ENTOM 490 Grape Pest Management. Lecture 1 Integrated Pest Management

Transcription

1 ENTOM 490 Grape Pest Management Lecture 1 Integrated Pest Management Principles Lecturer: Allan Felsot Professor, Dept. of Entomology Food & Environmental Quality Lab Rm 128 East afelsot@tricity.wsu.edu Phone:

2 Why Do Organisms Become Pests? How Do We Cope with Pests?

3 Grape Pest Management Lecture 1: Integrated Pest Management Historical Overview Principles & Strategies Overview of crop protection technology Lecture 2: Pesticide technology Use of pesticides on grapes Regulatory control of pesticides Human & Ecological Toxicity Testing for Registration

4 Grape Pest Management Lecture 3: Mode of Action of Grape Pesticides Against Pests Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Lecture 4: Using Pesticides The Product Label and MSDS Safety Considerations Application Technology Adjuvants

5 Why Do Organisms Become Pests? Natural vs. Agricultural Ecosystems

6 Natural vs. Agroecosystems Natural Ecosystems Diversity rich Plant nutrients stored & recycled Infrequent perturbations Dominated by native species Good natural control Agroecosystems Diversity poor Plant nutrients depleted Frequent perturbations Invaded by exotic species Poor natural control

7 Agroecosystems Demand Management Easier for one species to become dominant Nutrients are continually removed by annual harvesting Pest can be native or imported pests are opportunists consider presence or absence of mortality factors as limiting or enhancing factor Conflict among economic value of crop, its susceptibility to damage from pests, and removal of nutrients demands management of both the pest and the crop.

8 Why Are Pests Pests? Limited tolerance for damage Change in physical conditions Change in food sources Change in mortality factors Disease Predators & Parasitoids

9 Estimated Effects of Reduction in Pesticide Use 0 vegetables fresh processed fruit fresh processed -20 % Yield Reduction % reduction zero use Knutson et al 1993

10 Effect of Weeds on the Production of Corn and Soybeans Corn Soybeans Hayes 1991

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12 Vector of Pierce s Disease Glassy Winged Sharpshooter

13 Crop Production Index Increases Independently of Acreage crop acres harvested farm acres population crop production index Hayes 1991

14 More People, Less Acres More Production/Acre Year Total Principal Crops (acres) 306,299, ,839,000 Potatoes (acres) 3,644,000 1,352,000 Potato Yield Per Acre (cwt) National Agricultural Statistics Service

15 Significant Increase in Yield Associated with Fertilizer & Insecticide Use Hayes 1991 Hybrid Seed Use Fertilizer (1000 ton) Corn Yield (bu/a) Insecticide % Acres Trt.

16 Acres Harvested Corn Production--USA Yield (bushels/acre) A. Hybrids D 100 B. Mineralized Fertilizers C. Soil Insecticides D. Transgenic Crops A B Year C 0

17 The Down Side of Pesticides Worker exposure & poisoning Pest resistance Reduction of natural enemies Potential for adverse environmental health effects Potential for human health effects

18 Estimated Total U.S. Economic & Social Costs Associated with Pesticide Use (Pimental et al. 1993) Costs Public health impacts Domestic animals deaths & contamination Loss of natural enemies Cost of pesticide resistance Honeybee and pollination losses Crop losses Fishery losses Bird losses Groundwater contamination Government regulations for prevention TOTAL Million $/yr

19 Reconciliation Integrated Control Concept Integrated Pest Management Ecologically Based Pest Management Sustainable Agriculture

20 Integrated Control Concept First enunciated by Stern et al. (1959) as a response to problems with pest control strategies (or lack thereof) in the era of DDT Pest arthropods resistance to insecticides Secondary outbreaks of arthropod pests other than those against which control was originally directed Rapid resurgence of treated pest species necessitating repetitious pesticide applications Pesticide residues on food and forage crops Hazards to pesticide handlers and to persons, livestock, and wildlife subjected to contamination by drift Legal complications from suits and other actions pertaining to the above problem

21 Pesticide Spray Drift Problems Historical Perspective , CA: Drift of calcium arsenate from tomato fields causes death of dairy animals fed hay from adjacent alfalfa field 1952, CA: Civil Aeronautics Administration (FAA) bans use of 2,4-D dust due to widespread damage to cotton and grapes from use on nearby cereal grains : At least nine crop-dusting cases reach appellate courts (suggesting many more cases at lower courts)

22 Why Did Problems in Pest Control Arise during the 1950 s? According to Sterns et al. (1959) Limited knowledge of biological science Population ecology; community ecology Narrow approach to insect control DDT seen as silver bullet ; rapidly adopted to exclusion of other tactics Few studies on effects of chemicals on other components of ecosystem besides pests Pressure to solve problems NOW Some skeptical that biotic factors are of any consequence in the control of pest populations

23 The Solution: Integration of Biological & Chemical Control Biological control: The action of parasites, predators, or pathogens on a host or prey population which produces a lower average density than would prevail in the absence of these agents A.K.A. natural control mechanism in natural populations May or may not be sufficient to lower pest population to economic insignificance Chemical control: Use of chemicals (synthetic or botanical) to reduce pest populations that rise to damaging levels

