RICE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT or

Transcription

1 RICE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT or Can you beat the world rice yield record? Jim Hill UC Davis

2 So what is the world record? Or should we ask--is the world record really the world record?

3 Reported Record Yields Country Ave Yield Record Yield (cwt) (cwt) India na 204 China California (M-202) 133 (exp)

4 Yield Components panicles/area spikelets/panicle % filled grains grain weight Outline Growth Stages and Yield vegetative growth seedling tillering reproductive growth panicle initiation flowering grain ripening Harvest Index

5 Definitions Spikelet = future grain or seed Panicle = the head or all the grains on a tiller

6 The Yield Components panicles/ area Established Seedlings Tillers per seedling

7 The Yield Components x panicles/ area spikelets/ Panicle

8 The Yield Components x x panicles/ area spikelets/ panicle % filled spikelets

9 The Yield Components x x x panicles/ area spikelets/ panicle % filled spikelets grain weight

10 The Yield Components x x x = panicles/ area spikelets/ panicle % filled spikelets grain weight yield

11 Yield Component Analysis Example: Your crop has 60 panicles per square foot and each has 70 kernels. The kernel weight is 30 grams/1000 grains, there is 10% blanking, what is the yield? Step 1: 60 panicle/ft 2 x 70 kernel/panicle x 90% filled spikelets = 3780 kernels/ft 2 Step 2: 30 g/1000 kernels x 3780 kernel/ft g/lb = 0.25 lb/ft 2 Step 3: 0.25 lb/ft 2 x 43,560 ft 2 /acre = 10,880 lb/acre Conversion Factors: 1 lb = 454 grams 1 a = 43,560 ft 2 Abbreviations: grams = g Pound = lb Square foot = ft 2

12 Yield Component Analysis Example: Your crop has 60 panicles per square foot and each has 70 kernels. The kernel weight is 30 grams/1000 grains, there is 30% blanking, what is the yield? Step 1: 60 panicle/ft 2 x 70 kernel/panicle x 70% filled spikelets = 2940 kernels/ft 2 Step 2: 30 g/1000 kernels x 2940 kernel/ft g/lb = 0.19 lb/ft 2 Step 3: 0.19 lb/ft 2 x 43,560 ft 2 /acre = 8,280 lb/acre

13 Seeding Rates and Seed Density tillers Seed Rate Density 1 Range 2 (lb/a) (seed/ft 2 ) (seed/ft 2 ) (S-102 to Kosh>44%) typical of field run calrose varieties 2 range across California varieties based on seed weight

14 Yield Components tillers Plant Panicle Seeding Rate Stand Density (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) Tillers per plant 30 lb/a = 5 60 lb/a = lb/a = lb/a = 1.7

15 Yield Components spikelets Plant Panicle Spikelets Seeding Rate Stand Density per Panicle (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.)

16 Yield Components % filled spikelets Plant Panicle Spikelets Filled Seeding Rate Stand Density Per Panicle Spikelet (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.) (%) Normally about 12% Blanking

17 Yield Components grain weight Plant Panicle Spikelets Filled Grain Seeding Rate Stand Density Per Panicle Spikelet Weight (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.) (%) (mg)

18 Yield Components Plant Panicle Spikelets Filled Grain Seeding Rate Stand Density Per Panicle Spikelet Weight Yield (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.) (%) (mg) (lbs/acre) yield

19 Yield Components Plant Panicle Spikelets Filled Grain Seeding Rate Stand Density Per Panicle Spikelet Weight Yield (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.) (%) (mg) (lbs/acre) yield Step 1: 7 plants/ft 2 x 5 tillers/plant = 35 panicles/ft 2 Step 2: 35 (60) panicle/ft 2 x 90 (70) kernel/panicle x 90% filled spikelets = 2835 (3780) kernels/ft 2 Step 2: 30 g/1000 kernels x 2835 (3780) kernel/ft g/lb = (0.25) lb/ft 2 Step 3: (0.25) lb/ft 2 x 43,560 ft 2 /acre = 8,160 (10,880) lb/acre

