GMO - mida arvata? Nastja Pertsjonok Eesti Roheline Liikumine, 2010
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1 GMO - mida arvata? Nastja Pertsjonok Eesti Roheline Liikumine, 2010
2 Millest jutt? Miks? Uus tehnoloogia: paratamatud riskid GMOd, riskiühiskonna kontseptsioon
3 Ajaloost Esimesed katsed tehti bakteritel ja esimene GM bakter 1971.a. Esimene GM taim aastal /USA 1996
4 Mis on GMO? GMO on elusolend, kelle pärilikkusainele (geenidele) on biotehnoloogia abil kunstlikult lisatud teiste organismide geene või kelle geene on muudetud. (1 v mitu uut omadust) Eesmärk - anda organismile uusi omadusi, mis teeksid ta majanduslikult huvitavamaks.
5 GMO-d = uudne võimalus siirdada geene ühelt eluvormilt teisele. Geneetilise muundamise abil on võimalik sisestada organismi väga kaugete liikide geene või tehisgeene. GMO-sid kasutatakse peamiselt arstiteaduses ja toidutööstuses/põllumajanduses (vastuolulisim).
6 Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer-Aventis, Pioneer, Dow, DuPont Monsanto is an agricultural company. We apply innovation and technology to help farmers around the world produce more while conserving more. We help farmers grow yield sustainably so they can be successful, produce healthier foods, better animal feeds and more fiber, while also reducing agriculture's impact on our environment.
7 GMO-d: turul ja laboris I põlvkond: 90ndate keskel, herbitsiidiresistentsed (HR), kahjurikindlad (Bt) - turul tarbimus otse/kaudselt; enamus toodetest II põlvkond: viimase kümnendi jooksul, väga iseloomulik omandiõiguse kaitsmine (terminaator) + viiruseresistentsus (papaia, riis, bataat), nematoodikindlus (nisu, banaan), suurendatud külmakindlus (maasikas, tomat, suhkrupeet, kartul) turul vaid viirusresistentne papaia ja viirusresistente kartul
8 III põlvkond: püütakse parandada vitamiinisisaldust, panna taimed efektiivsemalt toitaineid kasutama + nn farmataimed (ravimite või tööstuskomponente tootvad põllutaimed); teadusuuringute tasandil, mõned farmataimed põllukatsete staadiumis
9 Praegu turul olevad GM kultuurid: 72% on umbrohumürgikindlad, (võib tõrjuda igas kasvufaasis) 20% toodavad ise oma mürki, (Bt sordid, tapavad teatud kahjureid kogu kasvuperioodi vältel) 8% on mõlema omadusega ülejäänud tüüpe on alla 1% (nt viirusekindlad)
10 Vaidluste ajalugu aastal Kalifornias Asilomari konverents - teaduse iseregulatsioon läbi heade tavade järgmise.
11 Geenitehnoloogia uued ja vanad arusaamad GT algetapp: usuti, et geenides on üks iseloomulik joon stabiilsed üksused, kontrollivad raku toimimist, ilma et naabergeenid neid mõjutaks organismide vahel kantakse üle üksikuid geene. Tänapäeval:geenid asetsevad üksteist mõjutavates võrgustikes, millel on oma loogika, nad ei tegutse üksinda. Geenid teisenevad ning muudavad oma käitumist ja ehitust teiste mõjul või keskkonnatingimuste ja raku tõttu. Seetõttu võib oma loomulikust ümbrusest eemaldatud geen põhjustada uues taimes mitmesuguseid tüsistusi.
12 Geenitehnoloogia uued ja vanad arusaamad Kaasaegne tehnoloogia ei taga muundamisel geeni sattumist kindlasse kohta, muudab kogu päriliku materjali toimimist ja avaldumist. Seetõttu ei saada täpselt samasugust taime isegi võetud geeni tagasiistutamisel. Uus teave ei jää taimedesse lukku, vaid liigub sealt sugulas- ja teistesse organismidesse. Loodusesse paisatakse hulk muundinfot, mille toimimist koosluste tasemel pole lühikest aega kestvate katsete põhjal võimalik ennustada. Kindlaks ei saa teha ka selle toimet inimese ja looma tervisele.
