Bioactivity of Aloe vera Oil on the Weight and Length of Larvae of Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.)

Transcription

1 Advances in Biological Research 8 (1): 37-43, 2014 ISSN IDOSI Publications, 2014 DOI: /idosi.abr Bioactivity of Aloe vera Oil on e Weight and Leng of Larvae of Silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.) Sachchidanand Tiwari, Surendra Prasad and V.B. Upadhyay Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur , India Abstract: The application of essential oil on e Bombyx mori larvae has been proved to be in sericulture industry. The experiments were conducted wi different amount of Aloe vera oil viz. 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and rd 1.00 ml wi respect to e treatment of III, IV and V instar B. mori larvae. Three set of experiment were designed as single, double and triple treatment of larvae. The maximum larval weight (1.807±0.094 g) and larval leng (6.728±0.567cm) was observed in case of triple treatment wi 0.75 ml Aloe vera oil. Minimum larval weight (1.236±0.004 g) and larval leng (2.845±0.153 cm) was noticed to be in case of triple treatment wi 1.00 ml A. vera oil. The present study reveals at e application of essential oil (A. vera) may be useful for e production of good cocoons at commercial scale. Key words: Essential Oil Larval Traits Aloe vera Oil Mulberry Leaves Silkworm INTRODUCTION subtropical plant which use in medicine folk, cosmetic, supplement and food material [16]. Aloe vera essential oil Bombyx mori is monophagous insect of mulberry is a good carrying agent for essential oils it contains leaf. Nutrition of silkworm is sole factor which almost Aloin and Saponin [17]. Aloin also can act as antioxidant individually augment quantity and quality of silk. The compounds, but can lead negative effect for heal in an larval weight and larval leng are important factors excessive amount [18]. Aloe vera herbal tonic logen [19], at directly influence e production of good cocoon. alloe [20] and Aloe tonic treated mulberry leaves [21] In recent years, attempts have been made in sericulture to influence e cocoons, pupal and grow parameters of study e effect of photoperiod [1], temperature [2], B. mori. Keeping is in view, it is hypoesized at relative humidity [3], ecological factors [4], egg B. mori larvae treated wi A. vera oil may cause certain magnetization [5, 6], cocoon refrigeration [7], cocoon beneficial effects on e weight and leng of B. mori magnetization [8], 20-hydroxyecdysone hormone [9] and larvae. phytoecdysteroid hormone [10, 11] on e performance of silkworm. The plant extracts phytochemicals could benefit MATERIALS AND METHODS sericulture by improving e silk yield of B. mori and commercial silk production [12]. Man has benefited from The seed cocoons of multivoltine mulberry silkworm e silk, produced by silkworm and subsequently (Bombyx mori nistari) were obtained from e silkworm researchers have always been trying to unveil e factors grainage. Directorate of sericulture, Behraich Uttar at can be manipulated to e benefit of e silkworm Pradesh and were maintained in e plywood trays rearers [13]. Enhancing e leaves wi essential oil (23 x 20 x 5cm) under e ideal rearing conditions in e compounds, are gaining importance because of eir wide silkworm laboratory, Department of Zoology, DDU spectrum of biological action, novel mode of action and Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur. The temperature and eco-friendly nature [14]. Linseed oil and hemp oil relative humidity were maintained at 26 ± 1 C and 80 ± 5% influence e larval and cocoon parameters of B. mori [15]. RH, respectively till e emergence of mos from e Aloe vera acts as a physiological carrier for many active seed cocoons. The newly emerged mos were quickly biological agents. Aloe vera (L.) is a tropical or picked up and kept sex-wise in separate trays to avoid Corresponding Auor: V.B. Upadhyay, Department of Zoology, D.D.U. Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur , India. 37

