Fall Armyworm in Africa A Guide For Integrated Pest Management

Transcription

1 Fall Armyworm in Africa A Guide For Integrated Pest Management SDSN carbon-free e-conference Responding to Fall Armyworm in Africa, October Joseph Huesing PhD Entomologist, FAW Task Force Lead Scientist USAID Washington DC, USA jhuesing@usaid.gov 1

2 FAW FACTS FAW (Spodoptera frugiperda; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) Native to the Americas First detected in Nigeria in 2016 Likely in Africa for ~ 10 years Extreme genetic bottleneck Challenging Pest to control Feeds mainly inside the plant Long history of resistance to pesticides & GM toxins Stewardship & innovation needed for long-term management SAW (Spodoptera eridania; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) Southern Armyworm now in West Africa SAW eats cassava, tomatoes etc. Georg Goergen, IITA 2

3 FAW Americas History FAW is new to Africa but not new to the Americas! SMITH, J. E., & J. ABBOTT The natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia. V. 2 illus. London. GLOVER, T Insects frequenting the cotton-plant. U. S. Comm. Patents Rep (Agr.): WALTON, W. R., & P. LUGINBILL The fall armyworm or "grass worm," and its control. Farmers' Bull USDA, 16 p. LUGINBILL, P The fall armyworm. USDA Tech. Bull. No p. VICKERY, R. A Studies of the fall armyworm in the Gulf Coast district of Texas. USDA Tech. Bull. No p. SEKUL, AA, & SPARKS AN Sex attractant of the fall armyworm Moth. USDA Tech. Bull p. Georg Goergen, IITA 2

4 FAW SNAPSHOT - Solutions FAW will be endemic in much of Africa it s not going away There is a solution: Tools Knowledge -- Policy African maize farmers need to adopt a higher level of crop management GAP - Agronomics & IPM Tools require an enabling policy environment! In Brazil & U.S. ~85% farmers choose GM maize for control Organic maize industry treats w/ pesticides 12 25x season Non GM = FAW chemical control is costly The latest & safest pesticides are not yet registered across Africa Pesticides - key tool - but policy, safety & efficacy data are challenges 3

5 U.S.G. Global Fall Armyworm Management Strategy Results Framework In support of the U.S. Government Global Food Security Strategy Goal: Improved management of FAW in Africa by 2023 OBJECTIVE 1 Technologies and innovations developed and validated OBJECTIVE 2 Ag System Actors/Farmer s Adopt FAW Management OBJECTIVE 3 Policies and Enabling Environment ensures access and safe use of management options IR 1 Technologies identified for local context IR 2 Research strategy validates technologies for scale IR 3 Integrated pest management plan for staple crops developed IR 5 System actors/farmers access pest management information IR 6 Technical information and systems support management by ag system actors IR 7 Farmers consistently and correctly use FAW management practices IR 8 Evidence-based dialogue builds consensus on priority management practices IR 9 policies/regulatio ns/enforcement support technology access, safe use, and efficacy IR 10 Enabling environment for investment supports access and safe use of technology IR 4 Capacity of African scientists and institutions to adapt, scale and iterate strengthened (cross cutting) Tools Knowledge Policy CROSS-CUTTING INTERMEDIATE RESULTS CC IR 1 Strengthened private sector engagement CC IR 2 Leadership and coordination CC IR 3 Improved human, institutional and systems capacity

6 The RESPONSE Develop IPM Guidelines IPM is the internationally accepted approach to control of agricultural pests Inclusive of stakeholders Consider end users Primarily small holder farmers Others in value chain Based on: Science Evidence-based Expert opinion

7 U.S. Government Response: Develop USG & Partner Guidance Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management IPM Management Monitoring/Scouting Pesticide Use and Risk Management Host Plant Resistance Biological Control Cultural Control and Landscape Management 10

8 Follow The Guide!! Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management Read Especially Chapters 1 & 2 Of The Guide!

9 Follow The Guide!! Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management Chapter 1 Explains IPM!

10 Follow The Guide!! Fall Armyworm in Africa: A Guide for Integrated Pest Management Chapter 2 Explains Scouting!

11 Follow The Guide!! Fall Armyworm in Africa: Pest Management Decision Guide (PMDG)

12 AGRILINKS AGRILINKS WEBSITE: eed-future-tools-combat-fallarmyworm-africa FAW IPM GUIDE:

13 A Note On Monitoring FAW Will Be Endemic In Much Of Africa Migration as seen w/ African Armyworm & Locusts not the main dispersal issue Multiple overlapping generations per year Pheromone traps & Monitoring useful but: Great research tool Expensive Traps do not accurately predict FAW in the field Pest is endemic Scout your field! 7

14 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) The IPM TRIANGLE is Your Framework! Biocontrol (BioC) Planting Date Fertilizer Soil ph Maize Grain Is Your Protection Goal! Cultural Controls Host Plant Resistance (HPR) (Conventional & Biotech) Pesticides (Conventional & Biopesticides) 8

15 The IPM Pillars Host Plant Resistance Conventional & Genetically Modified Host Plant Resistance Effectiveness: Can provide complete control of FAW No safety issues Constraints: Hybrid maize Regulated at country level Policies & laws need to be in place Requires stewardship

16 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) It s All About Economics Two concepts: Economic Injury Level (EIL) To Calculate the ET & EIL We Need to Know: 1) Value of the crop yield. 2) Cost of treatment: active ingredient, labor & risk. The smallest number of insects (amount of injury) that will cause yield losses equal to the insect management costs. Economic Threshold (ET) The pest density at which action should be taken to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the EIL. 9

17 Scout Your Field!! Scout Assess - Decide Pre-Scouting (Prepare) Host Plant Resistance Cultural Controls & Landscape Management Agronomics Planting Date Fertilizer & ph adjustment Biocontrol Post-Scouting (Respond) Do nothing Mechanical control Pesticides o Choice? Biocontrol (Inundative) REMEMBER - The goal is NOT To Spray! Damage Level = ET Take Action

18 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) Cost Of Hand Picking Cost of labor Opportunity Cost Efficacy It s All About Economics Consider CIMMYT Recommended Stand Count is 60,000 maize plants per hectare Variables are: Number of plants Time examining ea. plant At 5 seconds per plant to look for eggs and larvae COST = 83 people hours What could a farmer or their children do with that 80 hours? 9

19 KEY FAW TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS 12

20 Risk Assessment & Field Data Will Identify The Pesticides That Meet The Needs Of African Farmers Pesticide selection process 61 pesticides recommended against FAW in Africa 8 are Highly Hazardous 22 high risk to aquatic life 12 to wildlife 24 to pollinators 4 to bystanders lower risk Lower risk 6-10 efficacious and low risk Where we started Where we are now

21 Enabling Environment AATF [African Agricultural Technology Foundation] A Guide to the Development of Regulatory Frameworks for Microbial Biopesticides in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nairobi: African Agricultural Technology Foundation

22 Thank You 14