13 GMO-d ja probleemid - (Sotsiaal)majandus ( sõltuvus suurfirmadest, õiguslikud aspektid, turg, toidutootmise monopoliseerumine) - Tervis (pole korralikult uuritud, pikaaegsed mõjud, AB-markerid) - Keskkond (geeniülekanne, ökosüsteem on kompleksne)
14 GMO-d ja probleemid - Eetika (mis eesmärgil peaks muundamine lubatud olema, piirid, kellele kasulik, kas peaks olema ühiskonnakasu komponent jms)
15 eetika
16 Ajaloost: 1996: USAst imporditi esimene GMO (Bt mais) diskussioon EPs 1998: EL kehtestab mitteametliku de facto moratootiumi GMOdele (märgistus, jälgitavus, seire, RA krit + av. juurdepääs, ettev. pr. integreerimine) GMO moratoorium tõi ELdule kaasa tülid GMO-sid kasvatavate riikidega (USA, Kanada ja Argentiina), kes kaebasid EL WTO kohtusse.
17 Euroopa vs USA USA, Kanada: tehnoloogia iseenesest ei saa ohtlik olla, põhimõtteline samaväärsus (substantial equivalence). Euroopa: ettevaatusprintsiip (ka rahvusvaheline bioloogilise mitmekesisuse konventsiooni bioloogilise ohutuse protokoll). Ettevaatusprintsiibi põhimõte - teatud tegevuste suhtes tuleb võtta ettevaatusmeetmed tarvitusele ka siis, kui puuduvad lõplikud tõendid tegevuse kahjulikkuse kohta. Olukorras, kus on kahtlus, et mingi tegevuse tagajärjel võib tekkida oluline kahju, tuleb isegi juhul, kui ei ole teada, millisel kujul ja ulatuses kahju võib tekkida või kas see üldse tekib, võtta tarvitusele meetmed, et igasuguse olulise kahju tekkimine oleks välistatud. Kui palju EL reaalsuses rakendab on vaieldav.
18 Environmental Risk assessment Two approaches (B. Tappeser) Scientific basis Focus on the new trait gene protein trait Focus on the whole new plant gene complex regulation trait recipient + (new gene) recipient recipient + new gene = new plant reductionist approach holistic approach
19 Environmental Risk assessment Two approaches (B. Tappeser) focus on the new trait Implication for the risk assessment focus on the whole new plant 1. Substantial equivalence 2. Proof of Safety of the new gene and trait separately 1. Analysis of the whole plant 2. Searching for unintended effects
20 2 erinevat teaduslikku hüpoteesi USA: geneetiline muundamine on protsess, mis ei peaks rohkem kõrvalmõjusid tekitama kui tavaaretamine ei ole jälgitavust, ei ole märgistust, ei tehta pikaajalisi toksikoloogiakatseid loomadel, epidemoloogilisi uurimusi = negatiivseid tervisemõjusid ei ole Euroopas ja paljudes teistes riikdies (üle 100) tunnisatakse, et kõrvalmõjud on võimalikud jälgitavus, märgistus, lühiajalised toksikoloogiakatsed = arutelud geneetilise muundamise kõrvalmõjude üle kestavad, ei ole mustvalget ohutu, pidevalt lisandub uus info
21 Mõjud keskkonnale keskkonnamõjud seotud peamiselt GMO-delt pärit geneetilise materjali sattumisega looduskeskkonda, mis võib seal esile kutsuda mitmesuguseid kahjulikke muutusi: - pestitsiidide suurem kasutus - kohalike liikide hävimine, kõrvaliste kahjustumine - geneetilise ebastabiilsuse tekkimine - tasakaalu muutumine ökosüsteemis
22 Keskkonnamõjud pestitsiidide suurem kasutus võrreldes tavapõllumajandusega - suurenev herbitsiidide kasutamine per se + jäägid toidus (sojas R. sisalduse määra muutmine) - herbitsiiditolerantsuse ülekandumine teistele taimedele - herbitsiidiresistentsuse tõttu taas ohtlikemate umbrohutõrjekemikaalide kasutama hakkamine nt. Paraquat (tugeva toimega närvimürk)
23 Keskkonnamõjud kohalike liikide hävimine ja asendumine Geneetilise muundamise käigus võivad tekkida omadused, mis aitavad muundatud organismil looduses edukalt levima hakata, tõrjudes välja kohalikke liike ning muutes varem püsinud koosluse liigivahelisi suhteid. Eriti problemaatiline piirkondades, kus antud taimede geneetiline mitmekesisus on suur (nt mais Mehhikos) põlised sordid võivad kaduda ja asenduda monokultuuriga.