2 copulation. The male mos were smaller in size but more Double Treatment: Double treatment of larvae was started active an e female mon which were comparatively from e final stage of 4 instar larvae. In e first larger and less active. The whole grainage operation was treatment, One hundred larvae of 4 instar were treated performed as per description given by [22]. just before two days of 4 moulting, by providing treated Mos have a tendency to pair immediately after mulberry leaf as food wi 0.25 ml amount of A. vera oil. emergence and, erefore, e female mos required to The treated larvae en transferred in BOD incubator copulate wi e male mos, were allowed eir mates for for furer rearing and development. Furer, second copulation. Sufficient pairs, each containing one male and treatment for e same larvae was given at e final one female from newly emerged mos were allowed to stage of 5 instar larvae i.e just before two days of mate at 26±1 C and 80±5% RH in 12 hour / day dim light spinning. condition. After four hours of mating, e paired mos were decoupled manually by holding e female mos rd Triple Treatment: For triple treatment, e 3 instar larvae between e umb and middle finger gently and pushing rd just before 3 moulting were separated from BOD e male away by e fore finger. The male mos were incubator. In e first treatment, One hundred larvae of discarded while e female mos were allowed to lay rd 3 instar were treated by providing treated mulberry leaf eggs. After 24 hours of egg laying, e female mos were and kept in BOD incubator for rearing. The second individually examined for eir disease freeness. treatment of same larvae was done just before two days of The disease free laying (D.F.L s), us prepared, were 4 moulting i.e. at e final stage of 4 instar larvae and treated wi 2% formaline for 15 minutes to increase e transferred in BOD incubator for furer rearing. Third adhesiveness of eggs on e paper sheet and surface treatment was given to 5 instar larvae, two days before disinfection. Thereafter, e egg sheets, wi egg laid on, e start of spinning. Thus, in e triple treatment were oroughly washed wi running water to remove rd 3, 4 and 5 instar larvae were treated. formaline and e eggs were dried in shade. The dried Similar experiments were performed by 0.50, 0.75 and eggs were transferred to e incubator for hatching ml amount of Aloe vera oil. A control set was always After hatching, e larvae were reared on e mulberry maintained wi each set of experiment. rd leaves given as food in e trays. Furer, e 3, 4 and 5 instar larvae were taken for observation. For Determining e Larval Weight: The weights of 30 larvae (ree baes of 10 larvae in each batch) were Experimental Design: To observe e influence of recorded for each replicate. The larval weight was taken essential oil (Aloe vera oil) on e weight and leng of on e day when fif instar larvae stop feeding. Three larvae of B. mori, e experiment was performed wi replicates of each experiment were made. different doses of Aloe vera oil wi respect to e rd treatment of 3, 4 and 5 instar larvae. Aloe vera oil For Determining e Larval Leng: The leng of 30 purchased from e Katyani Exports Delhi, India. Four larvae (ree batches of 10 larvae in each batch) was amount of Aloe vera oil viz, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.00 ml were recorded for each replicate. Three replicates of each uniformly sprayed over mulberry leaf separately by experiment were made. The larval leng of fif instar sprayer for 10 minutes before given for feeding to e larvae was taken as its normal leng on e day when larvae as 100 gm mulberry leaves/100 larvae. Three sets of fif instar larvae stop feeding. Three replicates of each experiment were designed viz, single, double and triple experiment were made. treatment of larvae. All e experiments were conducted in e BOD incubator. The experiment was conducted on RESULTS normal rearing condition i.e. 26 ±1 C temperature, 80±5% relative humidity and 12±1 hour photoperiod a day. Larval Weight: The data presented in Table 1a clearly indicates at change in e Aloe vera oil amount Single Treatment: Single treatment of larvae was and e number of larval treatment influenced e performed wi e 5 instar larvae just before two days larval weight. Wi e increasing number of larval of e beginning of larval spinning. One hundred larvae treatment from one to ree times, e larval weight were taken out from e BOD incubator and e mulberry increased in case o f 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml of Aloe leaf treated wi 0.25 ml amount of A. vera oil was given as vera oil treatment ml Aloe vera oil treatment food. Furer, e treated larvae were given normal caused notable decline in e larval weight wi increase mulberry leaf for food. in e number of larval treatment from single to triple. 38

