Cooperatives in the Western Balkans Accession Countries
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1 Cooperatives in the Western Balkans Accession Countries Goran Živkov SEEDEV South East Europe Development Budapest October 2011 The diversity of Agri- Cooperatives in Europe and Central Asia: How can different experiences be shared and utilized? Western Balkan Context (1) Relevant to FO development Different stage of EU accession Member 1 July 2013 Croatia Started negotiation process Montenegro Candidate countries Macedonia and Serbia Signed SAA Albania and Kosovo SAPARD/IPARD eligible Macedonia and Croatia Significant donor support in last 15 years All phases - emergency, rehabilitation and development During each of the phases agriculture projects were implemented, and the idea to form cooperatives prevailed All countries have very favorable trade position but under significant liberalization process Free access to EU market Free trade among CEFTA agreement 1
2 Average world share Western Balkan Context (2) Relevant to FO development Dual agriculture Competitive company farms and farmers (around 1/4 farmers and around 2/3 of land and livestock) Small self sufficient farmers dominated by elderly population More then 9 of land in farmers possession (in Tito s time 85% of arable land), except Albania Short value chain that mainly finishes in a local market % 88.8% 83.3% 96.6% 95.9% 2 2 Cropped area Cattle number Pigs number 13.7% 11.2% 16.7% 3.4% 4.1% SR MAK CRO MON BiH Enterprises Cooperatives Farmers Enterprises Farmers Where Western Balkan countries are: Production of main products 1 8% Plums 6% 4% Sugar beet Maize 2% Milk Wheat Soybeans -2% -8% -6% -4% -2% 2% 4% 6% Average line index growth ( ) Apples Apricots Barley Cabbages Peppers Grapes Maize Peaches and nectarines Plums Potatoes Soybeans Sugar beet Sunflower seed Tomatoes Wheat Cattle meat Pig meat Sheep meat Milk 2
3 Average Average world world share share Average world share Average world share Where Western Balkan countries are: Agricultural trade Agricultural export Agricultural import 5 4 EU bill 5 4 EU bill WB 0.68 bill NMS 4.1 bill 1 WB 1.04 bill NMS 4.05 bill % 5% 1 Average line index growth % 5% 1 Average line index growth Where Western Balkan countries are: Agricultural export 0.25% 0.2 Serbia 2.2 bill 0.15% 0.15% Croatia 1.35 bill % 0.05% BiH 355 mill Montenegro Albania 61 mill 89 mill % -1-5% 5% 1 15% -12% -11% -1-9% -8% -7% -6% -5% -4% -3% -2% -1% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 1 11% 12% Average line index growth Average line index growth 3
4 Where Western Balkan countries are: Average export per countries by commodities Millions $ Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia Croatia NMS EU15 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Cereals Fruits Vegetables Live animals Meat Dairy products Industrial crops Tobacco Farmers organizations in Western Balkan countries Framework farmers organizations Primarily formed to represent farmers interest in front of the Gvt; only few of them have commercial interest Often politically driven There is no more then several associations that claim representation apart of the BiH Croatia formed the Agricultural chamber Protest against Ministry remains still the main activityfor vast majority of them Farmers associations Well developed and represented with many of associations in each of the WeBal countries (Serbia, 754 registered while 300 active) Majority established in the last decade (Serbia, 84% since 2002) Territorial approach (54%) dominates over the sectors (46%) Territorially mainly local (municipality or county level, but several regional) Sector approach honey production, livestock then F&V Cooperatives Long experience in SFRY - majority of farmers have positive experience with cooperatives in socialist time Coop still have great assets in storage, processing and agricultural land Expectations raised by the Ministry and donors Existence of a number of pseudo cooperatives in Western Balkan countries 4
5 Western Balkan types of cooperatives Old cooperatives Designed to serve farmers but also to be involved in production (4% of land ownership in SFRY) Significant storage, small processing and office facilities Predominantly managed by employees not by farmers Almost in any villages Some works fine but majority has problem and almost all doesn't have democratic structure Western Balkan types of cooperatives Private cooperatives Dominant in terms of number and trade activities Mainly dealing with contractual production (cereals, industrial crops) getting 5% margin Use cooperative name and benefits but basically are private companies (e.g. 10 relatives or friends are founders and members) Several in each municipalities Started to fill the gap and to serve the farmers 5
