ประว ต ว ทยากร GCPS/D

Transcription

1 ประว ต ว ทยากร Mr. William Smiths ประว ต การศ กษา Agricultural Scientists ต าแหน งล าส ด Managing Director Turkey ต าแหน งป จจ บ น DeLaval LSO S.E.A ด แลประเทศไทย, เว ยดนาม, มาเลเซ ย,อ นโดน เซ ย, ฟ ล ปป น

2 William Smits (DeLaval) Productivity and Milk Quality Feed Management vs

3 Basics of milk production 1. The cow eats 2. The cow digests 3. The cow produces milk

4 Basics of milk production The more a cow consumes, the more she will produce milk. Key feed factors influencing consumption: Forage digestibility (ADF, NDF, effective fiber) Forage presentation, particle size, freshness, taste. Percentage of concentrated feed in the diet Frequency of feeding (forage and concentrated feed) Frequency of changing the diet

5 Basics of milk production The more a cow consumes, the more she will produce milk. Additional factors influencing consumption: Breed of cow and genetic quality of the individual Body size Health status Environment, temperature, humidity, wind speed Cow comfort, quality of resting area and walking area

6 Forage digestibility The single most important aspect of animal nutrition Forage that digests (breaks down) quickly moves out of the rumen in a short time. Cow eats frequently Forage that digests slowly stays in the rumen for a longer time. Cow has no appetite. Digestibility of the forage affects the dry

7 Rumen Fermentor that turns feed (forage) into nutrients needed for maintenance and production. (65 % of digestion takes place in the rumen) Millions of bacteria and protozoa break down the feed Normal rumen ph is (Ideal is between 6-7pH) Lighter feed collects here (cellulose) Rumen capacity Liter

8 Forage digestibility The single most important (and overlooked) aspect of animal nutrition. Forage Dry Matter intake for dairy cows related to BW and forage NDF Cow Body Weight Forage NDF (% of DM) University of Missouri

9 Forage digestibility

10 Forage presentation Reducing particle size improves Dry Matter intake. 1. Some Effective fiber is needed!

11 IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA Cud-chewing causes saliva production up to 300 liters per day (buffers rumen to prevent ph swings) (Cassidy & Stokes 1986) Saliva neutralizes rumen acids by the production of up to 3,5 kg. of sodium bicarbonate per day. (Erdman 1988) Fiber length and intake is critical for cudchewing and saliva production!

12 Particle sizing Target values 8-10 % % % 20 % or less R values = Recommended values % Coarse Particle in TMR Herds with high incidence of laminitis (29%) 3.5 % Herds with low incidence of laminitis (0%) 7.9 %

13 Freshness, smell and taste Fresh feed is consumed better. 1. Fresh feed is consumed better as feed, especially forages and TMR mixtures start to ferment when not consumed quickly. 2. Feed that has been pushed around by other cows and contains saliva of other cows is not eaten well. 3. Small amounts of moulds considerably reduce feed intake of the cows.

14 Forage Concentrate ratio Key considerations Forage, especially when grown on the farm is cheaper per kg product. Concentrated feed contains higher levels of energy and protein when comparing with most forages. Concentrated feed is essential in the diet of high productive cows. There is no maximum to the amount of forage that cows can be fed There are limitations on the amount of concentrated feeds.

15 Milk production efficiency Nel M Nel Total % 25% 0 Cow 20 Kg maintenance=10 Mcal per day Cow 40 Kg 1kg of milk (4%Fat)= 0.73 Mcal

16

17

18 Frequency of feeding Feeding the cows means firstly feeding the micro flora of the rumen: Micro flora needs continuous feed supply Lack of feed results in reduced activity Large amounts of easily digestible feed results in too much bacteria activity which results in clinical or subclinical acidosis

19 Effects of adding grain to cow diets Optimum fibre digestion ph 6.8 Frequent feeding of concentrates Keep the ph level over: 6.0 Twice/day

20 GOAL: Minimize swings in ph Rumen ph Control Time after feeding in hours Erdman, Univ of Maryland

21 Average ph vs. Length of Time Under 6.0 Length of time under ph 6.0 and cow-to-cow variations must be taken into account in the diagnosis of rumen acidosis ph of rumen content Rumen Acidosis Sub Acute Rumen Acidosis Acute Rumen Acidosis - Poor appetite - Little cellulose digestion - Poor microbial growth Hours