3 Table 1a: Effect of essential oil (Aloe vera) on e larval weight (g) of Bombyx mori Aloe vera oil applied (ml) Stage of treatment F1-ratio (larval instar) Control (X 1) 0.25 (X 2) 0.50 (X 3) 0.75 (X 4) 1.00 (X 5) n 1= 4 Single (5 ) 1.385±0.071 (100) 1.502±0.068 (108.45) 1.542±0.066 (111.34) 1.591±0.037 (114.87) 1.358±0.073 (98.05) Double (4-5 ) 1.385±0.071 (100) 1.582±0.046 (114.22) ±0.033 (118.77) 1.672±0.038 (120.72) 1.307±0.069 (94.37) * rd Triple (3-5 ) 1.385±0.071 (100) 1.634±0.043 (117.98) 1.728±0.074 (124.77) 1.807±0.094 (130.47) 1.236±0.004 (89.24) F 2 ratio = n 2 = 2 * P < 0.05 Non Significant Each value represents mean ± S.E. of ree replicates X, X, X, X and X are e mean values of larval weight in control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil respectively Figures in pareneses indicate percent value when control was taken as 100% Table 1b: Post-hoc test showing effect of essential oil (Aloe vera) on e larval weight (g) of Bombyx mori Stage of treatment Mean difference in between groups Single Double Triple X 1 ~ X *0.249 X 1 ~ X *0.262 *0.343 X 1 ~ X 4 *0.206 *0.287 *0.422 X 1 ~ X X 2 ~ X X 2 ~ X X 2 ~ X *0.275 *0.398 X 3 ~ X X 3 ~ X *0.340 *0.492 X 4 ~ X 5 *0.233 *0.365 *0.571 Honesty significant difference (HSD) = MS wiin q n = = MS = Mean square value of ANOVA Table q = Studentized range static n = No. of replicates * = Shows significant group difference X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4 and X 5 are mean values of larval weight in control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil respectively The trend of increase in e weight of larvae wi e of double treatment of larvae, significant group difference increasing number of larval treatment has been recorded in e larval weight was noticed in between control and to be almost similar in case of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml 0.50 ml, control and 0.75 ml, 0.25 and 1.00 ml, 0.50 and Aloe vera oil treatment. The maximum larval weight was 1.00 ml and 0.75 and 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil amount. In e recorded to be 1.807±0.094 g (30.47% increased as triple treatment of larvae, significant group difference in compare to control) in case of triple treatment of larvae by e larval weight was noticed in between control and 0.75 ml of Aloe vera oil and e minimum larval weight of 0.25 ml, control and 0.50 ml, control and 0.75 ml, 0.25 and 1.236±0.004 g was recorded in case of triple treatment of 1.00 ml, 0.50 and 1.00 ml and 0.75 and 1.00 ml amount of larvae by 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil. Aloe vera oil treatment. Two-way ANOVA indicates at variation in e Aloe vera oil amount significantly (P 1<0.05) influenced e Larval Leng: The data presented in Table 2a clearly larval weight (Table 1a). The Post-hoc test (Table 1b) indicates at change in e Aloe vera oil amount and e indicates significant group difference in e larval weight number of larval treatment influenced e larval leng. in between control and 0.75 ml a nd 0.75 and 1.00 ml Wi e increasing number of larval treatment from one Aloe vera oil amount in case of single treatment. In case to ree times, e leng of larvae increased in case of 39

4 Table 2a: Effect of essential oil (Aloe vera) on e larval leng (cm) of Bombyx mori Aloe vera oil applied (ml) Stage of treatment F1-ratio (larval instar) Control (X 1) 0.25 (X 2) 0.50 (X 3) 0.75 (X 4) 1.00 (X 5) n 1= 4 Single (5 ) 4.625±0.781 (100) 4.861±0.307 (105.10) 4.955±0.587 (107.14) 5.163±0.563 (111.63) 4.321±0.614 (93.43) Double (4-5 ) 4.625±0.781 (100) 5.054±0.116 (109.28) 5.357±0.628 (115.83) 5.939±0.286 (128.41) 3.757±0.335 (81.23) * rd Triple (3-5 ) 4.625±0.781 (100) 5.241±0.581 (113.32) 5.739±0.569 (124.09) 6.728±0.567 (145.47) 2.845±0.153 (61.51) F 2 ratio = n 2 = 2 * P < 0.05 Non Significant Each value represents mean ± S.E. of ree replicates X, X, X, X and X are e mean values of larval leng in control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil respectively Figures in pareneses indicate percent value when control was taken as 100% Table 2b: Post-hoc test showing effect of essential oil (Aloe vera) on e larval leng (cm) of Bombyx mori Stage of treatment Mean difference in between groups Single Double Triple X 1 ~ X X 1 ~ X X 1 ~ X *2.103 X 1 ~ X *1.780 X 2 ~ X X 2 ~ X X 