24
25 Keskkonnamõjud Suurenev surve teatud putukaliikidele Bt taimed on mürgised teatud kahjuritele ja nende vastsetele, seega peaks vähenema keemilise tõrje vajadaus. Esimestel kasutusaastatel nii juhtubki, aga tõrjevajadus suureneb kiiresti, sest 1) tekivad sekundaarsed kahjurid; 2) kahjuritel kujuneb välja resistentsus toksiini suhtes Devalveeritakse loomulikke bioloogilise võimalusi kahjurite kontrollimiseks. Otsene ja kaudne mõju kõrvalistele (nn non-target) putukatele ja mullaelustikule. Bt taimed lehetäisid otseselt ei tapa, aga mürk lehetäidest toituvaid järgmisi organisme (kiilassilmad, lepatriinud), kelle eluvõime ja viljakus kahanevad.
26 Keskkonnamõjud Geneetilise ebastabiilsuse teke On teadlasi, kes väidavad, et geneetilise muundamise tehnoloogia iseenesest suurendab geenisiiret ja rekombineerumist ja võib potentsiaalselt viia uute mikroorganismide ja viiruste tekkele, mille mõju keskkonnale ei ole kuidagi võimalik ennustada. Siirdatud info edasine levik võib olla kontrollimatu. Teadusuuringud, finantseerimine, tõestatuse määr // avatud keskkonnas tajutaksegi sageli kõige suuremat ohtu
27 Possible GMO Effects Toxicity to non-target organisms Cascade effects in food chains Superweeds Development of resistance Gen flow to wild relatives Enhanced fitness and/or potential for invasiveness Horizontal gene transfer Changes in Biodiversity Impact on pest management and farming practice Changes in patterns of land use Intensification of agriculture
28 Complexity of effects e.g. bt-corn Bt uptake by herbivores Food chain effects Bt pollen???? Higher lignin content Bt accumulation in soil Biodegradation of plant material Soil organisms
29 Mõju tervisele Tõenäoliselt mitte kõik GMO-d ei tekita probleeme tervisele, kuid äärmiselt keeruline saab olema ennustada, millistega tekib probleeme. Muundamise tehnika on ebatäpne - soovimatud efektid, mis toovad kaasa nt uued toksiinid Sisestatud geenid toovad kaasa nt uued allergeenid (toit, loomasööt, õietolm) + kaudne mõju ehk monokultuuri tarbimine (Argentiina) ARM nt vastuolu EMEA/EFSA kanamütsiini suhtes; inimuuringuid 1; RA ülesehitus (Riskianalüüsi juured epidemioloogias (haiguspuhangute ja seotud faktorite uurimine) GMO: RA peaks olema pigem lähemal kemikaalide RAle (nt pestistiidid)
30 Loomkatsed GM tomatid: rotid seedeelundite haavandid Food Safety - Contaminants and Toxins. Unpublished study reviewed in J.P.F. D Mello, CABI Publishing, GM soja: funktsioonihäired (maks, pankreas, munandid) Fine structural analysis of pancreatic acinar cell nuclei from mice fed on GM soybean. Malatesta M. et al. Eur J Histochem., 47: , 2003.; Ultrastructural morphometrical and immunocytochemical analyses of hepatocyte nuclei from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Malatesta M et al. Cell Struct Funct., 27: , 2002.; 11. Ultrastructural analysis of testes from mice fed on genetically modified soybean. Vecchio L. et al. Eur J Histochem., 48: , GM herned: allergiline reaktsioon hiirtel Transgenic expression of bean alpha-amylase inhibitor in peas results in altered structure and immunogenicity. Prescott V.E. et al. J Agric Food Chem., 53: , 2005 GM raps: rottide maks suurenenud Biotechnology Consultation Note to the File BNF No Office of Food Additive Safety, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, 4 September 2002
