Neolithic Revolution Announcements: Unit 2 wrap up Unit 3 Artist as Scientist

Transcription

1 Neolithic Revolution Announcements: Mon. assign. Folder update will be posted Next Weds. 2 nd art session next Weds. midterm will be handed out units art session 2- due in 1 week Weds. Nov. 1st Unit 2 wrap up Sahara Story Origins of agriculture Shifting agriculture Early Settled agriculture Earth map update Unit 3 Artist as Scientist Classic Period

2 Unit #2 Neolithic Revolution Activities Life ways concept map: nomadic pastoralists shifting agriculture early settled agriculture Connections concept map: Neolithic era- Art, connection to nature Lecture notes: Sahara story Artwork beginning of agriculture shifting agriculture Earth Map update

3 Unit #2: Neolithic Revolution Neolithic nomadic pastoralists Subsistence Tuareg Fertile Crescent sustainable shifting agriculture

4 THE SAHARA S STORY

5 Prehistoric Sahara: Green Sahara The Sahara Desert was considerably more lush and hospitable between ,000 years ago Fossil evidence of many water loving species of animals, shows there was a very different environment than the desert of today. The rock paintings of Tassilin-Ajjer, Algeria show that 8000 to 9000 years ago there was a change in habitat type and life way.

6 One of the world s largest underground aquifer is located here. Remnants of the once extensive water ways that once existed. The knowledge of their locations is key to the survival of the people that still exist in this harsh environment Sahara

7 THE SAHARA S STORY: WILD LIFE PHASE Created about 7-10 kya, the earliest art in Sahara created by huntergatherers. depicts large animals such as elephant, giraffe, rhino, hippo, and a species of buffalo now extinct.

8 THE SAHARA S STORY: THE EARLIEST ART

9 THE SAHARA S STORY: THE EARLIEST ART

10 THE SAHARA S STORY: 7,000 9,000 yr old (DABOUS, NIGER)

11 THE SAHARA S STORY: (DABOUS, NIGER)

12 PASTORALISM The dog is thought to be the earliest domestic animal about 30,000 to 25,000 years ago. Early uses: guard animals, sources of food, fur and beast of burden. Petroglyph from the Middle East depicting a dog chasing an antelope, possibly on a hunt with humans. Note: Most authorities think the dog (its wolf ancestor that is) was the first to move in with us.

13 THE SAHARA S STORY: THE EARLIEST ART

14 THE SAHARA S STORY: arrival of nomadic pastoralists CATTLE PHASE: 7,500 4,000 ya Marks a shift from H/G to nomadic pastorialists Domesticated cattle widespread by 5,500 years ago Need of plenty of water and range land Cattle supplanted wildlife in the art work of this time.

15 HORSE PHASE: 3,000 2,000 ya. Horses were introduced to the Sahara approximately 3000 years ago. At this time, adequate forage and water still existed for domestic animals such as horses and cattle (also sheep and goats). THE SAHARA S STORY:

16 THE SAHARA S STORY:

17 The Camel Phase 2,500 to present Gradual change in the environment Desertification was spreading Camel replaced the horse as beast of burden THE SAHARA S STORY:

18 THE SAHARA S STORY: THE DESERT REIGNS By about 2.5 kya, cattle and horses were gone; the desert continued its expansion. Only camels and goats could deal with the harsh new conditions.

19 THE SAHARA S STORY: THE DESERT REIGNS

20 THE SAHARA S STORY Threat to the legacy

21 The Tassili-n-Ajjer region Where a large percentage of the rock art is located 15,000 pictographs declared a UNESCO world heritage site because of it s special cultural significance. World Heritage Site

22 THE SAHARA S STORY: TASSILI TODAY the climate of the Sahara changed gradually over 1000's of years by 1600BC it became the desert environment we know today. only those that adapted to the harsh conditions can exist.

23 Sahara Today- Tuareg Thought to be the direct descendants of the early Saharan artists. Unique culturally and genetically. language has roots in ancient Phoenician dialect. A proud people who separate themselves from the outside cultures Caravan trading, oasis gardening and herding livestock. Herders have lived in the Sahara for thousands of years utilizing the same grazing and trade routes year after year. Today their routes cross international boundaries creating conflict with those countries

24 Nomadic Pastoralists today million exist today mostly in Central Asia and Northern Africa Saami of Northern Europe- reindeer Brokpa of Himalayasyak Maasai of Africa- cattle Navajo of North America - sheep

25 Neolithic Revolution Domestication of plants: One of the key changes in the human experience, second only to the industrial age Introduced by women (gatherers) More control over our food resources populations increased required a more settled existence. Spread very gradually

26 Neolithic Revolution Various H/G and nomadic pastoralist groups resisted the change, many never adopted agriculture. Resistant to settled lifestyle Culture, ritual, ceremonies relationship to nature steeped in a nomadic nature-based view point. Environmental conditions not conducive to cultivation

27 Neolithic Revolution: Early Agriculture Began with the development of agriculture in ~ six parts of the world Most located along flood plains of major rivers. End of the ice age, more water and fertile soil was available. More productive individual plants selected over time creating more optimal characteristics Pea Wheat

28 Neolithic Revolution Mesopotamia Fertile Crescent, Middle East 10,000 ya 1 st settled farming way of life wheat and barley