2 ~ X *2.396 X 3 ~ X X 3 ~ X *2.894 X 4 ~ X *3.883 Honesty significant difference (HSD) = MS wiin q n = = MS = Mean square value of ANOVA Table q = Studentized range static n = No. of replicates * = Shows significant group difference X 1, X 2, X 3, X 4 and X 5 are mean values of larval leng in control, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil respectively 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml of Aloe vera oil treatment ml indicates significant group difference in e larval leng Aloe vera oil treatment caused notable decline in e in e triple treatment of larvae in between control and larval leng wi increase in e number of larval 0.75 ml, control and 1.00 ml, 0.25 and 1.00 ml, 0.50 and treatment from single to triple. The trend of increase in e 1.00 ml and 0.75 and 1.00 ml amount of Aloe vera oil leng of larvae wi e increasing number of larval treatment. In case of single and double treatment ere treatment has been recorded to be almost similar in case was no significance group difference. of 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 ml Aloe vera oil treatment. The maximum larval leng was recorded to be 6.728±0.567cm DISCUSSION (45.47% increased as compare to control) in case of triple treatment of larvae by 0.75 ml of Aloe vera oil and e The feeding leaves supplemented wi distilled water minimum larval leng of 2.845±0.153cm was recorded in alone slightly increased e weight of larvae [23]. The case of triple treatment of larvae by 1.00 ml Aloe vera oil. nutritional status of mulberry leaf has been noticed to be Two-way ANOVA indicates at variation in e Aloe e major factor in deciding e larval weight of silkworm vera oil amount significantly (P 1<0.05) influenced e [24, 25]. The use of antibiotics increased e larval weight larval leng (Table 2a). The Post-hoc test (Table 2b) of B. mori [26]. Supplementation wi vitamin B increased 40

5 e resistance against poor environmental conditions and metabolism, resulting in e consumption of more food by increased body weight in silkworm [27]. Increase in larval e B. mori larvae. While high amount 1.00 ml Aloe vera weight was noticed when silkworm races were oil and number of larval treatment may caused stress administrated wi ascorbic acid [28, 29]. The larval weight response. of B. mori increased significantly by e hormonal treatment [30]. The topical application of meoprene on REFERENCES B. mori larvae positively influenced e weight of fif instar larvae [31]. The nutritional elements of mulberry leaf 1. Mishra, A.B. and V.B. Upadhyay, Nutritional determine e grow and development of e larvae [32]. efficiency of bivoltine Bombyx mori Linn. larvae at Cocoon magnetization [33] 20-hydroxyecdysone [9] different photoperiod. Proc. 80 session Indian also influences e larval weight. Positive results in larvae Science Congress Assoc. Goa., pp: were noticed when larvae fed on e mulberry leaves 2. Mishra, A.B. and V.B. Upadhyay, Influence of treated wi Nux vomica [34]. Three races of B. mori temperature on e silk producing potential of larvae fed wi ree variety of mulberry leaves show multivoltine Bombyx mori L race nistari. Sericologia., significant increase in larval weight [35]. Royal jelly fed in 35: late age of silkworm larvae increase larval weight [36]. 3. Upadhyay, V.B. and A.B. Mishra, Influence of Organic manures have strong hold on e grow and relative humidity on e nutritive potential of development of silkworm [37]. The treatment of B. mori mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori Linn. larvae. J. Adv. eggs wi HCl was also helpful for increasing e larval Zool., 23(1): weight [38]. Mulberry leaves sprayed wi linseed oil, 4. Upadhyay, V.B., K.P. Gaur and S.K. Gupta, hemp oil and milk influence e weight of larvae [15]. Effect of ecological factors on e silk producing The yroxine treated mulberry leaves caused heavy larval potential of e mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori weight of B. mori [39]. The weight of larvae increased as Linn.) Malays. Appl. Biol., 33(1): a result of Aloe vera tonic Alloe [18] and Aloe tonic 5. Tripai, S.K. and V.B. Upadhyay, [19]. Three time larval weight increased when mulberry Magnetization of eggs influences e incubation leaves treated wi bovine milk [40]. Larval fed on period of multivoltine mulberry silkworm Bombyx soybean and mushroom diet gave e heaviest weight of mori Linn eggs. J. Adv. Zool., 26: B. mori larvae [41]. 