24 The Solution: Integration of Biological & Chemical Control Biological control and chemical control are not necessarily alternative methods; in many cases they may be complementary, and with adequate understanding, can be made to augment on another. One reason for the apparent incompatibility of biological and chemical control is our failure to recognize that the control of arthropod populations is a complex ecological problem. This leads to the error of imposing insecticides on the ecosystem, rather than fitting them into it. Stern et al. 1959

25 Integrated Control Concept Applied pest control which combines and integrates biological and chemical control Chemical control is used as necessary and in a manner which is least disruptive to biological control Integrated control may make use of naturally occurring biological control as well as biological control effected by manipulated or introduced biotic agents

26 Integrated Pest Management Born as the Integrated Control Concept Integration of biological control, cultural practices, and chemical control Definition: An ecologically based system for managing pest populations to protect public health or to allay economic loss to a crop Objective (from Huffaker & Smith 1980) The development of improved, ecologically oriented pest management systems that optimize, on a longterm bases, costs and benefits of crop protection.

27 IPM s Three Broad Objectives Maintain profitability, or economic soundness, when managing pests i.e, pest management actions should be economically justified Minimize selection pressure on pest populations from management tactics i.e., manage to avoid development of pest resistance Maintain environmental quality i.e., minimize the impact of management tactics on the environment Funderburk & Higley 1994

28 Essential Elements of IPM Correctly identify pest & its life history (bionomics) Characterize population dynamics Develop economic injury levels and thresholds Develop scouting & sampling plans Develop alternative control options

29 Pest Identification Systematics Classification of organisms Thus, correct identification of species Phylogenetic/evolutionary relationships Natural History Life cycle Phenology Development of an organism in relation to time How does pest phenology relate to phenology of the crop? How does the organism feed, grow, infect, etc. What is the effect on the plant?

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31 Which Mite Might Be Beneficial?

32 Diagnosis Starts with the Injured Plant

33 Grape Phylloxera Taking Action Requires Knowing The Biology

34 Grape Berry Moth

35 1987 Patterns (Phenology) of Grape Berry Moth Egg Deposition on Wild Grapes at Two Locations in New York Hoffman et al How many moth generations per crop season? 5/20 6/29 8/8 9/17 10/27 Date

36 Population Ecology All populations fluctuate over time in response to biotic and abiotic (environmental) factors Natural enemies (parasitoids & predators) Competition Diseases Weather related variables Food supply General Equilibrium Position (GEP) The average density of a population over a long period of time in the absence of permanent environmental change Environmental changes can shift GEP

37 Insect Populations Fluctuate in Response to Biotic & Environmental Factors Population Density General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Time

38 Population Ecology and Relationship Between Pest Control Action Economic Injury Level (EIL) The lowest population density that will cause economic damage Economic damage is the amount of injury that will justify the cost of a control measure Variable depending on season, location, market economics EIL = Control Cost Commodity Value x Yield Loss per Pest

39 Population Density General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Economic Injury Level (EIL) Time

40 Population Ecology and Relationship Between Pest Control Action Economic Threshold (ET) The density at which control measures should be determined to prevent an increasing pest population from reaching the economic injury level Lower than the EIL (for example, can be set at 80% of EIL) Permits sufficient time for the initiation of control measures Permits time for control measures to take effect before population reaches the EIL

41 Economic Injury Level (EIL) Population Density General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Economic Threshold (ET) No Action Necessary Time

42 Control Measures Implemented Population Density General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Economic Injury Level (EIL) Economic Threshold (ET) Time

43 Frequent Implementation of Control (e.g., blemishes unacceptable to consumer) Population Density General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Economic Injury Level (EIL) Time Economic Threshold (ET)

44 Frequent Implementation of Control Necessary (e.g., blemishes unacceptable to consumer) Population Density Treatment General Equilibrium Position (GEP) Economic Injury Level (EIL) Economic Threshold (ET) Time

45 Monitoring Populations (Scouting and Sampling Plans) Collecting pests and measuring density Direct collection Counting bodies (weed counts; presence or absence of insects; Infected planted parts; insect or disease injury) Trapping Baits Elucidating the relationship between the sampled units and the plant injury Corollary is understanding the relationship between plant injury and economic damage

46 Strong Phenological Correspondence Between Egg Deposition by Grape Berry Moth on Wild Grapes and Pheromone Trap Catch in an Adjacent Vineyard (Hoffman et al. 1992) Number of Moths Per Trap Per Week Numer of Eggs Per 1000 Grape Berries 5/5 6/24 8/13 10/2 Date

47 Weak Phenological Correspondence Between Egg Deposition by Grape Berry Moth on Wild Grapes and Pheromone Trap Catch in an Adjacent Vineyard (Hoffman et al. 1992) Number of Moths Per Trap Per Week 1987 Numer of Eggs Per 1000 Grape Berries

