Agronomy for early sown canola Martin Harries Break Crop Agronomy Project DAFWA

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1 Agronomy for early sown canola Martin Harries Break Crop Agronomy Project DAFWA

2 Rapid changes in canola agronomy Metric tonnes 2,000,000 1,600,000 1,200, , ,000 CBH 2013 area % Low rainfall 19 Medium rainfall 62 High rainfall

3 Early sowing is critical 37 trials 2000 to 2008 Few trials Mid April or earlier How early is too early? Different agronomy for v.early sown? Seymour et al

4 Early sowing and yield (Binnu 2015) Yield (kg/ha) Sown April 15 Sown April 29

5 Early sowing and yield (Binnu 2015) Yield (kg/ha) Sown April 15 Sown April 29 Mid April vs late April 15 th 1.6 t/ha 29 th 1.0 t/ha ~ 40 kg/ha/day benefit No TOS X Variety effect 0

6 Early sowing and yield (Wongan 2016) Sown March 31 Sown April Yield (kg/ha) Late March vs Mid April 31 st = 2.9 t/ha 15 th = 2.7 t/ha ~ 10 kg/ha/day benefit TOS x Variety response 0 GT50 Hyola 600RR Hyola 525RT Pioneer 43Y23 Hyola 404RR Hyola 725RT

7 Early sowing and yield (Wongan 2016) Sown March 31 Sown April 15 Yield (kg/ha) Variety response 4 series no benefit from March sowing 5, 6 & 7 series ~ 10% more yield March sown GT50 a standout 0 GT50 Hyola 600RR Hyola 525RT Pioneer 43Y23 Hyola 404RR Hyola 725RT

8 NVT RR: best varieties at different yield ranges Yield range (t/ha) Early Early + Mid Early + Mid Mid + Late IH30 RR Hyola 404RR Nuseed GT- 41 Pioneer 43Y23 Pioneer 44Y24 Nuseed GT- 53 Nuseed GT Y25 RR Hyola 725 RT Variety response Wide adaptation for many varieties. We have the varieties we need. Table adapted from variety guide Bucat et al. Wongan >3t/ha

9 NVT TT: best varieties at different yield ranges Yield range (t/ha) Early Early + Mid Early + Mid Mid + Late Atomic TT ATR Stingray 3000 TR ATR Mako ATR Bonito Hyola 559TT DG 560TT 44T02 TT ATR Gem ATR Wahoo Hyola 650TT Hyola 725 RT Table adapted from variety guide Bucat et al.

10 Seed oil % Affected by variety, N & most markedly environmental conditions at seed fill. i.e mild conditions & high oil. Unlikely to see a consistent response of seed oil content to sowing time and 2016 TOS trials NS diff btw sowing times.

11 The risk of missing an early break Probability of no sowing opportunity (%) Days after the break 20 March - 5 April break 21 April - 5 May break 21 May - 5 June break Early sowing = 35% chance of no further sowing for 30+ days Analysis Bob French: Mingenew met data

12 Establishment; hot drying conditions Density Precision seeder Re-sowing Wide row pic cripps Chasing moisture 7 trials in 2016 Seed depth OP vs Hybrid Seed size 1 cm seed depth 7 cm seed depth

13 Chasing moisture: seed size x type (Eradu, deep sand) Plants/m ATR Bonito Sown April 14 75mm year to date pre sow 30mm 4 days before sowing Seed depth of 3cm = poor estab Small seed less plants/m 2 0 Large Medium Small Large Medium Small Large Medium Small 1 cm 3 cm 7 cm Seed depth & size

14 Plants/m 2 Chasing moisture: seed size x type ATR Bonito Hyola 559TT Chasing moisture did not work Hybrid more plants/m 2 0 Large Medium Small Large Medium Small Large Medium Small 1 cm 3 cm 7 cm Seed depth & size

15 Yield (kg/ha) Chasing moisture: seed size x type ATR Bonito Hyola 559TT (a) Large Medium Small Yield (kg/ha) (b) Large Medium Small Seed depth (cm) Seed depth (cm) Sow shallow, Grade OP seed Bonito medium = 280,000 seed/kg

16 Chasing moisture: seed size x type 550 ATR Bonito Hyola 559TT Large Medium Small (a) 550 Large Medium Small (b) Gross margin ($) Gross margin ($) Seed depth (cm) -250 Seed depth (cm) OP Gross margin good if done well, but less forgiving

17 Avoiding seedling water stress at Binnu Low seedling H 2 O stress Low density Wide rows Sub-soil moisture 2014; 3 of 5 trials, wide row x low seed rate combination best treatment.

18 Testing the boundaries of low seed rates Establishment lower than expected?...it will happen! Don t panic, 10 plants/m 2 or even a bit lower ok Weeds are an issue, if sowing v. early use clean paddocks 0.31 kg/ha (5 p/m 2) 2.5 kg/ha (35 p/m 2 ) 2.2 t/ha 2.4 t/ha

19 Nitrogen with less risk trials 2012 to 2014 Yield (kg/ha) Delayed N application = no yield penalty 700 Seeding 4WAS 8WAS 12WAS 50% Seeding & 50% 4WAS 50% Seeding & 50% 8WAS 50% Seeding & 50% 12WAS Seymour and Sprigg

20 Mineralised N Soil profile N kg/ha autumn (Focus paddocks) Grower Group Yuna MIG WANTFA Facey A massive range, years with summer moisture more N. Soil test and/or use models

21 Increased pest risk: i.e. cabbage aphid Early infestation (green bridge) = high yield loss ~10% < yield for each cm of spikelet colonised Yield (kg/ha) y = x R² = Length of aphid colony on spike (cm) Early infestation

22 Risks: GPA and Beet Western Yellows seed yield g/plant Not a lot of feeding damage from early colonisation...but BWYV yield loss from early infection up to 46% Jones et al Control July 19th June 21st May 27th GPA introduction date

23 Agronomic risks RR vs TT & paddock flexibility Herbicide spray windows Blackleg Sclerotinia

24 Flowering window & sclerotinia risk? Flowering duration (days) RR 404RR 43Y23 43Y RT 525 RT 725 RT 725 RT 600RR 600RR GT50 GT50 Similar flowering duration March 31 and April 15 sown at Wongan in Time of sowing & Variety

25 Climate risks: frost and flowering window 36 days btw varieties (Sown March Wongan) Hyola 725RT T1 Hyola 600RR T1 GT50 T1 Hyola 525RT T1 Hyola 404RR T1 43Y23 T1 Flowering window

26 Climate risks: heat stress at flowering 70 Prob of week having 1 or more days over 27 degrees C (%) Jul 17-Aug 17-Sep 17-Oct Early sowing < heat stress Mullewa Merredin Esperance

27 Heat stress at flowering & terminal drought Wide rows & low density at Binnu 30 cm 60 cm 9 th September

28 Conclusions Management can be adapted for very early sowing. Yield benefit mid-vs late April 40 kg/ha/day. Additional benefit late March vs mid-april 10 kg/ha/day. Balance this against climatic and agronomic risks in your area & paddock.

29 More information 2017 update papers Agronomy for early sown canola Seed quality and depth for best bet canola establishment Very early sown canola variety trial Seeding uniformity on canola yield Wongan Hills DAFWA web site search break crop agronomy

30 Acknowledgment DAFWA s Tactical Break Crop Agronomy Project staff: Stephanie Boyce, Jackie Bucat, Bob French, Martin Harries Laurie Maiolo, Mark Seymour & Sally Sprigg Funding DAFWA and GRDC Thank you