Technological Gap in Adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended Dry Land Technology
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1 Journal of Global Communication Vol. 4, No. 2, July-December, 2011 : Reserach Article Technological Gap in Adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended Dry Land Technology Umesh R. Chinchmalatpure 1*, M. K. Bhugul 2 and S. N. Rajput 3 1 Assistant Professor, College of Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. 2&3 Associate Professor, College of Agriculture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola. * id: rcumesh@rediffmail.com ABSTRACT The present study was undertaken in the selected village of Akola district of Maharashtra state. An exploratory design of social research was used. Findings revealed that almost equal percent of the respondents were middle and old aged having middle and high school education. Majority of them belonged to small and semi-medium category of land holding and more than two- third respondents had up to Rs. 50,000/- annual income. The practice wise knowledge possessed by respondents about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology indicate that majority of the respondents were having knowledge of the dry land technologies such as frequent hoeing during dry spell, intercropping of cotton with mung (1:1), cotton with udid, double cropping of safflower after mung and contour sowing of crops. Most of the respondents were found in the medium category of knowledge level. The practice wise adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology by the respondents revealed that most of the respondents adopted the frequent hoeing during dry spell, intercropping of cotton with mung (1:1) and opening of furrow after every two rows at 30 days after sowing. Most of the respondents were found in low category of adoption level. The majority of the respondents were found in medium technology adoption gap about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology. KEYWORDS: Technology gap, Knowledge, Adoption, Dry land agriculture INTRODUCTION The state of Maharashtra has highest proportion of rainfed areas among the states. About 85 per cent of the net cultivated area is rainfed. Agriculture in Vidarbha region is also characterised by rainfed farming. In dry lands the annual rainfall is about 750 mm to 1500 mm but its distribution throughout the year is not uniform. The production of crops in this region depends on natural rains. Small size of land holdings, periodical draughts, soil erosion, long dry spells, low crop yields and poor economic returns are the important features of the dry farming area. Use of improved technology is much slower in dry lands as compared to irrigated or assured rainfall areas. Resourcepoor farmers in the rainfed ecosystems practice lessintensive agriculture, and since their income depends on local agriculture, they benefit little from increased food production in irrigated areas (Johansen, 2000). The productivity in dry land is low because of lack of use of soil moisture conservation techniques. The research results at demonstration and research farms have shown the possibility of stepping up yields of dry land crops through the use of dry land technology. Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (Dr. PDKV, Akola) has identified the dry land technology and recommended a package of dry land technology with respect to dry seeding in cotton, in-situ moisture conservation, double cropping, inter cropping, contingent crop planning and integrated nutrient management for adoption in the area. It was therefore, thought desirable, to assess the present level of knowledge, adoption of dry land technologies by the farmers and to determine the gap in adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology.
2 Technological Gap in Adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended Dry Land Technology METHODOLOGY An exploratory design of social research was used in the present investigation as the study aimed at ascertaining the knowledge, adoption of farmers and to assess the technological gap in adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology in the selected village. The present investigation was carried out in the five villages namely Sukoda, Ugwa, Agar, Nawthad and Nimbhora of Akola Panchayat Samiti. A random sample of 100 dry land farmers was selected from these villages. The technology adoption gap was defined as the difference between the recommendation and actual adoption of dry land technology by the dry land farmers. For ascertaining the adoption gap about dry land technology recommended by Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, the technologies related to dry seeding in cotton, in situ moisture conservation, double cropping, intercropping, contingent crop planning and integrated nutrient management were considered. Table 1: Distribution of respondents according to their characteristics Technological Adoption Gap Index (TAGI) was worked by using the following formula. Where R-A TAGI = X 100 R R= Recommended practices score A= Actually adopted practices score RESULT AND DISCUSSION Profile of the Respondents Data with respect to various characteristics of the respondents have been