Dao Huy Giap, Po Garden and Louis Lebel

Transcription

1 Dao Huy Giap, Po Garden and Louis Lebel

2 Import quantity (Millions of tonnes) Production (Millions of Tonnes) Introduction % of global fisheries are traded while only 7% of meat, 17% of wheat, and 5% of rice is traded Thailand and Vietnam are the largest exporters, while much of China s growing production is consumed domestically Half of the shrimp eaten is grown in tropical developing countries and to be eaten in temperate industrialized countries China Thailand Viet Nam Indonesia India Others Europe USA Japan Others

3 Introduction The profitable of the shrimp aquaculture can be attributed to the continuous improvement in production technologies but also be attributed to subsidies from nature The presentation is organized as follows Section 2 describes a selection of the sustainability issues associated with shrimp production-consumption system Section 3 analyses several initiatives that can be construed as efforts to close the gaps between science and policy Section 4 synthesizes of the findings

4 2. Research and policy for sustainability 2.1 Competitiveness Government policy has been crucial to expansion of industry in Thailand Biotechnology development to boost competitiveness Hygienic and green industry to add-value Residue testing and traceability measures to response to food safety Reduce the risks of major disease outbreaks by biosecure shrimp culture Research to help farmers better manage their investment risks

5 2.2 Social benefits Shrimp aquaculture contributed about 90% of total Thai shrimp production and export values. The total value of $2.4 billion of which export value was $1.7 billion 15% of total food export value of $12 billion. Shrimp aquaculture and its supporting industries created around 380 thousand full-time jobs, and generated $1.4 billion value-added Aquaculture can take away access to coastal resources from poor families who depend on them

6 Percent of total job created vs. percent of total value-added for different stages along the commodity chain from aquaculture-reared shrimp in Thailand through its trade and consumption in the United States Restaurants, 7.24 Retailers, 1.29 U.S. purchasers, U.S. processing plants, Logistic, Exporters, Processing plants, Sellers, Farmers, Hatchery/nursery, Broodstock catchers, Feed dealers, Feed mills, Fishmeal plants, Fishmeal material providers, Input dealers, Percent of total job created (100% ~171 thousand jobs) Percent of total value added (100% ~ 1,482 m illion USD)

7 2.3 Environmental impacts Waste water and sediments that are improperly treated and disposed of are one of the direct environmental impact. The effluents contain high levels of BOD, nitrate, phosphate, chlorophyll-a, and bacterial and chemicals drugs residual Environmental health risks, including increased resistance to antibiotics are under-studied and thus not adequately understood Limit water exchanges and improve the quality of effluents aimed at securing better water and pond sediment management practices.

8 2.4 Resource use Concerns about environmental impacts should not be restricted to ponds and their immediate surrounds 3-4 kg of trash fish is required to produce one kg of shrimp Resource use, carbon foot prints and ecosystem impacts is increasing interest in certification schemes

9 3. Boundary initiatives 3.1 Private industry associations Well connected from fishmeal and hatcheries, through farmers to frozen food processors and exporters Associations as knowledge arenas help in gaining understanding where practical experience, innovations, and specific expertise are brought together and validated The power of processors to influence market conditions and policy is a frequent source of concern and complaints by farmers

10 3.2 Quasi-public agencies The Thai National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC) has been a significant actor in the knowledge system around shrimp aquaculture within Thailand. Multiple laboratories have been established for diagnostic tools for detection of viruses, genetic research and domesticated shrimp stock Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp) Shrimp Biotechnology Business Unit Shrimp Genetic Improvement Center

11 3.3 Code of conduct The Thai CoC for responsible shrimp aquaculture launched in 1998, based on FAO s CoC for responsible fisheries, ISO14001 and HACCP Initial difficulties in implementation of the CoC scheme e.g. small farms do not have land or resources for water treatment facilities

12 3.4 Networks and guides NACA established in 1988, the network includes research centres in 17 countries. NACA and the consortium produced The International Principles for Responsible Shrimp Farming in NACA/AIT assist small-scale shrimp farmers meet EU standards. NACA works with producing countries to develop BMPs

13 3.5 International certification GAA s Best Aquaculture Practices Standards formed based on FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries to draw criticism of NGOs away from buyers to the association. ACC an independent, nongovernmental body to certify social, environmental and food safety standards at aquaculture facilities throughout the world The activities of GAA and ACC are supported by large shrimp buyers in the US like Darden Restaurants, operators of Red Lobster chain and Wal-Mart

14 4. Closing science policy gaps Codes, standards and guidelines to get scientific understanding in policy Challenges Shrimp growers are usually portrayed as either the culprits or victims of unsustainability Progress towards sustainability with better practices or changes to political economy; support smaller versus larger-scale farmers Uncertainties at farm-level and national-level have not been translated into effective risk management policies or strategies Social issues are not adequately evaluated or compared

15 Aquaculture and food security Foreign exchange from shrimp farming diverted attention on the negative impacts on food security Take away access to coastal resources from poor families Culture 1 kg shrimp required 4 kg of wild fish for feed, which can be use as food for poor people Environmental impacts Support to aquaculture diversification (rather than shrimp alone) on species low on the food chain (such as herbivores), which would has positive impact on food security. Diversification is also strengthen resilience to risks and changes in climate, market conditions, diseases, and food security