A.Usha, A.Pouchepparadjou and L.Umamaheswari Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and

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2 A.Usha, A.Pouchepparadjou and L.Umamaheswari Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute Karaikal , India Contact pouchepparadjou@gmail.com

3 Introduction India has been progressing in water resources development since independence in spite of severe climatic variations, rapid population growth, urbanization and industrialization. India, with only 4% of the global freshwater resources is supporting 16 % of the world s population. With the shrinking per capita availability of water resources it is difficult to maintain the delicate balance between demand and supply.

4 The degradation of natural resources due to improper management has resulted in soil nutrient depletion and overexploitation of ground water leading to the low equilibrium trap of low productivity, low income and low surplus. Irrigation Tanks Most important irrigation source for farmers since ancient times. They are the key common property resources in rural areas.

5 Tank irrigation has declined due to neglect of catchment areas, inadequate maintenance and increase in private wells. Traditional community institutions have come under tremendous pressure because of state and market interventions, personoriented political patronage, and political encouragement for encroachment (Nadkarni, 2000). Government subsidies for alternative forms of irrigation is another reason for the decline of tanks in Indian agriculture.

6 In 1999 UNION OF INDIA FARMERS EUROPEAN COMMISSION TRPP Tank Rehabilitation Project Puducherry

7 Maintain the water supply for irrigated agriculture from tanks - sustainability TRPP - Project Objectives Preserve agriculture income from irrigated crop production Halt the process of salinity of the aquifers Diminish reliance on ground water resources

8 Digital Elevation Model of Puducherry Region

9 Groundwater Exploration Stages tank recharge recharge alluvium tertiary cretaceous

10 Groundwater Exploration Stages tank extraction recharge alluvium tertiary cretaceous

11 Total Number of Tanks 86 No. of Tanks Defunct Urbanization 2 Total number of Tanks Rehabilitated 84 System Tanks 50 Non System Tanks 34 Total Ayacut 6450 Ha No. of Farm Families 13500

12 Participatory Approach in the Past FARMERS INSTITUTIONS 1. Eri Variya Perumakkal 2. Caisses Communes 3. Syndicate Agricoles People depended on tank for all purposes As time passed, people shifted to borewells and tanks got silted

13 1911 run-off tanks river diversions system tanks dug wells Caisses communes Syndicate agricole Commune Panychat/PWD TRPP EU Fund Ends GoP continues TRPP Time Line : Change in water table in Puducherry the last 100 years rule of Pallava s natural ground level water table? - 10 m

14 Saline water intrusion Let us reverse it!

15 Causes for downfall of Surface Irrigation Bore wells Government subsidy on electricity Inconsistent policies/ rules & regulations Green Revolution through ground water exploitation Inadequate local institutions Lack of Maintenance of Tanks Lack of community participation Communal conflicts

16 A common scene before rehabilitation ENCROACHMENT INSIDE THE ABISHEKAPAKAM TANK

17 Another common scene Damaged Surplus Course - Vadhanur

18 Another common scene Sub-standard tank bunds - Kariamanikam

19 ACTIVITIES OF THE PROJECT Community organisation/participation Infrastructure development Irrigation/water management Agricultural extension Hydrogeological study & monitoring Agro-economy & agricultural benchmark Training/exposure visits Gender activities & income generation Publicity & information/awareness campaign Institutional strengthening & monitoring Special studies Accounting & financial management Corpus fund establishment Information system & database Monitoring & evaluation

20 Thus to ensure maximum people participation various efforts like- Training, Exposure visit, Campaigns, Workshops, Streetplay, Village Level Meetings, etc. have been undertaken under the Project Expected outcome of the project Subsidy Command area improved Construction of infrastructure Exposure Visits, Training, Campaigns, workshops Preventing sea water intrusion Optimum usage of water Equal distribution of water Formation of Tank Association Awareness creation Tank Rehabilitation Project, Puducherry Maintaining infrastructure Association

21 Pillaiyarkuppam Authuvoikal feeding channel Result in the village Thirukkanur Periya Eri (Moola Madagu) BEFORE BEFORE AFTER AFTER

22 This paper attempts to analyze the socio-economic, environmental and institutional impact of participatory tank rehabilitation in Union Territory of Puducherry, India.

23 Data and Methodology Data used in the study Primary data pertaining to (post TRPP period) using a pre-tested interview schedule from 120 farmers. Data on crop cultivation aspects for the pre TRPP period ( ) by recall and cross-check questions. Secondary data were collected from the Directorate of Agriculture, Statistics department, State Groundwater Unit at Puducherry and Project Director (TRPP), Puducherry.