furnished in Table 1. Data from Table 1 indicated that, almost equal numbers of respondents (that is, over one third of the respondents) were middle aged (37.00%) and old (38.00%). The respondents in the young category that is, up to 35 years of age were 25.00per cent. Sr. No. Category Respondents (n=100) Number Percent 1 Age (Years) i) Young (up to 35) ii) Middle (36 to 50) iii) Old (Above 50) Education i) Illiterate ii) Primary iii) Middle (5 th std. to & 7 th std.) iv) High school (8 th std. to 10 th std.) v) College Land holding (ha) i) Marginal (upto 1 ha) ii) Small farmers (1.01 to 2.0 ha) iii) Semi-medium (2.01 to 4.0 ha) iv) Medium (4.01 to ha) v) Large (Above ha) Annual income (Rs.) i) Up to Rs. 50, ii) Rs. 50,001 to Rs. 1,00, iii) Rs. 1,00,001 to Above Vol. 4, No. 2, July-December,
3 Umesh R. Chinchmalatpure, M. K. Bhugul and S. N. Rajput With regard to education equal per cent of respondents were educated up to middle and high school that is, per cent followed by per cent and per cent respondents were educated up to primary school and college, respectively. A meagre percentage of respondents were found to be illiterate (9.00%). It could also be noticed that (36.00 % and 26.00%) respondents were in small and semi-medium land holding group, respectively. The equal per cent of the respondents were in marginal and medium land holding category that is, per cent followed by only per cent of the respondents were in the large category of land holding. It could be seen from Table 1, that more than two third of the respondents (68.00 per cent) having annual income up to Rs. 50,000, followed by nearly one fourth of them were having annual income ranging from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 1,00000 per cent. Very less number of respondents (08.00 per cent) belonged to income group of Rs. 1,00,000 and above. Utilisation of Information Sources All the possible information sources utilised by the respondents for seeking information about recommended dry land technology were listed out and classified into three categories that is, personal localite sources, personal cosmopolite sources and mass media sources. The respondents were asked to state their frequency of contact with these sources of information in terms of regular, sometimes and never. The numerical score of 2, 1 and 0 were assigned for regularly, sometimes and never response respectively. The score for all 16 information sources were added together and on the basis of mean and standard deviation (X +/- 1 SD), the respondents were grouped into three categories that is, Low, medium and high. Among the personal localite sources, nearly one third of the respondents tried acquiring the information regularly from progressive farmers (32.00%) and agricultural input dealer (30.00%) followed by per cent who got information from their friends. A meagre percent of the respondents that is, (10% & 5%) used relatives and local Table 2: Distribution of respondents according to frequency of use of different sources of information Sr. No. Information sources Frequency of use (n = 100) Regular Sometimes Never No. % No. % No. % A) Personal Localite sources 1 Local leader Friends Relatives Progressive farmers Gram Panchayat Member Agriculture Input Dealer B. Personal Cosmopolite sources 1 Gramsevak Extension workers from State Dept. of Agriculture 3 Participation in training Visit to demonstration site Through study tour Visit to Agriculture University/ KVK C) Mass media Sources 1 Radio Television Agricultural Magazine News Paper Journal of Global Communication 133
4 Technological Gap in Adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended Dry Land Technology leaders sometimes for getting information about dry land technology respectively. Not a single respondent acquired information regularly from the gram panchayat members. Whereas majority of them got information sometimes from relatives (73%), local leaders (65%), friends (60%), progressive farmers (55%), agriculture input dealer (48%) and gram panchayat members (30%). While majority of the respondents (70%) never contacted gram panchayat members for getting information regarding dry land technologies. Among the personal cosmopolite sources, a very little per cent of the respondents contacted extension workers from State Department of Agriculture (15%) and Gramsevak (10%), participation in training (12%) and study tour programmes (12%), visit to demonstration site (12%) and visit University/KVK (10%) regularly for getting information regarding Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology. Whereas majority of them got information sometimes from extension workers from State Department of Agriculture (70%). However, more than fifty percent of the respondents never contacted Gramsevak (60%), participate in study tour programmes (58%), visit to demonstration site (56%), participation in training programme (52%), visit to University/KVK (45%) for getting information regarding dry land technologies. Among the mass media sources, per cent of the respondents were regularly watching television for getting information regarding Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology, followed by percent of them getting information regularly from radio and reading