31 Loomkatsed GM kartul: rottidel pahaloomulise kasvaja eelsed sümptomid GMO in animal nutrition: potential benefits and risks. Pusztai A. and Bardocz S. In: Biology of Nutrition in Growing Animals, eds. R. Mosenthin, J. Zentek and T. Zebrowska, Elsevier Limited, pp , 2006; Effects of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Ewen S.W. and Pusztai A. The Lancet, 354: , GM mais: rottide kasv aeglustunud, maksaja neeruprobleemid, muutused veres New analysis of a rat feeding study with a genetically modified maize reveals signs of hepatorenal toxicity. Séralini, G.-E. et al. Arch. Environ Contam Toxicol., 52: , GM mais: rottidel 3 plvk vältel maksa- ja neeruhäired ja vere biokeemilised muutused A three generation study with genetically modified Bt corn in rats: Biochemical and histopathological investigation. Kilic A and Akay MT. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: , 2008
32 Loomkatsed GM mais: immuunsussüsteemi probleemid hiirtel Intestinal and Peripheral Immune Response to MON810 Maize Ingestion in Weaning and Old Mice. Finamore A et al. J. Agric. Food Chem., 56: , 2008 GM mais: 4 plvk, erinevate organite strukturaalsed muutused, seedesüsteemi häirumine, viljakuse vähenemine Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Velimirov A et al. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, Familie und Jugend Report, Forschungsberichte der Sektion IV Band 3/2008, Austria, GM soja: hiired maksa vananemise kiirenemine A long-term study on female mice fed on a genetically modified soybean: effects on liver ageing. Malatesta M. et al. Histochem Cell Biol., 130: , 2008
33 Loomkatsed GM soja: küülikute neeru- ja südameensüümi funktsiooni häired Genetically modified soya bean in rabbit feeding: detection of DNA fragments and evaluation of metabolic effects by enzymatic analysis. R. Tudisco et al. Animal Science, 82: , 2006
34 Esimesed märgatavad mõjud sots.maj. GM kultuuride tootmine on väga kallis ja jõukohane vaid suurtee agrotööstusfirmadele; vaid 6 korporatsiooni (Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer-Aventis, DuPont, BASF, Dow), mis müüvad patenteeritud seemnematerjali koos kindla tehnoloogilise paketiga, hoiavad enda käes 99% muundkultuuridest.
35 Patendid kas patenteeritud geenide levikut saab kontrollida?
36 GMO-d ja globaalmajandus Tööstus vajab GMO-de turu ja kasutamise laienemist - pestitiiditööstuse kompaniidel on kriitiline vajadus laiendada GMO-de turgu, toetada pestitsiidide kasutuselevõttu ja suurendada seeläbi kasumit (suurem osa tegeleb mõlemaga) Globaalne kampaania biotehnoloogia kasutamise laiendamiseks (peam. USA valitsuse/tööstuse poolt)
37 GMO-d ja globaalmajandus May 15th 2003 US Senate passed a bill tying assistance on AIDS to acceptance of GMOs. The United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 urges African states to accept GM food aid, implying this is a condition for release of assistance funds (H.R.1298 United States Leadership Against HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria Act of 2003 passed the Senate on May 15th.)
