Draft SDG Report Botswana: A Case Study of Gabane Village (Kweneng District)

Transcription

1 Draft SDG Report Botswana: A Case Study of Gabane Village (Kweneng District)

2 Introduction Botswana is a upper-middle income country that has sustained rapid economic growth over an extended period. Impressive growth rates coupled with high income inequality and high poverty levels. Botswana has embarked on some initiatives to address these anomalies and especially poverty reduction. Within this context the SDGs are very relevant to Botswana. The SDGs present an opportunity for Botswana to position its development efforts within a global framework. CBMS relevant: Lack of disaggregated data hinders targeted programmes for those in need of such.

3 Organisation of presentation Profile of Gabane SDG CBMS Indicators Programmes implemented to address SDG problems

4 Profile of Gabane Village: Total # of population covered Source Total population 6842 Gabane CBMS study (2018) Number of Households 2693 Gabane CBMS study (2018) Youth (15-39yrs) % of total population Unemployed (excluding discouraged job seekers) 3790 (55.4%) 1187 (28.4%) Gabane CBMS study (2018) Gabane CBMS study (2018) People with Disabilities 90 (1.3%) Gabane CBMS study (2018)

5 Total number of households by locality Locality Household number South East 696 South West 666 North West 717 North East 614 Total 2693

6 Table 1: Relevant Indicators for Goal 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere No. Indicator Explanation of localization of indicators INCOME Proportion of male and female headed households with income below the poverty datum line GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION Proportion of Population living below the poverty line by geographical location Botswana Core Welfare Indicator BCWIS (2009/10) Poverty Datum Line (PDL) is an income poverty indicator. PDL is the cost of a basket of goods and services deemed to be necessary and adequate to meet basic needs of household members, such as food, clothing, personal item, households goods and and shelter. Poverty is defined as those living below P per month ($1.25/day). National Indicator BCWIS 2009/10 Urban Villages Head Count Ratio= 18.8% Number of households below poverty datum line= 12.2% CBMS Results Based on the International Poverty of $1.25/day. MPI POOR 0.83 Male 0.86 Female Gabane NE 2.40 NW 0.64 SW 0.73 SE 0.37

7 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE POVERTY ERADICATION PROGRAMME High level of dependence on government programmes. In response to this government is now making deliberate efforts to enhance the graduating rate of PEP beneficiaries, graduation guidelines are therefore being developed to assess those with success stories to graduate from poverty and thereby wean them off. Existence of loopholes that make it possible for some beneficiaries to simultaneously benefit from the different programmes. A national Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Framework has been developed to address the challenges of inadequate monitoring and evaluation of government programmes including beneficiary projects.

8 Table 2: Relevant Indicators for Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture No. Indicators Explanation of localization of indicators National Indicator CBMS Results HUNGER Proportion of households with inadequate access to food Proportion of children 0 5 years old who are moderately or severely underweight Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS ) it measures the degree of food insecurity during the month prior to the survey. The score is calculated for each household based on the frequency of occurrence. Based on the total number of households with inadequate food over total number of households Extreme hunger 10.55% Moderate hunger 35.35% Based on total number of Children under 5 years with low weight for their age over total children under 5 years. Malnutrition 10.59%[(underweight 6.31%, severly underweight (4.28%)]

9 SDG2: Ending Hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture The FAO (1998) defines food security as "the right of everyone to have access to safe and nutritious food, consistent with the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger". The Ministry of health and Wellness, National Nutrition Strategy ( ) Undernutrition is intergenerational, poor foetal growth or stunting in the first two years of life leads to irreversible damage, including short adult height, lower educational attainment which leads to low paying jobs that in turn results in reduced income and decreased offspring birthweight. As far back as the early 1970s the government prioritized Food and Nutrition under the Ministry of Health and Wellness. A National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN) ( ) was formulated and has now been succeeded by the Botswana National Nutrition Strategy ( )