48 Relationship Between Percentage Cluster Damage by Grape Berry Moth During Third Week in July and Percentage Berry Damage at Harvest (Hoffman et al. 1992) Percentage Damaged Berries at Harvest Early-Harvested Variety Hoffman et al Percentage Damaged Berry Clusters During the Third Week in July

49 Relationship Between Percentage Cluster Damage by Grape Berry Moth During Third Week in July and Percentage Berry Damage at Harvest (Hoffman et al. 1992) Percentage Damaged Berries at Harvest Late-Harvested Variety Percentage Damaged Berry Clusters During the Third Week in July

50 Monitoring Populations (Scouting and Sampling Plans) Making a decision as to when economic threshold is reached Fixed sampling plans Sequential sampling plans

51 Fixed Sampling Plans Number of plant samples or units to be sampled is fixed Decision to treat is made when a fixed proportion of the sampled units has exceeded the infestation number or damage threshold Example (based on Nault & Kennedy 1996) European corn borer larvae bore into potato stems in southeast US Economic threshold is 30% damaged stems Scouts samples 100 potato stems in an ha area (10 sites within the area X 10 stems per site)

52 Sequential Sampling Plans A binomial sampling plan (pest or injury present/not present on each sampling unit) that is based on the probability (likelihood) of the population density exceeding the economic threshold with each incremental observation (sample) Faster and more efficient than fixed sampling Construct a graph with decision lines that tell the scout to stop sampling and not treat, continue sampling, or stop sampling and implement control with each successive sample observed

53 Sequential Sampling Plans for European Corn Borer In Potato Stems (Economic Threshold = 10% Damage) Cumulative Number of Damaged Potato Stems Stop Sampling; Spray Recommended Continue Sampling Stop Sampling No Spray Nault & Kennedy 1996 Number of Sites Sampled

54 Sequential Sampling Plans for European Corn Borer In Potato Stems (Economic Threshold = 30% Damage) Cumulative Number of Damaged Potato Stems Stop Sampling; Spray Recommended Stop Sampling No Spray Continue Sampling Nault & Kennedy 1996 Number of Sites Sampled

55 Pest Management Tactics Preventive Tactics used to avoid potential pest problems Practices can be implemented without knowledge of pest density Therapeutic Actions used to remedy or ameliorate an existing problem Practices should be implemented when pest density is likely to become economically damaging May be used when economically damaging pest density cannot be feasibly detected by scouting or cannot be reliably controlled by rescue pesticide applications (Based on Funderburk and Higley 1994)

56 Pest Management Tools Cultural practices Mechanical control Plant resistance Parasitoids & Predators Pesticides

57 Cultural Practices Including the Use of Agronomic Management Resistant plant varieties Crop rotation Crop refuse destruction Tillage of soil Variation in time of planting or harvesting Pruning or thinning Fertilization Sanitation Water management Planting of trap crops

58 Mechanical Methods Hand destruction Exclusion by screen, barriers Trapping, suction devices, collecting machines Crushing and grinding

59 Biological Control (Parasitoids & Predators) Protection and encouragement of natural enemies (augmentation) Introduction, artificial increase, and colonization of specific parasitoids and predators Propagation and dissemination of specific bacteria, virus, fungus, and protozoan diseases

60 Weed Control Techniques Over Time

61 Why Don t Growers Use More Microbial Pesticides and Biological Controls? Specificity not matched Microbials can t reach internal feeders Not broad spectrum Not as effective May be slower Not useful under all climate conditions May not exist Long lead time for development

62 Definitions: Pesticide Defined by law, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA, 1947) Any substance or mixture intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest Pest: insect, rodent, plant, virus, bacteria, fungi Exempted: microbes living on or in humans Includes: whatever the EPA administrator rules to be a pest Includes plant growth regulators, defoliants, pheromones, desiccants, disinfectants

63 Advantages of Pesticides Economic return-cost ratio favorable $4 - $29 returned per $1 spent However, Ratio goes down when price of crop decreases but pesticide cost is fixed; a product is used and pest populations are not at a level that will cause economic damage development costs for a new product are high

64 Advantages of Pesticides Many times they are the only practical or available technology Rapid action can be used in an emergency biodegradable (modern pesticides) Wide range of properties, uses, and methods of application broad spectrum to selective

65 Farming Costs & Returns $ x Market Value Total Labor Fertilizer Pesticides Production Expenses USDA Database

66 Organic Agriculture Some people believe organic agriculture does not use pesticides A visit to the WA State Dept. of Agriculture Organic web site indicates there are many certified organic pesticides registered Bt sprays Neem Pyrethrums Boric acid Soaps Oils

67 Characteristics of Pesticides & Use Compatible with IPM Use of selective insecticides Only treating areas where pestnatural enemy ratio is unfavorable Proper timing of pesticide use Rapidly degradable pesticide

68 Over 225 Different Crops Grown Commercially in WA

69 Are We On a Treadmill? Costs of Research & Development are extremely high $70 million It may take 15 years to recover a positive cash flow Is pesticide use rising significantly?