Studying effects of different irrigation levels and planting patterns on yield and water use efficiency in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.

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1 International Research Journal Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 4 (7): Science Explorer Publications Studying effects different irrigation levels and ing patterns on yield and water use efficiency in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Rasoul Fakhari 1*, Ahmad Tobeh 2, Nasim Hasanzadeh 3, Ali Barghi 3, Manoochehr Shiri 3 1.Weed science M.Sc. Student, University Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 2. Department Of Agronomy and Crop breeding, University Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran 3. Agronomy M.Sc. Student, University Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran *Corresponding author rasoulfar100@gmail.com ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Faculty Research Field the Mohaghegh Ardabili University, (north-east Iran). The main goal was to examine the effects different drip irrigation levels and different ing patterns on yield and water use efficiency in potato. Irrigation factors included: I1=Full irrigation, I2= 80% full irrigation and I3= 60% full irrigation. cultivation pattern included: B1= 1 row 75 cm on bed 75 cm (furrow to furrow), B2= 2 rows 35 cm on bed 150 cm (furrow to furrow) and B3= 2 rows 45 cm on bed 150 cm (furrow to furrow). Results indicated that tuber fresh and dry yield and number tubers was affected by different irrigation levels and full irrigation had the most values for these traits. From the irrigation efficiency point view, in full irrigation, 35, 75 and 45 ing patterns had the most water use efficiency respectively, but they had the least values respectively in 60 percent full irrigation. As a conclusion, potato was affected severely by water stress and ing pattern didn t have any significant effect on different traits. Key words: fresh tuber yield, number tubers, tuber dry matter percentage, tuber fresh weight INTRODUCTION Potato (Solanum tuberosum) rates fourth among the world s agricultural products in production volume, after wheat, rice and corn (Fabeiro et al., 2001). Potato is a relatively sensitive to water stress. Soil water is one most important factors affects the yield and quality potatoes (Yuan et al., 2003). Potatoes are ten considerable to be a high water use crop (Pereira and Shock, 2006). Most the increased food production in the world will depend on irrigation and water use efficiency (WUE) (Najafi and Tabatabaei, 2007). Water use efficiency is the proportion tuber fresh yield in final harvest to applied water content to the (Trebejo and Midmore, 1990). Studying effect drought and variety on growth features, yield and yield component potato, it was reported that number tubers was not affected by irrigation in different samplings, but its effect was significant in final harvest (Ouiam et al., 2003). Also high humidity during potato tuber creation increases number tubers. Increasing soil humidity from 20 to 80 percent water retention capacity, increases stem growth rate, leaves area, tuber dry weight, net photosynthesis rate and tubers number (Krug and Wise, 1972). In low humidity contents soil during early growth potato, by elongating high growth rate duration, increasing growth rate and net photosynthesis increases potato yield. In other hand, no irrigation during tuber creation stage, severely disrupted photosynthesis process and decreased potato yield (Dalla-Costa et al., 1997). Also a decrease in tuber average fresh weight affected by water stress was reported. They reported increasing tuber fresh weight by increasing water content (Yuan et al., 2003). Several researchers had showed that there was a positive linear relationship between yield and water use (Cakir, 2004; Payero et al., 2006). Yuan et al. (2003) evaluated the effects different irrigation regimes on the potato growth at the drip irrigation. Irrigation water quantity was considered as 125, 100, 75, 50, and 25 percent evaporation from the water level in a ceramic evaporation pan (0.2 m diameter). Plant height, biomass amount, total fresh glandular products, and market-friendly tubers (more than 85 gr) were increased by increasing the irrigation water. Plant height and the total glandular product at the treatment 125 percent evaporation from the evaporation pan were close to the 100 percent one. Increasing the irrigation water not only

