodiversity in the hands and minds of farmers.

26 Farmers involved in PES for green practices programs in the EU did not show increased environmental awareness

27 Build on the existing culture Most want to be good stewards Want to enjoy their properties and work Enjoy relative autonomy, innovate Enjoy the environment Already pay for this

28 ANR Role? Long term outlook multi-scaled approach Stewardship appreciation for ES produced Protect ES people are getting out of their own land Shared learning, human values, partnerships Prevent increased costs Things that increase costs to benefit society should be paid for (Bromely, 2004)

29 Ecosystem services are provided at multiple, interdependent scales. Landscape Pasture Ranch