6 Western Balkan types of cooperatives New cooperatives In contrast to the decline of old-style cooperatives, hundreds of embryonic farmer organizations and cooperatives have been established throughout Western Balkan countries during last decades These initiatives usually start with rudimentary group activities such as the joint purchase of inputs or joint preparation of produce for market. Many of these groups have a potential to develop into agricultural business organizations, such as cooperatives or limited liability companies. Donor driven Donor driven Market driven Expectations of cooperatives and associations are in contradiction of their current importance the Western Balkans countries In Bosnia i Herzegovina from 554 farmers cooperatives 3 are making loses 5 without activities, and around 2 are making profit In Croatia from 1600 cooperatives 7 are agricultural while only 6% have more then 50 members In Montenegro from 34 registered cooperatives only 14 are making profit In Serbia from 1587 active cooperatives only 1200 have trade though account contributing to 1.5% on the overall agriculture income. There is members (out of farm households) and 744 employees (up to 9 employees: are 88.8%). Half of them are old cooperatives registered before new law on cooperatives and 97.3% are classified as small enterprises, 2.5% as medium and 0.2% as a big companies. Macedonia, Kosovo, Albania... similar statistics and relevance Why is that?.. What will happened in the future? 6
7 INTEREST RATE Reasons for not developed cooperatives Short supply chain Significant self consumption High level of grey economy in agriculture Green local market for fruits and vegetables are still dominant Small export and low level of consumption in supermarkets Low level of investment opportunities Onion prices in Serbia and Croatia Carrot prices in Serbia and Croatia Share of the sale in Belgrade wholesale market 7% 6% 5% 4% 3% 2% 1% 2.9% 1.2% 2.5% 5.9% 1.3% % 4.3% Reasons for not developed cooperatives Production structure and private sector efficiency Organizer of production filled the gap cause by the lack of cooperatives, limited access to credits, slow in decision making, have complicated management Better organized and even have their own associations (Vojvodina agrar is association of 26 entities, contract ha of land, have contractors, having high market share: 35% of soybean, 21% of sunflower market, 18 maize, 14% sugar beet, ) Organizers of production get profit 5% from processors to organize supply chain Interest rate from acting as a bank Benefit of negotiated good price based on quantity supplied (around 6-7% better then any other farmers or cooperatives) Benefit of trading through own coop Benefit of better price due to the large scale Bank Bank Bank Input suppliers Processors Fertilizers Pesticides Seeds Meals (wheat, maize) Oil factory (sunflower, soybean) Sugar factories Milk Organizers of production Cooperatives (mainly private Companies Farmers 7
8 Reasons for not developed cooperatives Status quo is good option for many of stakeholders Misuse / abuse of property by current managers (land, storage, buildings ) continues Keep position in the para-state structure State wants to have/ keep control but has limited capacities Consequences: Cooperatives are seen not only as tool for farmers organization Lost reputation Selection of members for Cooperative union assembly Law on cooperatives in Western Balkan countries Chamber of commerce Cooperative union Adopted Number of articles SER MON New in Dec - MAC n CRO Coop 1 Coop 2 Coop 3 Coop 4 Coop 5 Coop 6 Coop 7 Coop n BIH KOS Relatives Private Employees Old Farmers Real Environment and people are changing in direction which is fostering cooperative development Easy to understand and accept Economic and social environment Difficult to implement Market liberalization Farm enlargement, competiveness improvement, finding new markets Experience from the apple production in Serbia and setting up coops Time effect Some steps in development is not possible to overcome without own experience New generation of farmers Fighting / decreasing grey economy Pre-accession funds will make difference IPARD Changes in consumer behavior Changes in the consumers habits- supermarkets becoming more significant in terms of selling agriculture products Quality approach and food safety.. 8
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