Land & Water Use. Study Guide,Test March 2

Transcription

1 Land & Water Use Study Guide,Test March 2

2 Topics Covered Agriculture Mining Forestry Fishing Rangelands Global Economics Other Land Use

3 Bellwork - February 13 There are 2 spiritual dangers from not owning a farm. One is the danger of supposing breakfast comes from the grocery, and the other that heat comes from the furnace...what dat mean?

4 Remember this unfortunate reality?

5 Remember this unfortunate reality? And we all need to eat!

6 Human Nutritional Requirements Should be 2,000-2,500 calories with a proper balance of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

7 Human Nutritional Requirements How does the world compare?

8 Human Nutritional Requirements Only 100 species of plants are grown for humans, with wheat and rice making up 50% of caloric intake

9 Human Nutritional Requirements 8 species of animal protein supply 90% of the world s needs, and 20% of the world s richest countries consume 80% of the meat produced

10 Human Nutritional Requirements 16 pounds of grain are needed to make one pound of meat!

11 Human Nutritional Requirements 16 pounds of grain are needed to make one pound of meat!

12 Human Nutritional Requirements Most of the US grain goes to animal feed

13 Malnutrition When too little, too much, or an unbalanced diet that does not contain the right quantity and quality of necessary nutrients

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15 Undernutrition Caloric intake is below the minimum dietary energy requirement - Chronic undernourishment can lead to stunted growth, weakness, greater chance of illness - Most of the undernourished are found in developing countries

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17 Green Revolution The time after the Industrial Revolution when farming became mechanized and crop yields in industrialized nations boomed

18 Green Revolution 1) First Revolution ( ) involved monoculture, inorganic fertilizers, and pesticides, and artificial irrigation systems 2) Second Revolution (1970s-present) involved growing genetically engineered crops that produce the most yield per acre

19 Criticisms of the Green Revolution - Unsustainable - Increasing food production does not increase food security (famines are caused by socioeconomic dynamics and a failure of public action, not food shortage) - Use of monoculture over polyculture

20 Criticisms of the Green Revolution - Drop in productivity of the land - Increased use of pesticides - Increased irrigation caused salinization, water logging and lowering water levels in some areas - Reduced agricultural biodiversity and loss of many valuable genetic traits in a variety of crops

21 Genetic Engineering Genetic Engineering involves moving genes from one species to another for desirable characteristics

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23 Genetic Engineering Pros - May require less water and fertilizer - Higher crop yield - Less spoilages

24 Genetic Engineering Pros - Faster growth may mean greater productivity, resulting in lower operating cost - More resistant to disease, drought, frost, and insects - May be able to grow in saltier soils

25 Genetic Engineering Cons - Unknown ecological effects - Less biodiversity - May harm beneficial insects

26 Genetic Engineering Cons - May pose allergen risk - May result in mutations with unknown consequences - May cause pesticide-resistant strains

27 Irrigation - ¾ of fresh water is used for agriculture - Has caused changes in water level, salinization, and silting, make hundreds of sea life endangered - Up to 70% of irrigation water can be lost due to inefficiencies in seepage, leakage, and evaporation

28 Irrigation - Drip irrigation system solves many of these problems, but is expensive to install - Sustainable irrigation is limited due to increasing cost, depletion of water sources, water logging, and restoration of wetlands and fisheries

29 Types of Pesticides Biological - living organisms used to control pests, like ladybugs

30 Types of Pesticides Carbamates - affects nervous systems of pests, great risk of them dissolving in surface water and groundwater

31 Types of Pesticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons - affects nervous systems of pests, linked to thinning of eggshells in certain birds

32 Types of Pesticides Fumigants - sterilizes soil and used on stored on grain

33 Types of Pesticides Inorganic - highly toxic (include compounds of arsenic, sulfur, copper, lead and mercury) and accumulates in the environment

34 Types of Pesticides Organic or natural - natural poisons derived from plants

35 Types of Pesticides Organophosphates - extremely toxic but remain in the environment for only a short time

36 Pesticides - Pros Kills unwanted pests that carry disease Increases food supplies More food means food is less expensive

37 Pesticides - Pros Newer pesticides are safer and more specific Reduced labor costs Agriculture is more profitable

38 Pesticides - Cons Accumulate in food chains Pests develop resistance and pesticides treadmill $5-$10 in damage done to environment for every $1 spent on pesticides; pesticides are expensive to purchase and apply

39 Pesticides - Cons Pesticide runoff and its effect on aquatic environments Inefficiency - only 5% of a pesticide reaches a pest Threatens endangered species and pollinators, also affects human health

40 Sustainable Agriculture Integrates environmental health, economic profitability, and social and economic equity. It seeks to combat the negative aspects of modern agriculture

41 Sustainable Agriculture General principles that are applied - Soil health, minimal water use, and lower pollution levels - Protection of biodiversity - Supports those working in the food system and local economies

42 FRQ Corrections - Given your FRQ, your feedback, and the answer key write a perfect answer. - ¾ points back (so a 0 could become a 7.5)

43 Agricultural Speed Dating

44 Agenda - 2/17 1) Bellwork: What were the 7 types of pesticides? 2) Quick lecture - integrated pest management & relevant laws 3) Finish Video 4) Use class to finish discussion questions, and work on outline and study guide 5) HW - Outline pgs

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47 What is Integrated Pest Management? An ecological pest strategy designed to use several methods in order to control the numbers of pests rather than eradicate them. This decreases the level of traditional pesticides used. - Includes using polyculture, intercropping, pest-repellant crops, mulch, microorganisms, natural insect predators, crop rotation, pheromones/hormone interrupters, releasing sterilized insects, insect-resistant GM crops, visual inspection, traps, tillage, insect barriers or agricultural vacuums

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51 Relevant Pesticide Laws Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Control Act (FIFRA), 1947: regulates the manufacture and use of pesticides. Pesticides must be registered and approved. Labels require directions for use and disposal. Federal Environmental Pesticides Control Act, 1972: requires registration of all pesticides in U.S. commerce Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 1996: Emphasizes the protection of infant and children in reference to pesticide residue in food

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53 Homework - pg We can manage forests more sustainably National Parks Face Many Environmental Threats We can improve the management of forest fires Stresses on US Public Parks We can reduce the demand for harvested trees Deforestation and the fuelwood crisis Governments and individuals can act to reduce tropical deforestation Nature Reserves occupy only a small part of the Earth s land Designing and connecting nature reserves Costa Rica - A global conservation leader Some rangelands are overgrazed We can manage rangelands more sustainably Protecting wilderness is an important way to preserve biodiversity Grazing and Urban development in the American West - cows or condos? Controversy over wilderness protection in the United States

54 2/20/17 1. Turn in HW - pg Bellwork - Science Focus, pg 218 (answer the critical thinking) 3. Review & Discussion of Forests 4. HW - pg

55 Review 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) Define old-growth forest, second-growth forest, and a tree plantation What ecological services do forests provide? What about economical? Distinguish between selective cutting, clear cutting, and strip cutting. Define deforestation and list some major harmful environmental effects Distinguish between surface fires and crown fires What are some ecological benefits of occasional surface fires? What are basic and secondary causes of tropical forest destruction?

56 Old Growth Forests Forests that have not been seriously impacted by human activities for hundreds of years Rich in biodiversity Depletion of old-growth forests increases risk of climate change

57 Second Growth Forests A stand of tree resulting from secondary succession Develop after trees in an area have been removed by human activities or natural forces

58 Tree Plantation Also, tree farm or commercial forest Trees are grown in a managed area and harvested when they become commercially valuable

59 Ecological Services Provide wildlife habitats Sinks for carbon through photosynthesis Affect local climate patterns Purifies air and water Provides energy and nutrient cycling Reduces soil erosion as they serve as a watershed

60 Economic Services Fuelwood, Lumber, Paper, Mining, Livestock Grazing, Recreation, Jobs

61 Selective Cutting Specific trees in an area are chosen and cut

62 Clear cutting All of the trees in an area are cut at the same time

63 Strip cutting Clear cutting a strip of trees that follows the land contour. The corridor is allowed to regenerate.

64 Even-age management Essentially the practice of tree plantations

65 Uneven-age management Maintain a stand with trees of all ages from seedling to mature

66 High Grading Cutting and removing only the largest and best trees

67 Shelterwood cutting Removing all of the mature trees in an area within a limited time

68 Seed tree cutting Majority of trees are removed except for scattered, seed-producing trees used to regenerate a new stand

69 Deforestation What happens when forest are cleared by humans for things like livestock grazing, mining, farming, commercial logging, and urban sprawl Can also happen naturally from tsunamis, forest fires, volcanic eruptions, and desertification

70 Effects of Deforestation Results in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity and ecological services Causes changes in local climate patterns and increases amounts of carbon dioxide released into air Threatens extinction of species Allows runoff into aquatic ecosystems Alters hydrologic cycle by changing the amount of water in soil and atmosphere

71 Forest Fires Longer, warmer summers (*cough*climatechange*cough*) correlates with an increase of forest fires Compared to 1970, there are 4 times the amount of forest fires and the total area burned is about 7 times the previous levels There are 3 types of forest fires - Crown, grown, surface

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73 Crown fires

74 Ground fires

75 Ecological benefits of surface fires Burn away ground material that could start really destructive fires Free nutrients in slowly decomposing litter and undergrowth Release seeds from cones and stimulate germination for certain trees Controls tree diseases and insects

76 Destruction and Degradation of Tropical Forests Basic - not valuing ecological services, crop and timber exports, government policies, poverty, population growth Secondary - roads, fires, settlers, cash crops, cattle ranching, logging, tree plantations

77 Forest Management Forest cover about one-third of all Land Services worldwide in the us alone Forest cover one third of land surfaces. The U.S. forest service is United States agency established 1905 that manages public lands in national forests and grasslands its responsibilities are protected manage natural resources on National Forest lands, sponsor research on all aspects of Forestry, rangeland management, and Forest resource utilization. Provide Community Assistance and cooperation with the government Forest Industries and private landowners to help protect and manage forests and watersheds. Provide International assistance in formulating policy for the protection of the world Forestry Resources