Cover Crops and Best Management Practices for Honey Bees in California s Almond Orchards. Billy Synk

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1 Cover Crops and Best Management Practices for Honey Bees in California s Almond Orchards Billy Synk

2 Economy of U.S. Honey Bees The value U. S. honey bees provide as pollinators ranges from $12.3 to $16.4 billion annually (Losey & Vaughan 2006) The pollination of California almonds alone contribute an estimated $3.6 billion dollars (Flohr 2012) Honey bee pollination can also contribute to increasing the yield of strategic biofuels (Vaknin 2011)

3 90 commercially grown crops in North America depend on honey bees

4 Breakfast with bees Scientific American April 2009

5 Breakfast without bees Scientific American April 2009

6 Health Crisis Since 2006, U.S. commercial beekeepers have seen honey bee colony loss rates increase to an average of 30% each winter (USDA) Losses of managed honey bee colonies were 23.1 percent for the winter but summer losses exceeded winter numbers for the first time, making annual losses for the year 42.1%! (USDA)

7 Best Management Practices for Almond Pollination

8 Pollination Contracts A signed contract protects both grower and beekeeper.

9 Hive Placement Colonies should be accessible and convenient at all hours Beekeepers need to access hives routinely Orchard roads should be maintained Place hives in areas not prone to flooding Eastern and southern exposures are better

10 Hive Placement

11 Chemical Applications Honey bees come in contact with materials in different ways Bees fly through the spray/mist/powder Drift to hives via wind Bees bring into the hive pollen that contains chemical residue

12 Chemical Applications Apply at night Do not apply insecticides during bloom Fungicides / herbicides should be applied at night

13 Water Provide abundant and potable water, free from contamination Landings (burlap, straw) are necessary to make water accessible

14 Forage and Nutrition Supplemental Feeding When floral resources are inadequate, feeding bees sugar syrup and pollen substitutes can improve colony survival and performance Supplemental feeding is critical to build bees for early almond pollination by February

15 Forage and Nutrition Table 1: Essential amino-acids for honey bees Amino-acid Minimum required % of aminoacid in protein digested Threonine 3.0 Valine 4.0 Methionine 1.5 Leucine 4.5 Iso-leucine 4.0 Phenylalanine 2.5 Lysine 3.0 Histidine 1.5 Arginine 3.0 Tryptophan 1.0

16 Pollen patties and pollen supplements are necessary to sustain hives during dearth periods. So what else can be done to improve honey bee health and nutrition?...

17 Plant cover crops!

18 Forage Bee health The only source of necessary amounts of essential amino acids is forage Bee larva fed abundant pollen from forage will live longer, weigh more and become better foragers Two amino acids that are associated with immunity are abundant in forage and not present is supplemental feeding regimens

19 Forage Land stewardship Increase organic matter Support soil fertility Help all pollinators not just managed hives Prevent erosion Fix nitrogen

20 Forage Efficient agricultural production Foraging activity is reduced when bees are reared in pollen-limited colonies Hives with access to abundant forage rear bees that live longer When reared in pollen-limited hives, bees communicate less efficiently thus harming yield Suppress weeds

21 Forage Seeds for Bees cover crop program 1. Mustard Mix 2. Clover Mix 3. Lana Vetch

22 Forage Ground Prep A good, fine seed bed is desirable, the seed is very small like alfalfa. The soil should be disked, cultipacked with a ring roller, planted and rolled a second time Planting Methods Use a grain drill, no till drill, broadcaster, or even a hand-held broadcaster on small areas to evenly distribute the seed

23 Forage Planting date After Sept. 10 th through Nov. 10 th, while soil is still warm above 55⁰ Sow before first rains. Plant no more than 1/8 to 1/4 deep Management Mow, or disk under preferably after bloom

24 Create some visual appeal Get you neighbors talking!

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