24 Tools of analysis Conventional percentage analysis Lorenz curve of income distribution Gini ratio in income inequality Benefit-Cost ratio in crop cultivation Multiple regression and Garrett ranking technique

25 Area under crops in sample farms Sl. No. Crops Area (ha) Before TRPP Per cent to NCA After TRPP Area (ha) Per cent to NCA 1. Rice Black gram Green gram Groundnut Sugarcane Banana Cotton Net Cropped Area (NCA) Cropping intensity (%)

26 Irrigation intensity (%) Irrigation intensity in sample farms Sl. No. Crops Before TRPP After TRPP Area (ha) Percent Area (ha) Percent 1. Rice Black gram Green gram Groundnut Sugarcane Banana Cotton Gross Irrigated Area (GIA)

27 Net returns and B:C ratio of major crops Sl. No Crops Before TRPP After TRPP Small farmers Marginal farmers Large farmers Small farmers Marginal farmers Large farmers Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Net returns (Rs/ha) BCR Rice Black gram Green gram Groun dnut Sugar cane Banana Cotton

28 Income from livestock in sample farms Before TRPP After TRPP Livestock asset No Maintenance Cost (Rs) Gross income (Rs) Net income (Rs) No Maintenan ce Cost (Rs) Gross income (Rs) Net income (Rs) Milch animals Others (goats, poultry) 62 21,091 30,000 8, ,767 42,023 13, ,700 2, ,489 2,626

29 Details on household income in sample farms Sl. No. Sources of income Household income (Rs) Before TRPP After TRPP Change in income (Absolute) 1. On-farm 51,443 76,810 25, Off-farm 32,490 36,650 4, Non-farm 2,500 3, Total 86, ,460 30,027

30 Lorenz Curve showing income distribution before TRPP 1.2 C umulative of income c umulative proportion of inc ome c umulative proportion of farmers C umula tive of fa rmers Lorenz Curve showing income distribution after TRPP 1.2 C umulative of inc ome cumulative proportion of income cumulative proportion of farmers C umulative of farmers

31 Gini Ratio of income distribution Sl. No Category Gini ratio 1. Before TRPP After TRPP 0.31

32 Environmental impact of TRPP Ground water level before and after TRPP Village Name Before TRPP (m) (Triennium average: ) After TRPP(m) Keelparkalpet Sedarapet Source: State Ground Water Unit, Puducherry

33 Sl.No Opinion survey of sample farmers about water quality after TRPP Water quality Keelparikkalpet Sedrapet Overall No of farmers % to total No of farmers % to total No of farmers % to total 1. Good Medium Poor Total

34 Performance analysis of TRPP tanks in Puducherry U.T. Dependent Variable: Adjusted tank performance = Y Sl.No. Particulars Variables Regression coefficient (bi) 1. Maintenance expenditure (Rs/ha) 2. Water stored in mcum/ha 3. Tank location (in km) 4. Well density (no) 5. Water users organization R 2 = 0.71 N = 80 Note: ** Significant at 1% level Standard error SE (bi) t statistics Significance level X ** X ** X NS X ** X * *Significant at 5% level NS-Non significant

35 Perception of beneficiaries about the benefits derived from TRPP Sl.No. Benefits of TRPP Mean score Rank I Direct benefits 1. Increased crop productivity 81 I 2. Increased soil moisture 74 II availability 3. Decrease in encroachment of 68 III water spread area 4. Revenue from fish and trees 55 IV 5. Increase in number of livestock 6. Increased fodder availability 7. Water Users Association performed well 8. Gained labour employment during project period II Indirect benefits 40 V 35 VI 33 VII 28 VIII 9. Water levels raised in the wells 65 I 10. Improvement of ecology/scenic beauty 52 II

36 People s participation at different stages of Tank Rehabilitation Project Sl. No Stages of participation Fully participated No.of farmers Percent No.of farmers Partially participated Percent Not participated No.of farmers Percent 1. Planning stage Implementation stage

37 Conclusion and recommendations of the study TRPP is proved to be a success due to effective governance and participative management. In the study area, Panchayat was the main institution involved in implementation of the project and tank maintenance activities. The greater participation of farmers in irrigation management through Tank Associations (TA) was the major reason for the success of the project right from planning to implementation.

38 The study suggested that TRPP had a significant impact on the beneficiaries. Therefore, beneficiary participation has to be ensured right from the beginning especially in the planning and implementation stages in the governance of irrigation investments. So this model could be suitable and feasible in other locations if the two factors, governance with grass root level participation exist in the investment on irrigation tanks for addressing the climatic adaptation.

39 THANK YOU