29 Neolithic Revolution Yangtze River Valley, China rice 8,000 ya

30 Neolithic Revolution Northern Greece --Macedonia sheep, wheat, grapes--olive harvest Earliest agriculture in Europe --7,000 ya

31 Neolithic Revolution Nile River Valley, Egypt- 9,000 ya Wheat and barley earliest farming settlement in Africa

32 Neolithic Revolution Peru, South America 8,000 ya wheat, barley, quinoa and legumes 7 8,000 ya irrigation canals

33 Mexico, Mayan and Aztec- Central American- 3 sisters --Maize, squash and beans 10,000 ya Spread to North America ~5,000 ya from central America By 3,000 ya they had highly developed stratified societies. By contact, population in the millions Neolithic Revolution

34 IKONOS satellite image of likely Mayan irrigation canals dating from approximately 3000 ya. Yucatan, Mexico Neolithic Revolution

35 LCM 3a. SHIFTING AGRICULTURE Slash and burn agriculture Earliest subsistence method Neolithic period in Middle East, Europe and the Americas Closest agriculture comes to being nomadic

36 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE the process Small plot is cleared by hand using primitive tools. Fire is used to clear slash Ash provides nutrients for crop plants Plots are cultivated for ~5yr or fewer depending on habitat type plots are abandoned- -Allows soil to regenerate rate -return to plot 10 yr. later Many families having multiple plots they move between in a circuit handed down generations

37 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE 3a. Can be sustainable IF: -Plots are small and not on steep terrain. -Continuous forest surrounds plots -clear manually before being burned. -Reseeding of forest occurs before moving on to another plot -Area not further disturbed 10+year -supports small human population

38 Shifting Agriculture LCM 3b IMPACTS: Early Traditional: sustainable Few impacts Secondary forests CO2 emissions increase in biodiversity decrease in wildlife habitat Today: Has become one of the most destructive agricultural methods used- Increase in populations relying on this method sustainable techniques are not followed: Too many plots, too close together, creating clear cut-like conditions Plots not being allowed to regenerate soil. Marginal land is being utilized: Plots on slopes

39 Today practiced sustainably by primitive tribes throughout India, Amazon, Borneo and Central Africa for 1000 s of years Using traditional methods Baiga, India Kayapo, Brazil Shifting Agriculture

40 Slash and Burn agriculture today Between million people use slash and burn technique today---7% of the earth s pop. Contemporary Impactsdevastating deforestation erosion air pollution habitat destruction green house gases Disastrous especially in Tropical climates where soil degrades quickly and regenerates slowly

41 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE Do these examples qualify as sustainable? Top: Belize (steep slopes) Bottom: Madagascar

42 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE NASA satellite photos of erosion of uplands, Haiti

43 SHIFTING AGRICULTURE Worldwide, shifting agriculture (here termed subsistence agriculture) causes the majority of deforestation.

44 LCM 4a. Settled agriculture- 10, ya Early subsistence agriculture: Neolithic 10, ya Permanently settled Variety of crops cultivated and livestock raised on one farm. Subsistence Use of natural methods of fertilization of soil and pest control, etc. Local impact Small family farms Individual ownership of land

45 Lessons from traditional AGRICULTURE Mixed cropping Companion planting Permaculture Crop rotation Cover cropping Forest gardening Use of indigenous species of plant and animal

46 LCM 4b. Settled agriculture IMPACTS: localized Hybridization of plants and animals Soil degradation and erosion Loss of habitat and open space Decrease of water quantity/quality Increase in surpluswaste

47 Earth Map update 2a. Saharan Desert- nomadic past. 2e. Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia 2b. China, Southeast Asia 2f. Greece, Europe 2c. Egypt, Africa 2g. Yucatan peninsula, Central America 2d. Peru, South America

48 Unit 3: Artist as Scientist

49 Unit #3: Activities Connections concept map: Classic Period, Middle Ages and the Renaissance Lecture Notes: Leonardo Da Vinci Renaissance: Art materials and techniques Maria Sibylla Merian Science Illustration lecture notes: Uses and conventions EARTH MAP

50 Unit #3: Terms polytheism Renaissance fresco cabinet of curiosities spontaneous generation copper plate engraving Surinam, S. America

51 Life way shift CCM2A. Neolithic era 11,500 3,000 years ago Beginnings of agriculture Shifting ag. in forested areas Subsistence agriculture Primarily H/G and nomadic pastoralists Bone, stone and wood Energy human and animal CCM3A. Classic period 3, years ago Rise of urban areas and civilizations Primarily Settled agriculture metal, bone, wood and stone Energy animal power Trade and creation of surplus Specializationmovement away from subsistence Cast systems arose

52 Cultural impacts of settled agriculture Nature of work changed: more labor intensive Permitted and required an increase in population Redefined gender relations and position Specialization of labor force--- class systems arose for some-- leisure time Nature of land ownership changed feudal system etc.

53 What is a Civilization? cities- large urban populations in one area facilitate cultural exchange Separation between rural and urban areas trade and specialization rise of craftsmen & merchant classes surplus of resources formal political statesleadership with structure and bureaucracy Formal written languageenabled innovation and communication

54 3B. Art of Classic Civilizations Art became socially, politically, spiritually and culturally important Sculpture, architecture, murals etc. anthropomorphic figures persisted Animals represented deities symbolic Mythical creatures depicted accurate depictions but with unrealistic features Chimera, Etruscan Horus, god of Kings, Egypt Chinese Landscape painting 6,000 ya