2 have the number tubers increased, but increased the mean weight the tubers, too. Irrigation water increased the quantity the tubers but reduced their quality (Yuan et al., 2003). MATERIALS AND METHODS Field experiments were carried out at the Agricultural Faculty Research Field the Agricultural research station Ardabil (Alarugh), north-east Iran. Ardabil has a marine to semi-marine and semi-humid climate with very cold winters and moderate springs and summers. Soil features according to soil test in 0-30 centimeters depth included salinity 1.5 d/s per meter, PH=7.8, percent base saturation 45sp, calcium carbonate about 8.3 percent, organic carbon about 0.08 percent, total nitrogen about percent and silty clay loam soil texture. Tillage consisted fall chisel plowing followed by spring disking and harrowing in 2007 and Experimental factors were different drip irrigation levels including full irrigation (I1=100%), 80 percent full irrigation (I2=80%) and 60 percent full irrigation (I3=60%) and ing patterns including one row on the ridge or conventional ing (B1), two rows on a wide ridge with a distance 35 centimeters (B2) and two rows on a wide ridge with a distance 45 centimeters (B3). Each experimental unit included 6 ing rows with a length 12 meters. Tubers were ed with 25 centimeters distance on the rows. Irrigation was done as drip trickle using cheap Tape pipes each 3-4 days once. For this system water source, water pomp, two filters, main polyethylene pipes, water discharge contour, barometer and secondary T-Tape pipes with a distance between holes about 30 centimeters, thickness 16 millimeters and discharge 1.2 liters per hour per each hole were used. Water requirement was calculated by meteorology data using Cropwat stware (Smith, 1992). Reference evapotranspiration calculation was based on Fao Penman Mantis method (Allen et al., 1998). Inputs included ten days and monthly temperature data (maximum, average and minimum), relative humidity, sun light and wind speed. Crop water requirement (ET crop ) during growth period was estimated by reference evapotranspiration and crop evaporation rate which is called crop coefficient (K c ), based on Doorenbos and Pruitt method (Doorenbos and Pruitt, 1977) according to fallowing equation. ET crop = K c ET 0 According to this equation results are acquired for 100 percent irrigation and considering this value, 80 and 60 percent crop requirement are estimated. In order to measuring dry weight different parts, destructive sampling was done. SAS stware was used for data analysis, Duncan's test for means comparison and Excel stware for drawing graphs. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Variance analysis yield and yield components in final harvest affected by different irrigation levels and ing patterns is shown in (Table1) and their mean comparisons are shown in (Table2). According to results variance analysis (Table1), number tubers was affected by different irrigation levels in probability one percent. Full irrigation and 80 percent full irrigation with a significant difference were in superior and common group compared to 60 percent full irrigation and 60 percent full irrigation had the least number tubers that its reason was absorbance small tubers by large tubers because competition. Variance analysis different irrigation levels and ing pattern (Table2) indicated that number marketable tubers was affected by irrigation significantly in probability one percent and 100 and 80 percent full irrigation were in a common group with a significant difference to 60 percent full irrigation. Results variance analysis indicated that fresh tuber yield was affected significantly only by different irrigation levels in probability one percent. Means comparison showed that all three irrigation levels have much difference together. Full irrigation had the most fresh tuber yield and was in superior group. 80 percent full irrigation was in the next group and finally 60 percent full irrigation had the least fresh tuber yield. According to results variance analysis (Table1), tuber dry yield was significant in probability 1 percent. Means comparison indicated that full irrigation had the most tuber dry matter and then 80 and 60 percent full irrigation had the next values respectively. Irrigation efficiency and total water Irrigation efficiency and total water contents are shown in (Fig. 1). In full irrigation ing patterns 45, 35 and 75 had the most irrigation efficiency respectively and in the 60 percent full irrigation these patterns had the least irrigation efficiency. In the 80 percent full irrigation 75 and 35 centimeters ing patterns had little difference together and 45 centimeters ing pattern indicated the most efficiency. So in two rows ing pattern as the ridges become wider and the distance between rows become more, low irrigation practices are limited. The most important result was that by increasing stress intensity, the difference between

