Moth Mania. Select lepidopteran pests in red raspberry and blueberry. Beverly Gerdeman and G. H. Spitler WSU NWREC Mount Vernon, WA 98221

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1 Moth Mania Select lepidopteran pests in red raspberry and blueberry Beverly Gerdeman and G. H. Spitler WSU NWREC Mount Vernon, WA 98221

2 Leafrollers and Other Direct Pests and Harvest Contaminants of Red Raspberry and Blueberry Tortricidae Orange Tortrix (Argyrotaenia franciscana) caneberries, blueberry Obliquebanded Leafroller (Choristoneura rosaceana) - caneberries, blueberry Cherry Fruitworm (Grapholita packardi) - blueberry Noctuidae Spotted Cutworm (Xestia c-nigrum) - red raspberry, blueberry Winter cutworm (Noctua pronuba) not mentioned True armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta) rotational grass pest

3 Primary Leafrollers Skagit and Whatcom Counties Obliquebanded Leafroller Choristoneura rosaceana Orange Tortrix Argyrotaenia franciscana

4 Leafroller Damage Overwintering larvae -may feed on buds Webs blueberries and raspberries Can cause direct berry damage to both berries Machine harvest contaminants - blueberry and red raspberry OBLR strong fliers - reproduction increased fold after a flight of 1.7 miles (Chambers and Jones 2018)

5 Leafroller Life Cycle ~April Overwinter 2 nd or 3 rd instar larvae overwinter (dead leaves, mummified fruits, under buds, weeds near the host). Spring Overwintering larvae emerge - can feed on buds. Feed and pupate in leaves. OBLR 2 generations/year OT 2 + generations ~mid June- late Aug 2 nd Generation Adults present August - September. Lay eggs. ~late May ~May ~Aug Summer Adults emerge late May-July, lay eggs on upper side of leaves. Vincent Agri-Food Canada ~June

6 Projected OBLR Phenology NW Washington Whatcom and Skagit on average similar 90% Overwintering Emergence = ~April 1 4 th instar best for timing sprays (200 DD?) Phenology of western WA highbush blueberry and red raspberry is lacking! Whatcom Skagit April 17, 2016 April 30, 2018 April 20, 2016 April 24, 2018

7 Leafrollers in Red Raspberry Most larvae emerged 2-3 weeks after first bud swell April Scout Overwintering generation leafrollers in new foliage. If needed, spray prior to bloom to protect pollinators.

8 OBLR in Blueberry Scout for worms at bud break. ~Mid-March Duke

9 OT and OBLR in raspberry

10 Leafroller Management Eggs and Larvae Treated with IGR (e.g. Confirm, Esteem, Intrepid) check registrations and MRLs Affect larvae feeding on eggshells OBLR OT Larvae Spinosad showed similar results to pre-bloom OP Bt - ~3 applications in a very specific window. Daily max temps above 60-65F Newer reduced risk insecticides show good efficacy against larvae (e.g. Delegate, Altacor) check registrations and MRLs

11 Tortricidae Cherry Fruitworm blueberry 1 generation/year Weedy, unkept fields prone to CFW Enter through the calyx cup or cheek of berry Young larvae white with black head mature to pink with brown head Singly laid eggs on the calyx Mid-May to early June. (BC Ministry of Ag) Reportedly don t web berries together (unlike cranberry fruitworm). In BC sprays recommended around June 10. Cranberry Fruitworm so far only damage to cranberries in BC Adult flight late May

12 What caused 2018 harvest outbreaks?

13 Failure to control overwintering generation? Resistance developing?

14 Obliquebanded Leafroller Insecticide Resistance Potential Ops- azinphos-methyl, chlorpyrifos Pyrethroids cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate indoxacarb, IGRs - methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, phosalone

15 Blacklight trapping August - Sept

16 Trap monitored weekly

17 Results of 2018 trapping 2 species of noctuid captured in large numbers Spotted cutworm Winter cutworm Xestia c-nigrum North American Moth Photographers Group Noctua pronuba

18 Spotted Cutworm - Xestia c-nigrum Cutworms greater problem in fields with sod or mulch than clean culture Overwinter eggs, larvae*, pupae, adults * Most destructive feed and damage buds

19 Cutworm damage Foliar feeding low to ground

20 Noctuidae True armyworm - Mithimna unipuncta rotational grass pest North American Moth Photographers Group

21 True armyworm - Mithimna unipuncta 2017 True armyworm outbreak PNW Typically 2 flights with 2 nd flight most devastating to forage fields st flight was not detected due to lush grass. Migrates each year from California. Do not overwinter in PNW fields.

22 OBLR Control Strategies

23 Pacific Biocontrol Corporation Vancouver WA

24 OBLR Mating Disruption - PROS 1. Compatible with beneficials 2. One-time application, Season-long treatment (200/acre) 3. Could add an additional IPM tactic for managing OBLR 4. No Resistance 5. Acceptable management tool for leafrollers in other crops Mating Disruption CONS 1. Hand applied 2. Costly? 3. Supplemental - not stand-alone management tool 4. OBLR strong flier 5. OBLR high fecundity

25 Attract & Kill Strategy Attracticide Siren CM + 6% permethrin. >94% at 24 h after exposure to fresh attracticide - all three species. Mortality and knock down >50% even with attracticide aged 30 days. Curkovic and Brunner 2005

26 Thank You This work is/was supported by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Project WNP00543 Vince Jones, Don Thomson Application of a pesticide to a crop or site that is not on the label is a violation of pesticide law and may subject the applicator to civil penalties up to $7,500. In addition, such an application may also result in illegal residues that could subject the crop to seizure or embargo action by WSDA and/or the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. It is your responsibility to check the label before using the product to ensure lawful use and obtain all necessary permits in advance.