22 Concentrates feeding pattern Forages encourage rumination to increase rumen ph Feed Forage before grain Buffers in saliva can counteract acids from grain fermentation Rumen fill may slow eating rate

23 Frequency of feeding Simple guidelines Feed forage first, especially in early morning Feed concentrated feeds in portions of maximal 3 4 kg Feed concentrated feeds to high producing cows in 3 4 portions equally divided over 24 hours. Mix concentrated feeds with forage (TMR)

24 Stability of the ration Issues Different feeds require different micro flora for optimal digestion and milk production Changes in the diet results in initial production loss even in cases when the ration is improved!

25 Stability of the ration Simple guidelines Use feeds that are available every day in order to avoid having to change the diet frequently. Plan for a good quality forage supply as base ration Introduce changes gradually over several days Be patient to see improvement after

26 Additional factors affecting intake Cow comfort/cow routines Cows are content, lying down, resting, ruminating. Daily time budget for cows Eating hours 3 to 5** Lying/resting 12 to 14 Social interaction 2 to 3 Ruminating 7 to 10 Drinking 0.5 **(9 to 14 meals per day) Rick Grant; W.H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute

27 Feed management All cows are different 1. Age 2. Stage of lactation 3. Body size 4. Breed, genetic potential 5. Health status 6. Position in the herd

28 Feed management = herd management All cows are different Can we feed each cow individually? Only if you do research Requires more time and special facilities Farmers require a more practical solution

29 Feed management TMR is promoted by consultants working in USA Europe - Israel Suitable for high producing herds with high genetic capacity. Suitable for large farms with possibility to create several groups of cows

30 Feed management TMR Not efficient if done with one mixture and with cows of varied genetic capacity All cows consume the same Low producing cows are too fat High producing cows lose too much weight

31 Feed management Group feeding? Fresh cows High producing cows Late lactation cows Dry cows Transition cows First lactation cows

32 Feed management Grouping for small holder farms A practical solution Early lactation cows (0 150 DIM) Late lactation cows ( DIM Dry cows

33 Feed management Grouping for small holder farms A practical solution 2 Groups of milking cows + Dry cows Simple to implement Easy to execute

34 Feed management What to feed to each group? 1. Forage quality 2. Forage amount 3. Concentrate percentage in the ration 4. Feed presentation / feeding frequency

35 Feed management What to feed to each group? First half of lactation (top priority group) 1. Forage quality: Easily digestible 2. Forage amount: Unlimited 24/7 3. Concentrate: Up to 60% of total DM intake 4. Frequency: 3-4 times (also in between milking times.

36 Feed management First half of lactation (top priority group) Target 1: Maximize intake and production Target 2: Prevent feed related health issues: ketosis, acidosis, laminitis Target 3: Minimize weight loss, improve fertility

37 Feed management What to feed to each group? Second half of lactation 1. Forage quality: Can contain lower quality 2. Forage amount: Unlimited 24/7 3. Concentrate: 40-50% of total DM intake 4. Frequency: 2 times, can be during milking.

38 Feed management Second half of lactation Target 1: Optimize profitability of milk production Target 2: Regain body weight to reach target Body Condition Score Target 3: Prevent fattening

39 Feed management What to feed to each group? Dry cows 1. Forage quality: Can contain lower quality 2. Forage amount: Unlimited 24/7 3. Concentrate: Minimal, based on forage quality 4. Frequency: 2 times daily.

40 Feed management Dry cows Target 1: Maintain Body condition score Target 2: Supply sufficient vitamins and minerals at all times Target 3: Prevent fattening Target 4: Prepare for coming lactation

41 Feed norms for the total ration Milk production > 35 kg kg < 25 kg dry matter % MJ/kg dm 11,9-12,7 11,0-11,8 10,0-11,0 Crude protein/kg dm Ca/kg dm (gr) 6,4-7,3 5,8-6,7 5,1-5,9 P/kg dm (gr) 4,1-4,7 3,7-4,3 3,3-3,8 Mg/kg dm (gr) 2,5-2,7 2,5-2,7 2,0-2,5

42 THANK YOU