3 irrigation efficiency and total water increased which it shows more effect precipitation in stress treatments. In other word, the difference between irrigation efficiency and total water indicates the amount increase in irrigation efficiency caused by precipitation. By low irrigation strategy (no irrigation or low water application) during relatively non-sensitive stages to the water stress, irrigation efficiency increased. Low water storage is possible by limiting irrigation before tuber creation. Also some experiments on drip trickle irrigation indicate that surface drip irrigation can improve irrigation water use efficiency in potato compared to sprinkler irrigation because low evaporation. Table 1. Variance analysis different irrigation levels and different ing patterns on dry and fresh yield and number tubers per potato Source variation Degree freedom Number tubers Number marketable tubers Fresh tuber yield (gram) (gram) Replication Irrigation levels (I) ** 9.6 ** ** ** Error (1) Planting pattern (B) I B Error (2) Coefficient variation (%) * And ** respectively significant in probability 1 percent and 5 percent. Table 2. Mean comparisons yield and yield components in different irrigation levels, ing patterns and their interaction (A)Irrigation levels Number tubers per 100% 8/14 a 80% 8/38 a 60% 6/29 b Number marketable tubers (gr) (gr) 7/84 a 1028/18 a 256/92 a 7/44 a 849/02 b 196/62 b 5/88 b 670/92 c 158/09 c (B)Planting levels 75 cm 35cm 45 cm pattern Number tubers per 7/55 a 7/43 a 7/83 a Number marketable tubers 7/28 a 7/15 a 6/73 a (gr) 861/94 a 852/84 a 887/34 a (gr) 200/01 a 204/05 a 207/14 a Interaction B A A1B1 A1B2 A1B3 A2B1 A2B2 A2B3 A3B1 A3B2 Number tubers per 7/26 ab 8/60 a 8/56 a 8/75 a 7/86 ab 8/53 a 6/62 ab 5/83 b Number marketable tubers 7/4 ab 8/26 a 7/86 a 7/6 a 7/8 a 6/93 ab 5/4 b 5/4 b (gr) 1045/68 a 1077/35 a 1123/55 a 853/43 b 818/47 bc 893/16 b 704/71 cd 662/71 d (gr) 244/39 a 225/83 a 270/67 a 193/84 b 193/12 b 202/89 b 161/83 bc 164/57 bc A3B3 6/41 ab 6/86 ab 645/32 d 141/85 c A 1=full irrigation, A 2= 80 percent full irrigation, A 3= 60 percent full irrigation, B 1= 75 centimeters ing pattern, B 2= 35 centimeters ing pattern, B 3= 45 centimeters ing pattern

4 Figure 1. Comparison between irrigation efficiency and total water in the interaction irrigation and ing pattern Water requirement Total water application during irrigation period for different irrigation levels and potential evapotranspiration is shown in (Fig. 2). Applied irrigation water content during irrigation period for 100, 80 and 60 percent crop requirement were 558.7, and millimeters respectively. But because precipitation in calculated amounts during 20 days after ing, no irrigation was needed and actually water content during irrigation period were 509.7, and millimeters respectively. So by proper irrigation management and limited irrigation, for 100, 80 and 60 percent water requirement, 49, 39.2 and 29.4 millimeters water were saved respectively. In other word, for different irrigation levels 8.77 percent water was saved while 23 days to the end growth period didn t account irrigation period, because in this period no irrigation was done in order to inhibiting further growth tubers and acquiring desired storage quality. Millimeters per a day Kilograms per millimeter water Figure 2. Variation potential evapotranspiration during irrigation period

5 CONCLUSION Limited and controlled irrigation by drip trickle irrigation system can have a considerable effect in decreasing water requirement agriculture but because a 20 percent decrease irrigation water significantly decreased the yield, so in order to more production per meter square, stress exercise isn t recommended on potato at all. REFERENCES Allen R, Pereira LA, Raes D, Smith M FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56. FAO, Rome, Italy. Cakir R Effect water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth corn. Field Crops Res. 89: Dalla-Costa L, Vedove-delle G, Gianquinto G, Giovanardi R, Peressotti A Yield, water use efficiency and nitrogen uptake in potato: Influence drought stress. Potato Research. 40: 19-34, in CAB abstracts (database) National Agriculture Library, USDA. Doorenbos J, Pruitt WO Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. FAO. Irrigation and Drainage. Paper No. 24, FAO, Italy, Rome. Fabeiro C, Martin de Santa Olalla F, Juan JA de Yield and size deficit irrigated potatoes. Agric. Water Manage. 48: Krug H, Wise W Effect soil moisture conditions on growth and development potato. CAB Abstracts National Agriculture Library. USDA. Najafi P, Tabatabaei SH Effect using subsurface drip irrigation and Et-Hs model to increase WUE in irrigation some crops. Irr. Drain. 56: Ouiam L, Said O, Jean-Francois L The effect drought and cultivar on growth parameters, yield and yield component potato. Agronomie. 23: Payero JO, Melvin SR, Irmak I, Tarkalson D Yield response corn to deficit irrigation in a semiarid climate, Agric. Water Manage. 84(1-2): Pereira AB, Shook CC Development irrigation best management practices for potato from a research perspective in the united states. Sakia. Org e-publish. 1(1): Smith M CROPWAT, a computer program for irrigation planning and management. FAO irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 26. FAO. Italy. Rome. Trebejo I, Midmore DJ Effect water stress on potato growth. J Agric Sci. 114: Yuan B, Nishiyama S, Kang Y Effect drip irrigation regimes on the growth and yield drip- irrigated potato. Agric Water Manage., 63(31): 153:167.