newspapers. Only per cent of the respondents were acquiring information from agricultural magazine. Whereas near about fifty per cent of the respondents never acquired information from agriculture magazine (58%), radio (48%), newspaper (47%) and television (38%). Practice wise Knowledge and Adoption of Dry Land Technology The practice wise knowledge and adoption by the respondents about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology was ascertained and the results are depicted in Table 3. A. Practice wise Knowledge The practice wise knowledge about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology in Table 3 revealed that majority of the respondents were having knowledge about frequent hoeing during dry spell (92%), intercropping of cotton with mung and cotton with udid (85 %) each, double cropping of safflower after mung (75%), contour sowing of crops (73%). More than two third of them were have knowledge about opening of furrow after every two rows at 30 days after sowing (68%), intercropping of cotton with jawar with tur with jawar (6:1:2:1) (65%), double cropping of gram after jawar (62%) and sowing tur, sunflower, maize, bajara during late rains (50%). One third of the respondents that is, 33 per cent and 32 per cent were having knowledge about contour planting of subabhul and contour planting of vetiver respectively. While near about one fourth of them were having knowledge about dry seeding in cotton (25%), intercropping of cotton with udid (24%), toposequence cropping of cotton, soybean, gram (18%) and spreading of 4.5 tones subabhul green leaves per hectare (15%). B. Practice wise Adoption The practice wise adoption about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology in Table 3 revealed that majority of the respondents have adopted frequent hoeing during dry spell (90%) and intercropping of cotton with mung (55 %). More than two third of them have adopted intercropping of cotton with udid (38%), double cropping safflower after mung (35%) and opening of furrow after every two rows at 30 days after sowing (33%). Whereas 25 per cent of the respondents adopted intercropping of cotton with jawar with tur with jawar (6:1:2:1), sowing tur, sunflower, maize, bajara during late rains (20%), followed by 16 per cent who adopted counter sowing of crops and equal per cent of them (12%) adopted double cropping of gram after jawar and toposequence cropping of cotton, soybean, gram. Vol. 4, No. 2, July-December,
5 Umesh R. Chinchmalatpure, M. K. Bhugul and S. N. Rajput Table 3: Distribution of respondents according to their knowledge and adoption of Dry Land Technology Sr. Knowledge (n=100) Adoption (n=100) Name of Dry Land Technology No. Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage 1 Dry seeding in cotton Contour sowing of crops Contour planting of subabul Contour planting of vetiver Opening of furrow after every two rows at days 6 Double cropping of safflower after mung Double cropping of gram after jawar Spreading of 4.5 tones subabhul green leaves per ha. 9 Frequent hoeing during dry spell Toposequence cropping of cotton, soybean, gram 11 Intercropping of Cottonwith Mung (1:1) Intercropping of Cotton withudid (1:1) Intercropping of Tur with Udid(1:1) Intercropping of Cotton with Jawar with Tur withjawar (6:1:2:1) 15 Sowing tur, sunflower, maize, bajara during late rains Few of the respondents that is, 5 per cent and 3 per cent adopted contour planting of subabhul and contour planting of vetiver respectively. Not a single respondent adopted dry seeding in cotton, spreading of 4.5 tones subabhul green leaves per hectare and intercropping of tur with udid. Knowledge Level The distribution in Table 4 reveals that most of the respondents possessed medium level of knowledge (56.12%). As much as per cent had high and the remaining 9.18 per cent of the respondents had low level of knowledge about dry land technology. The farmers in general were thus found to be moderate in awareness knowledge about dry land technology. Table 4: Distribution of respondents according to the extent of knowledge about dry land technology Sr. N o. C ategory R espondents (n=100) N um ber % 1 Low (U p to 33.33) M edium (33.34 to 66.66) H igh (66.67 and above) Total Adoption Level Data in Table 5 shows that near about fifty per cent of the respondents (47%) possessed low level of adoption, followed by per cent who belonged to medium category of adoption level and the remaining per cent of the respondents had high level of adoption about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology. The farmers in general were thus found to possess low level of adoption about dry land technology. Bhagwat and Gohad (2003), Desai et. al. (2000) and Patil et. al. (1989) reported in their studies that majority of the dry land farmers were medium adopters of the dry land technologies. Table 5: Distribution of respondents according to the extent of adoption of dry land technology Sr. Category Respondents (n=100) No. Number Percentage 1 Low (Up to 33.33) Medium (33.34 to 66.66) High (66.67 and above) Total Journal of Global Communication 135
6 Technological Gap in Adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended Dry Land Technology Technology Adoption Gap Level Efforts have been made to find out the distribution of the respondents based on their level of existing technological gap in adoption of university recommended dry land technology and data in this regard is presented in Table 6. Table 6: Distribution of respondents according to the technological gap in adoption of dry land technology Sr. Category Respondents (n=100) No. Number Percentage 1 Low (Up to 33.33) Medium (33.34 to 66.66) High (66.67 and above) Total It is evident from Table 6, that majority of respondents (68%) belonged to medium category of technology adoption gap about recommended dry land technology, followed by 23 per cent of them who were observed in high level of technological gap. A meagre percent of the respondents (9%) belonged to low level of technological gap. Chitnis and Bhilegaonkar (1985) in their study conducted in Aurangabad district of Maharashtra about the technological gap in dry farming system reported that mean technological gap was highest for small farmers followed by medium and large farmers with respect to dry land technologies, namely, varietal recommendation, sowing technique, use of fertilisers, plant protection measures, horticultural operations and inter-cropping technologies. The study indicated that small, medium and big farmers differed significantly with respect to their technological gap. Jaiswal and Duboliya (1994) observed that majority of farmers were in medium to high level of adoption gap with respect to soil treatment, time of sowing, seed treatment, method of sowing, fertiliser application, irrigation, weed control and plant protection in Surguja district of Madhya Pradesh. CONCLUSION From the above findings it is concluded that almost equal percent of the respondents that is,. 37 per cent and 38 percent were middle and old aged respectively having middle and high school education. Majority of them belonged to small and semi-medium category of land holding and more than two-third respondents had up to Rs. 50,000/- annual income. Most of the respondents were found in the medium category of knowledge level and low category of adoption level of recommended dry land technology. Practice wise knowledge possessed by respondents about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology indicate that majority of the respondents were having knowledge of the dry land technologies such as frequent hoeing during dry spell, intercropping of cotton with mung, cotton with udid, double cropping of safflower after mung, contour sowing of crops. Whereas very few of them were having knowledge about contour planting of subabhul, contour planting of vetiver, dry seeding in cotton, intercropping of cotton with udid, toposequence cropping of cotton, soybean, gram and spreading of 4.5 tones subabhul green leaves per hectare. This indicates that there is wider scope for equipping the dry land farmers with requisite knowledge about Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology through field level demonstration, organisation of short term trainings, awareness campaign in the village etc. As in case of practice wise adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology by the respondents revealed that most of the respondents adopted the frequent hoeing during dry spell, intercropping of cotton and mung (1:1) and opening of furrow after every two rows at 30 days after sowing. Very few of them adopted contour planting of subabhul and contour planting of vetiver, whereas not a single respondent adopted dry seeding in cotton, spreading of 4.5 tones subabhul green leaves per hectare and intercropping of tur with udid. Efforts should make by the university, state department and different developmental agencies through organisation of demonstrations on farmers fields, organisation visits to Dry Land Technology Project of University. This will definitely prove beneficial in promotion of adoption of Dr. PDKV recommended dry land technology and increase in adoption of technology. Vol. 4, No. 2, July-December,
7 Umesh R. Chinchmalatpure, M. K. Bhugul and S. N. Rajput REFERENCES Bhagwat, M. R. and Gohad, V.V. (2003). Adoption of dry land cotton cultivation technology by the farmers. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, 22 : Chitnis D. H., and Bhilegaonkar, M.G., (1985). Technological gap in dry farming system, and analysis, Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, 4 : Desai, B. R., Waman, G. K. and Girase, K. A. (2000). Adoption of recommended technology for rainfed cotton NHH-44. Agril. Extn. Rev. 19 : Jaiswal, P. K. and Duboliya, S. R. (1994). Adoption gap in wheat technology. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, 13 : Johansen, C. (ed.); Duxbury, J. M. (ed.); Virmani, S. M. (ed.); Gowda, C. L. L. (ed.); Pande, S. (ed.) and Joshi, P. K. (2000). Legumes in rice and wheat cropping systems of the Indo- Gangetic Plain: constraints and opportunities. International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT); Patancheru; India. ii pp. Patil, P.S., Kibey, M. B. and Desai, B. R. (1989). A study on adoption of dryland agriculture technology recommended for bajara and groundnut. Maharashtra Journal of Extension Education, 8 : Journal of Global Communication 137
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