38 Majandus: kas GMO-d tõotavad lisatulu? USDA viis läbi ulatusliku majandusliku analüüsi USA GM kultuuride ökonoomikast. Raportis tõdetakse, et saadud tulemuste valguses on raske seletada GM kultuuride üha laiemat kasutuselevõttu ja levikut, kui otsene majanduslik mõju põllumeestele on kas segane või pigem negatiivne ja GM kultuuride kasvatamine ei anna majanduslikku konkurentsieelist.
39 Majandus: Kas GMO-d tõotavad lisatulu? Raport näitab esimese ametliku valitsusallikana, et enamik majanduslikku informatsiooni, mis kinnitavad GM kultuuride eeliseid, põhinevad kas valereklaamil või lihtsalt oletustel. Raport seletab GM kultuuride all oleva pindala pidevat kasvu USAs nn mugavusfaktoriga ja reklaamisurvega. Benbrook (2003) järgi ei ole USA-s ühtegi põllukultuuri muundatud selleks, et tõsta tema saagikust algse vormiga võrreldes.
40 Euroopa majandus- ja sotsiaalkomitee GMO-de kasvatus: registreerimise ja seire problemaatika Töötlejate ennetava sisseostupoliitika tulemusena välistatakse mõningatel juhtudel toorme ostmine tervetest piirkondadest, kus seoses GMO-de kasvatamisega valitseb kõrgendatud saasterisk. Prognoositav maa hinna langus.
41 Euroopa majandus- ja sotsiaalkomitee Põllumajanduslikku tooret kokku ostvate ettevõtete ja ühistute seisukohast on klientide poolt aktsepteeritav GMO-de sisaldus toodetes võimalik vaid GM- ja tavakultuuride kasvatamisel erinevates piirkondades. Seotud kulutused: /ha kohta GMO-testid ja jälgitavus toovad endaga kaasa märkimisväärsed lisakulud. Lihtne kvalitatiivne test: , kvantitatiivne
42 Eesti: kas GMO-d tõotavad lisatulu? Bt-mais: kasulik vaid juhul, kui kahjurid tekitavad tõsiseid kahjustusi kuuel või enamal aastal kümnest. Kui kahjuritega on suuri probleeme vaid 1-3 aastal 10-st, on majanduslikult kasulikum tavamais + insektitsiid vastavalt vajadusele. Eestis puuduvad maisile spetsialiseerunud liblikalistest kahjurid, kelle vastu on loodud geenmuundatud maisiliin MON 810 (Diatrea grandiosella ja Sesamia cretica Eestis ei esine ning kolmas liik, Ostrinia nubilalis, ei ole meil maisil toitumiseks spetsialiseerunud)
43 Kooseksisteerimine? USA: StarLink mais sai kasutamisloa vaid söödana. Leiti inimtoidust ja keelati Leitakse siiamaani. Kokkukogumise kulud on olnud üle 1 miljardi USD Lääne-Kanadas ilmnes kolmekordselt resistentse rapsi juhtum - geenisaaste. Syngenta müüs illegaalset maisi 4 aastat. Avastati juhuslikult. See mais jõudis ka EL-tu - kus ja millal, on teadmata. 2006: EL-s leitakse kolm erinevat illegaalset riisi (HR riisid: LL601, LL62, Bt 63 riis Hiinast 2005, kontroll kehtestatud kevad 2008) Tahtmatud kulutused tekivad kõigis põllumajanduse ja toiduainetöötluse sektorites.
44 Geneetiline saastumine JAPAN : contamination by GM oilseedrape detected around the ports in 2004
45 Genetic contamination Japanese railway
46 Sojajalajälg EL milj tonni sojajahu, 15,5 milj. tonni sojauba, u 1 milj tonni sojaõli (EL-27) Eesti: tonni sojaõli, sojasrotti Liha- ja piimatooted, soja osakaal (tab., 4, 5) do%20report%20final.pdf Euroopa keskmine 213 m2 /aastas (Eesti: 176)
47
48 Mis on GMO? (loomine, kasutamine, riskid) Õigusküsimused Uudised Kalender Artiklid, trükised, viited
49 Tänan tähelepanu eest!
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