6. Upadhyay, V.B. and S.K. Tripai, The good availability of vitamin and mineral mixture Magnetization of e eggs on e reproductive (filibon) increased e larval leng in silkworm [42]. potential of multivoltine mulberry silkworm Excess dose of synetic juvenoid compound (R394) (Bombyx mori Linn). Indian J. Seric., 44: adversely affected e development of larvae [43] while 7. Upadhyay, V.B., R. Singh and S. Prasad, application of juvenile hormone analogues positively Refrigeration of cocoons influences e pupal regulated e grow of larvae [30]. Developmental stages characteristics of multivoltine mulberry silkworm are significantly related to e body leng and head ((Bombyx mori Linn.) J. Appl. Biosci., 35(2): capsule wid [44-46]. Organic manures have strong hold 8. Upadhyay, V.B. and S. Prasad, Biotechnological on e grow and development of silkworm [37]. importance of cocoon magnetization wi particular Maximum larval leng was observed after treatment wi reference to e reproductive potential of multivoltine e test compound R394 on B. mori larvae [47]. Three mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn). Sericologia., races of B. mori larvae fed wi ree variety of mulberry 50(4): leaves show significant increase in larval size [35]. 9. Prasad, S. and V.B. Upadhyay, Effect of Mulberry leaves sprayed wi linseed oil, hemp oil and 20-Hydroxyecdysone on e reproductive potential milk influence e leng of larvae [15]. of multivolatine mulberry silkworm. Acad. J. Entom., On e basis of present observation and above 5(2): information it may be concluded at larval weight and 10. Upadhyay, V.B. and P. Pandey, Influence of larval leng increased wi increase in e number of phytoecdysteroid on pupal performance of treatment wi different amount of A. vera oil. Increase in multivoltine mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn). e weight and leng of larvae is due to increased rate of The Bioscan., 7(3):

6 11. Srivastava, K. and V.B. Upadhyay, Effect of 23. Verma, A.N. and A.S. Atwal, Effect of phytoecdysteroid on silk producing potential of temperature and food on e development and silk multivoltine mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn). production of Bombyx mori L. Beitr. Entomol., The Bioscan., 8(1): (1-2): Rajasekaragouda, R., M. Gopalan Jeyaraj and 24. Quader, M.A., R. Haqque and N. Absar, N. Natarajan Field performance of plant extracts Nutritive effect of bush, lowent and free mulberry on mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Entomon., leaves on economic characters of silkworm, 22(3 & 4): Bombyx mori L., Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 13. Nair, J.S. and S.N. Kumar, Artificial diet for e 27(1): silkworm, Bombyx mori, L., retrospection rough e 25. Srivastava, A.D. and S.D. Mishra, Effect of decades. Indian J. Seric., 43(1): crowding on fecundity of eri silkworm Philosamia 14. Abdelgaleil, S.A.M., M.I.E. Mohamed, M.E.I. Badawy ricini Hutt. Indian J. Seric., 24: and S.A.A. El-arami, Fumigant and contact 26. Deehu, P.S., R. Govindan, M.C. Deraish and toxicities of monoterpenes to Sitophilus oryzea (L.) T.K.N. Swamy, Effect of antibiotics on grow and Tribbolium castaneum (Herbst) and eir and cocoon parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase activity. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 31(1): J. Chem. Ecol., 35: Das, S. and A. Medda, Effect of 15. Zah, C., L.A. Marghitas, A. Matei and M.N. Madas, cyanocobalamine on protein and nucleic acid The effect of dietary supplements on e contents of ovary of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. development of Bombyx mori L. silkworms. Animal during larval, pupal and adult stages of development. Science and Biotechnologies., 44 (1): Insect Sci. Appl., 9: Eshun, K. and Q. He, Aloe vera: A valuable 28. Etebari, K., R. Ebadi and L. Matindoost, Effect ingredient for e food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic of feeding mulberry s enriched leaves wi ascorbic industries: A review. Critical Review of Food Science acid on some biological, biochemical and economical and Nutrition., 44(2): characteristics of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Int. J. 17. Narsih, Kumalaningsih S. and W.S. Wijana, Indust. Entomol., 8: Identification of Aloin and Saponin and Chemical 29. Babu, M., M.T. Swamy, P.K. Rao and M.S. Rao, Composition