10 Malnutrition still remains a challenge particularly in rural areas.. Botswana has experienced a slight improvement in Under Five malnutrition levels. Underweight rates decreased from 13.9 percent in 2007 to 13.1 percent in Stunting decreased from 25.9 percent to 21 percent while wasting fell from 7.6 percent to 7.3 percent (Botswana Family Health Survey, 2007; Determinants of Malnutrition Survey, 2014). Key Interventions Supporting SDG 2 (Malnutrition) Botswana has implemented several interventions to address malnutrition. These include the under five Nutrition Surveillance and Growth Monitoring. The School Feeding Programme and the Vulnerable Group Program. Beneficiaries registered under these programmes are supported on monthly basis, making the poor and vulnerable families to be food secure. These programmes have introduced food baskets with locallysourced foods, enhancing their multiplier effects. These supplements are meant to provide one third of the children s daily nutrient intake.

11 CHALLENGES FACED BY NUTRITION PROGRAMMES Food distribution has been quite successful in luring beneficiaries to visit clinics. However, this over dependence on food distribution make it very difficult for programmes to proceed when food stocks run out Food issued to beneficiaries may be shared by family members making it unavailable to the target groups, hence, hampering the nutritional status of children.

12 Key Interventions Supporting SDG 2 (Food Security, Sustainable Agriculture) The Integrated Support Programme for Arable Agricultural Development (ISPAAD) gave crop farmers subsidies to increase productivity in the agricultural Sector. The main components of the programme are 1. cluster fencing, 2. Farmers provided with free seeds, fertiliser and draught power; 3. Farmers receive assistance from government to access credit; and Farmers are assisted with portable water and service centres where they can hire farming implements. In 2009, two programmes were merged to form the Livestock Management and Infrastructural Development (LIMID) programme. Its main objective is to improve livestock management and improve the range resource conservation. It assists farmers with animal husbandry through the provision of fodder support and water development to support small stock and poultry.

13 CHALLENGES FACED BY THE FARMERS IN ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY AND SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Some projects have faced challenges relating to inputs, and water has specifically been one of the main challenges for backyard gardens To address this, government has rehabilitated old boreholes and encouraged horticulture gardens to be established in clusters around these water points including dams. Water harvesting techniques are also being explored to address this water related challenge. To address the climate change challenges, government is assisting beneficieries to adopt more scientific farming methods that are responsive to current weather related challenges.

14 CBMS results by goal

15 Goal 1: End Poverty in all its forms everywhere

16 Goal 1 Male Female Total MPI poor 25 (0.83%) Not MPI poor 2981 (99.17%) Total 3006 (100) 33 (0.86%) 3792 (99.14%) 3825 (100) 58 (0.84%) 6773 (99.16) 6831 (100) In terms of age, the CBMS MPI shows that the year olds are the poorest compared to other age groups.

17 Poverty by Locality North East 2.40 North West 0.64 South West 0.73 South East 0.37

18 Household living below the PDL Households Living below Poverty Datum Line Below poverty datum line 1% Above poverty datum line, 99%

19 Poverty Programmes Fully funded social protection programmes,mainly to address poverty issues in the country, either directly or indirectly include: Orphan care/vulnerable children programme, Labour intensive works (Ipelegeng) Destitute programme the Vulnerable Groups Feeding programme among others. For CBMS, the destitute programme used to determine the proportion of the poor who do not receive social assistance especially that it is means tested. According to the Destitute programme individuals with insufficient assets or income sources, i.e. individuals who have less than 4 livestock units, and earn income less than P120/month without dependents or P150/month with dependents are eligible to receive the destitute programme ( Seleka, et al, 2007). Unfortunately, the proportion of the poor who are eligible to receive social assistance but not receiving it from our study is 0.97 which is approximately 1% of the total number of households. This may be possibly be due to leakages and targeting problems associated with the programme and they may be addressed through effective management of the programme (Seleka, et al, 2007). The results further show that 0.30% of those who are not eligible to receive social welfare are benefitting from the programmes, and this should not be the case.