20 Yield Components panicles/area spikelets/panicle % filled grains grain weight Outline Growth Stages and Yield vegetative growth seedling tillering reproductive growth panicle initiation flowering grain ripening Harvest Index

21 Growth Stages of Rice Vegetative Reproductive Ripening

22 Growth Stages of Rice [ Vegetative ][---Reproductive----]

23 [ Vegetative ] Heterotrophic Autotrophic Seedling Stage

24 Growth Stages of Rice [ Vegetative ][---Reproductive----] [----Tillering----]

25 Tiller Initiation Approximately DAS All maturities

26 TILLER DENSITY SQ. FT Seeding Rate vs. Tiller Density lbs/ac 134 lbs/ac 186 lbs/ac Tiller Initiation DAYS AFTER SEEDING

27 Growth Stages of Rice [ Vegetative ][---Reproductive----] Tillering ends at or before PI

28 Growth Stages of Rice Differences among maturity groups at PI may be less than we think

29 Average Date to 50% Heading, Estimated Time to PI and Variation in PI Range over 9 years from Maturity Ave Days to Ave Days Cultivar Group (County) 50% heading to PI PI Range M-104 VE Butte Sac SJ M-202 Early Butte Sac SJ Glenn M-205 Early- Mid Butte Colusa Yuba Glenn M-206 Early Butte Sutter SJ Colusa Yuba

30 Growth Stages of Rice--Reproductive Panicle is visible When stem cut about 7 days after PI but. Spikelets per panicle are already formed

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33 Cold Temperature Induced Floret Sterility

34 Collar alignment of the flag leaf and the previous leaf is an indicator of the cold sensitive period for pollen formation Left before sensitive Middle sensitive Right after sensitive How many spikelets get filled is determined at this stage

35 Plant Panicle Spikelets Filled Grain Seeding Rate Stand Density Per Panicle Spikelet Weight (lb/acre) (sq ft) (sq ft) (no.) (%) (mg) Of all the yield components, seed weight is under the tightest genetic control and LEAST influenced by environment. You can lower seed weight easily, but you can t increase it! This is why decisions on drain times and north winds at grain filling can mess with you!

36 Yield Components panicles/area spikelets/panicle % filled grains grain weight Outline Growth Stages and Yield vegetative growth seedling tillering reproductive growth panicle initiation flowering grain ripening Harvest Index

37 Harvest Index (HI) HI = (GW)/(GW + SW) where: HI = Harvest Index GW = Grain Weight SW = Straw Weight Example 1: A tall variety produces 6000 lbs of grain 7000 lbs of straw HI = 6000/( ) = 0.46 Example 2: A semidwarf variety produces 8000 lbs of grain 7500 lbs of straw HI = 8000/( ) = 0.52

38 BIOLOGICAL YIELD (lb/acre) Figure 8. Biological yield (grain + straw) at N rates for tall (120 lb/a) and short (150 lb/a) varieties Tall Semidwarf N APPLIED (lb/acre)

39 GRAIN YIELD (lb/acre) Figure 9. Grain yield at N rates for tall (120 lb/a) and short (150 lb/a) varieties Tall Semidwarf N APPLIED (lb/acre)

40 STRAW YIELD (lb/acre) Figure 10. Straw yield at N rates for tall (120 lb/a) and short (150 lb/a) varieties Tall semidwarf N APPLIED (lb/acre)

41 Harvest Index (HI) HI = (GW)/(GW + SW) where: HI = Harvest Index GW = Grain Weight SW = Straw Weight Example 1: A tall variety produces 6000 lbs of grain 7000 lbs of straw HI = 6000/( ) = 0.46 Example 2: Let s assume the HI =.52 for a short variety and calculate the amount of straw = 6000/(6000+ SW) SW = 5540 lbs

42 x x x = panicles/ area spikelets/ panicle % filled spikelets grain weight yield Thank you