of Volatile Constituents from Aloe vera Effect of ascorbic acid enriched mulberry leaves on (L.) Peel. J. Agric. Food. Tech., 2(5): rearing of Bombyx mori L. Indian J. Seric., 31: Adushan, P., Synesis and biological activity 30. Khan, A., S. Rahman and N. Birendra, Effect of of aloin derivates. Tesis Master of Science in e vertebrate sex hormone, menstranol noreindrone, School of Chemistry University of KwaZulu-Natal on grow and development of Bombyx mori Pietermaritzburg. (Lepidoptera). Bangladesh Journal of Zoology, 19. Balamurugan, R. and L. Isaiarasu, Effect of e 25(2): herbal tonic Logen on e grow and cocoon 31. Miranda, J.E., S.A.D. Bortoli and R. Takahashi, parameters of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Development and silk production by silkworm larvae Proceedings of e National Seminar on Appliec after topical application of meoprene. Sci. Agric. Zoology, ANJA College, Sivakasi. (Piracicaba, Braz.)., 59(3): Manimua, M. and L. Isaiarasu, Influence of 32. Seidavi, A.R., A.R. Bizhannia, R. Sourati and herbal tonic Alloe on e overall performance of M. Mavvajpour, The nutritional effects of e mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. J. Biopest., different mulberry varieties on biological characters 3(3): in silkworm. Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 14: Deshmukh, R.B. and V.B. Khyade, Utilization of 33. Prasad, S. and V.B. Upadhyay, Biotechnological Aloe vera (L.) herbal tonic for treating mulberry importance of cocoon magnetization wi particular leaves before feeding e fif instar larvae of reference to e larval performance of multivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (Race: PM CSR 2). IJB., mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori Linn.). Middle-East 02(01): J. Sci. Res., 10(5): Krishnaswamy, S., M.M. Narasimhanan and S.K. 34. Hiware, C.J., Effect of fortification of mulberry Suryanarayana, Sericulture Mannual 2 silkworm wi homeopaic drug Nux vomica on Bombyx mori. rearing F.A.O. Agric. Services Bull., 15(2): L. Homeopay Jul., 95(3):

7 35. Shah, S.I.A., I.A. Khan, Z. Hussain, M. Shah, 42. Muninday, S., M. Sheela and S.T. Nirmala, A. Usman and A. Sadozai, Studying e Effect of vitamins and minerals (Filibon) on food performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. races fed intake, grow and conversion efficiency in wi different mulberry varieties. Sarhad J. Agric., Bombyx mori L. Environ. And Ecol., 13(2): (4). 43. Nair, K.S., V.A. Vijayan, K. Trivedy and J.S.N., Nguku, E.K., E.M. Muli and S.K. Raina, Improvement in e commercial traits of silkworm, Larvae, cocoon and post-cocoon characterstics of Bombyx mori L. in e administration of a juvenile, Bombyx mori fed on mulberry leaves fortified wi R 394. International Journal of Industrial Kenyan royal jelly. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Entomology., 3(2): December, 11(4): De Loach, C.J., Neochetina bruchi, a biological 37. Shashidhar, R.K., T.K. Narayanaswamy, T. control of agent of water hyacin. Host specificity in Sariakumari, K. Sudhir and N.L. Naveena, Argentina. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 69: Cocoon parameters of PM X CSR2 fed wi mulberry 45. Goyer, R.A. and J.D. Stark, Life cycle and raised rough organic based nutrient management. behavior of Neochetina eichhorniae warner Journal of Biological Sciences, 1(1): (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Lousiana: A biological 38. Hurkadli, H.K., Hatching of silkworm eggs. control of agent of water hyacin. Environ. Entomol., Indian textile Journal, 108(9): : Ahmad, I., S. Patrakomala and R. Putra, Effect of 46. Oke, O.A., Morphometric of instar larvae yroxine on e silk gland of two yroxine treated stages of Neochetina eichhorniae (Coleoptera: mulberry species feeding on silk quality in e Curculionidae). European Journal of Scientific silkworm, Bombyx mori. African Journal of Research, 32(3): Biotechnology, 8(11): Gangwar, S.K., Effect of juvenile hormone mimic 40. Konala N., P. Abburi, V.R. Bovilla and A. R394 on silkworm Bombyx mori L. grow and Mamillapalli, The effect of bovine milk on e development of silk gland. J. Agriculture and grow of Bombyx mori. Journal of Insect Science, Biological Science, 4(6): (98). 41. Mahmoud, M.M., Effect of various kinds of dietary proteins in semi artificial diets on e mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 6(1):