20 Access to Social Assistance Frequency Percentage Eligible for Social assistance Receiving social assistance Not receiving social assistance Not eligible for social assistance Receiving social assitance Not receiving social assitance Total

21 Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture

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23 Food Security The attainment of food security is a concern in Botswana. A typical household will be considered as being food secure if it can source food needed by members of the household (Pinstrup Andersen, 2009). At the national level, widely used indicators of food security include the prevalence of malnutrition among others. For the CBMS results; 10.59% of under 5year olds are malnourished. The results also show that a considerable proportion of these children is overweight (11.94%).

24 Hunger Status 10.55% of the Gabane population were faced with extreme hunger (comprised of those who indicated that they slept hungry because there was not enough food and those who indicated that they spent the whole day or night without eating anything because there was not enough food) % of the population of interest were faced with moderate hunger (those who answered yes in any of the four questions related to hunger).these figures show that meeting the target of zero hunger by 2030 might be a challenge unless appropriate policies are put in place.

25 Nutrition Status Percentage Overweight Normal Underweight Severely Underweight

26 Interventions: Hunger/Nutrition Botswana implementing several interventions to address malnutrition in the country. These include among others; the School Feeding Programme the Vulnerable Group Feeding Programme. Gabane village benefit from both programmes. These programmes have introduced food baskets with locally sourced foods to the beneficiaries (United Nations, 2017).

27 Goal 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages The goal aims to achieve universal health coverage, and provide access to safe and affordable medicines and vaccines for all. The main health challenges under SDG 3 in Botswana are maternal mortality, HIV and TB related deaths, Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and substance abuse. However, it s important to note that the country has achieved a substantial reduction in Mother to Child transmission of HIV. Botswana still faces challenges in that it is unable to significantly reduce maternal mortality. Almost all (99 percent) maternal deaths in Botswana occur in health facilities. Deaths arising from abortion account for only 15 percent of the total maternal deaths. (United Nations, 2017).The table below shows results from our study on maternal mortality (complications during pregnancy or childbirth), road accidents, mortality from non communicable diseases etc.

28 Cause of Death Cause of death Frequency Percentage Diseases of the heart Diseases of the vascular system Pneumonia Tuberculosis HIV/AIDS Cancer Accident (e.g. car accident) Complications during pregnancy or childbirth Murder Diabetes Diseases of the lungs Diseases of the Kidney Other causes, specify Total

29 Goal 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all Botswana has made significant progress towards increasing participation in education and training. But, pre primary education and access to education for students with disabilities is still a challenge. At the moment, only 18% of eligible children (mainly residing in urban areas) are enrolled in pre school programmes. This result in lack of school readiness for many standard 1 entrants.

30 Pre school Attendance Pre school Freq. Percent Attend Do not attend Total

31 Primary & Secondary Attendance Primary Enrolled 689 (98.6%) Not Enrolled 10 (1.4%) Total 699 (100) Second ary 243 (98%) 5 (2%) 248 (100)

32 Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all The main sources of water are dams, the most reliable of which lie in the northern part of the country. The water is supplied through the North South Water Carrier. Apart from occasional interruptions of the water supply most households in Botswana have adequate access to clean and piped water that is properly treated. CBMS results:only 5 out of the 2693 households did not have access to clean and safe water making 0.2 percent of the total. Nationally, the access was 95.8 percent in 2007.

33 Households access to clean water in Gabane Village Water Access Frequency Percentage Access to safe water No access to safe water Total

34 Households access to Sanitary Toilet Facilities in Gabane Village Sanitary Access Frequency Percentage Access to Sanitary Toilet No access to Sanitary 27 1 Total

35 Goal 7. Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all The CBMS results 91.9% of the households in Gabane had access to electricity. Access varies by locality: Gabane South West =89.64%. Gabane South East= 91.24% in Gabane South East, 90.10% in Gabane North west=90.10% Gaborone North East=97.23%

36 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all Unemployment by age group(%)

37 Goal 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all CBMS results There are more unemployed women (63%) than men (37%). Distribution of unemployment by age group: youth are mostly affected by unemployment. i.e. the age group is mostly affected by unemployment (23.9%), followed by age group with unemployment rate of 22.5%

38 Goal 11. Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable The CBMS results show that there is no evidence of households living in makeshift housing i.e. slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing.