Magnitude of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Performance as Influenced by Genotype Under an Agro-Ecosystem

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1 1816 Environment & Ecology 31 (4A) : , October December 2013 Website: environmentandecology.com ISSN Magnitude of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Performance as Influenced by Genotype Under an Agro-Ecosystem Rajesh Kumar, Ajit Kumar Pandey, Anil Kumar Singh, Mrityunjay Choubey, A. K. Verma Received 14 June 2013; Accepted 16 July 2013; Published online 30 July 2013 Abstract To assess the influences of genotypes and low land agro-ecosystem on the performance of rice crop during rainy seasons, three rice genotypes including high yielding and hybrids were evaluated for their overall performance under lowland situation of Jharkhand. Results revealed that hybrid rice (PHP- 71) showed its superiority over all other rice genotypes tested in this experiment. Genotype, PHP-71 attains higher growth and development with respect to crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate at 15 30, and days after transplanting. Theses growth and development parameters successfully translated in to economic yields. It was noticed that highest grain weight/panicle (1.89 g), grain yield (60 q/ha) and 1000 grain weight (27.70 g) were recorded by the genotype PHP-71 which was significantly superior to the rest of the rice genotypes R. Kumar, A. K. Verma Department of Crop Physiology, Birsa Agriculture University, Ranchi , India A. K. Pandey*, A. K. Singh ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna , Bihar, India M. Choubey Tea Board of India, Kurseong aryanicar@gmail.com *Correspondence under test. Hybrid rice (PHP-71) showed its superiority over all the rice genotypes tested under this study. Results confirm the both the factor i.e. rice genotypes and agro-ecosystem influenced the rice performance by and large. Keywords Rice, Crop growth rate (CGR), Relative growth rate (RGR), Net assimilation rate (NAR), Leaf area ratio. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa L) is known as miracle crop and responding well due its unique adoptability to diverse agro-ecological/climatic situation. It is its unique capacity to adopt in any situation, makes its wonderful crop of modern agriculture (1). Rice is staple food for South East Asian countries including India; this region itself is consuming almost 90% of rice production. India is a second largest rice producer in world following by China (2). In India rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the foremost cereal crop occupying an area of about 48 million hectares with an annual production of 82.2 million tones. Though India occupies about 28.6% of worlds rice acreage but its contribution towards world rice basket is only about 15%, which is mainly due to the low productivity (1.74 t ha 1 ) as compared to assess morpho-physiological trait of some promising rice entries. Present day rice is grown from tropics to temperate condition, below sea level in Kerala to above 5000 M in Nepal and handsomely adopted to problematic soils viz. acidic to saline alkaline. Being

2 1817 Table 1. Plant height (cm) of rice genotypes at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting and at harvest. DAT = Days after transplanting. Plant height (cm) Genotypes 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT At harvest MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% Table 3. Grain weight/panicle, grain yield, straw yield, 1000 grain weight and harvest index of rice genotypes. Grain 1000 weight Grain Straw grain Harvest panicle yield yield weight index Genotypes (g) (q/ha) (q/ha) (g) (%) MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% NS NS one of the most important cereals, everyday rice is sown and harvested in the global village. World vide rice is grown on about 145 million hectares with a production of 600 million tones. In India area under rice cultivation ranges 38 to 43 million hectares with a productivity of 2.6 ton/ha only. Further, our rice productivity with other producer viz., Egypt, Korea, Japan, Australia and China our productivity is not very satisfactory. The state of low productivity coupled with climate change poses the challenge among the scientist to find out the causes and ways to remove those (3). The plateau region of Jharkhand is predominantly a rice growing state occupying 79,723 sq km out of which lakh ha is only cultivable in which 2.1 million ha is a predominantly rice growing area. As rice is most staple food of the people of Jharkhand Table 2. Number of total tillers and effective tillers/hill and number of filled grains/panicle of rice genotypes. DAT = Days after transplanting. No. of No. of No. of filled total effective grains/ Genotypes tillers/hill tillers/hill panicle MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% state but the production and productivity of the state is very low. Planting time and selection of variety may play the deciding role in performance of rice, hence choice of correct variety and selection of right time for transplanting under particular agro climatic condition call for success of rice production under changes climatic scenario. Plant growth and development indicated by various phenological stages viz., tillering, panicle initiation, anthesis and maturity (3). Thermal time requirements (TRR) play a fundamental role in crop phenology and successful completion of life cycle. Prevailing weather conditions play a vital role in the performance of any crop including rice crop. Low temperature during active vegetative phase may result poor tillering and less productive tillers. Similarly during reproductive phase higher temperature coupled with speedy wind may cause poor setting of seed, consequently leads to pitiable harvest (4). Rice performance (growth, yield component and yield) is determined by the numerous factors. Grain yield is one of the most complex polygenic traits, which is expected to show higher magnitude of interaction variance (1). Materials and Methods The materials comprising eight genotypes (3 high yielding and 5 hybrids) of low land rice were sown in the experimental site are using randomized block design with four replications in kharif season. The soil of the experiment site was sandy clay loam having ph value of 6.4, 0.43% organic carbon, , and

3 1818 Table 4. Root length at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting of rice genotypes. DAT= Days after transplanting. Root length (cm) Genotypes 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% Table 6. Root dry weight at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting of rice genotypes. DAT=Days after transplanting. Root dry weight (g) Genotypes 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% kg/ha available N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O respectively. Each plot consisted of twelve rows of 3.5 m length with 20 cm row to row spacing. Seedlings of rice genotypes were raised for transplanting and 21 days seedling were transplanted. Recommended agronomic practices were followed to raise a good crop. To study the extent and pattern of different rice genotype following observing were taken on five randomly selected plants for recording plant height, root length, root volume, root dry weight and dry matter accumulation, no. of filled grains/panicle, grain weight/panicle, grain yield, straw yield, 1000 grain weight. Harvest index, crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) using standards methods. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for each trait for all the seasons. Further the effects of different environment (rainfed and irrigated conditions) of the lines at various locations were analyzed using pooled analysis procedures over seasons after testing error variance homogeneity was Table 5. Root volume at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting of rice genotypes. DAT=Days after transplanting. Root volume (cc) Genotypes 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% carried out according to the procedure Gomez and Gomez (5), using the MSTATC version 2.1 (Michigan State University, USA) statistical package design. Significant differences between the treatments were compared with the critical difference at (±5%) probability by LSD. Results and Discussion The analysis of variance reveals significant differences among the genotypes for all the characters studied. The genotype PHB-71 showed higher plant height at 30 DAT whereas the genotype Triguna recorded higher plant height at 60, 90 DAT and at harvest (1). This was followed by the genotypes NDRH-2 at 30 DAT and APHR-2 at 60 DAT whereas the genotype Krishna Hamsa recorded higher plant height at 90 DAT and at harvest (Table 1). The check genotype Birsa Dhan-201 ranked third in plant height at 30 DAT and at other growth stages it attained plant height lower than the genotype tested. However the variability in plant height did not show any specific trend in respect of grain yield (3, 6). Tillering is a genotype characteristic of rich which also influence the seed yield. Maximum number of total tillers, maximum number of effective tillers/hill and number of filled grains/panicle (Table 2) were observed by the genotype PHB-71 which was significantly superior to rest of the genotypes tested including check Birsa Dhan-201. The genotype KRH-2 and Krishna Hamsa were at par and comparable to each other. Maximum grain weight/panicle was recorded by the genotype PHB-71 and KRH-2 which were at par

4 1819 Table 7. Dry matter accumulation at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting and at harvest of rice genotypes. DAT=Days after transplanting. Dry matter accumulation (g) Genotypes 30 DAT 60 DAT 90 DAT At harvest MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% Table 8. Crop growth rate (g 2 d -1 ) of rice genotypes at different growth stages. DAT=Days after transplanting. Crop growth rate (g -2 d -1 ) Genotypes DAT DAT DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% to each other. This was followed by the genotypes Krishna Hamsa and NDRH-2. This may be due to the inherent genetic character of the genotype to produce more grains/panicle. On the contrary, post flowering photosynthate contribution to grain yield was maximum in these rice genotypes. The test weight of rice genotypes were recorded and presented in Table 3. Highest test weight was recorded by the genotype PHB-71 followed by the genotype KRH-2. Minimum test weight was recorded by the genotype MGR-1. However, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the genotypes in respect of test weight. Genotype PHB-71 recorded highest grain yield (Table 3) and was significantly superior to all the genotypes studied which was due to the higher number of total tillers, effective tillers and number of filled grain/panicle. The check genotype Birsa Dhan- 201 ranked six in the production of grains. This show better yield potential of hybrid genotype over check. Yugundhar (7) reported similar difference in yield potential between hybrid and local check. Lowest grain yield was obtained by the genotype MGR-1 (1, 3). Genotype PHB-71 produced higher straw (Table 3) followed by the genotype KRH-2. The check genotype Birsa Dhan-201 produced less straw yield whereas lowest straw yield was recorded by the genotype MGR-1. The higher straw yield recorded by the hybrid genotype was due to higher number of tillers and vigorus growth (8). There was no significant difference between the harvest index was recorded by the genotype MGR-1 followed by the genotype Krishna Hamsa (2, 3). Root length of rice genotype Root length of rice genotypes were studied at various growth stages and presented in Table 4. On perusal of data, it was observed that genotype PHB-71 produced higher root length i.e , and cm in 30, 60 and 90 DAT respectively followed by the genotype KRH-2 (24.50, and cm respectively) and found to be significantly superior among rest of the genotypes. The genotype MGR-1 produced lowest root length as compared to the other rice genotypes tested. The differences in root character might be due to the differences between hybrids and high yielding genotypes (1). The behavior of root of both types of rice genotypes was also differed under similar soil environment. The finding is in conformity with the results obtained by Mishra et al. (9). Root volume of rice genotype Root volume of rice genotypes were studied at various growth stages i.e. 30, 60 and 90 DAT and presented in Table 5. On perusal of data, it was observed that genotype PHB-71 produced higher root volume i.e , and cc in 30, 60 and 90 DAT respectively followed by the genotype KRH-2 (0.474, and cc respectively) and found to be significantly superior among rest of the genotypes Mishra et al. (9) The genotype MGR-1 produced lowest root volume as compared to the other rice genotypes tested (2).

5 1820 Table 9. Relative growth rate (gg -1 day 1 ) of rice genotypes at different growth stages. DAT=Days after transplanting. Relative growth rate (gg 1 day 1 ) Genotypes DAT DAT DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% Table 10. Net assimilation rate (gdm 2 d 1 ) of rice genotypes at different growth stages. DAT=Days after transplanting. Net assimilation rate (gdm 2 d 1 ) Genotypes DAT DAT DAT MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% Root dry weight of rice genotype Root dry weight of rice genotypes were studied at various growth stages i.e. 30, 60 and 90 DAT and presented in Table 6. On perusal of data, it was observed that genotype PHB-71 produced higher root dry weight i.e. 1.31, 2.04 and 6.15 g in 30, 60 and 90 DAT respectively followed by the genotype KRH-2 (0.99, 1.93 and 5.52 g respectively) and found to be significantly superior among rest of the genotypes Mishra et al. (9). The genotype MGR-1 produced lowest root dry weight as compared to the other rice genotypes tested (3). Crop growth parameters Growth analysis has the advantage of giving an integrated measurement of net photosynthetic activity over wide range of condition that prevails in the field. Dry matter accumulation The rice genotype PHB-71 recorded highest dry matter accumulation (Table 7) followed by the genotype KRH-2 at all the growth stages (30, 60 and 90 DAT and at harvest) and found to be significantly superior than rest of the rice genotypes (3, 10). Crop growth rate (CGR) Crop growth rate of rice genotypes were recorded at different growth stages (15 30, and DAT). Crop growth rate (CGR) increased up to DAT but decreased sharply at DAT (Table 8). This was highest in PHB-71 at DAT (11.2 g 2 d 1 ) and increased at DAT (24.5 g 2 d 1 ) but decreased at DAT (9.7 g 2 d 1 ) followed by the genotype KRH-2 at DAT (7.7 g 2 d 1 ) and increased at DAT (21.7 g 2 d 1 ) but decreased at DAT (7.4 g 2 d 1 ). The check genotype Birsa Dhan-201 performed poor in terms of CGR but superior than hybrid genotype MGR-1 Miah et al. (11). The pattern of dry matter accumulation by the genotype PHB-71 was found to be significantly superior among rest of the genotypes (3, 4). Relative growth rate (RGR) Highest relative growth rate (RGR) was recorded by the genotype PHB-71 at 15 to 30 DAT (0.148 gg 1 day 1 ) and it maintained up to DAT (Table 9) with reduction in dry matter production, thereafter it declined very sharply. The genotype KRH-2 ranked second in this regard. The value of RGR under check genotype Birsa Dhan-201 was less but superior (0.02 gg 1 day 1 ) to rice genotype MGR-1 (-2.4 gg 1 day 1 ). The variation in relative growth rate under different rice genotypes were mainly due to the genetic variability of rice genotypes tested (3, 12). Net assimilation rate (NAR) Net assimilation rate (NAR) was studied at different

6 1821 Table 11. Leaf area ratio, leaf area duration and leaf area index of rice genotypes. Leaf area ratio (g 2 d 1 ) Leaf area duration (days) Leaf area index Days after transplanting (DAT) Genotypes MGR KRH APHR PHB NDRH Triguna Krishna Hamsa Birsa Dhan CD 5% stages of growth (15 to 30, 45 to 60 and 75 to 90 DAT) show that it differed significantly among the rice genotype at all the stages of growth. It was further observed that the value of NAR in all the genotype was higher at 15 to 30 DAT and thereafter it decreased as the crop attained maturity. Genotype PHB-71 recorded highest value of NAR at 15 to 30 DAT followed by the genotype KRH-2. The value of NAR in the genotype MGR-1 and Triguna was negative at 75 to 90 DAT (Table 10). The check genotype Birsa Dhan-201 attained positive value of NAR at all the growth stages. The value of NAR is closely associated with the CGR. Reddy et al. (13) reported that the genotype having high NAR value had higher assimilation rate and grain yield with greater stability (3, 4). Leaf studies The value of LAR differed significantly among rice genotype at all the growth stages (Table 11). LAR of rice genotypes increased upto 2nd stage (45 to 60 DAT) and decreased at 3rd stage (75 to 90 DAT) as the crop started attaining maturity. The value of LAR were higher in the genotype PHB-71 at all growth stages, followed by the genotypes KRH-2. Bhardwaj et al. (14) and Singh et al. (3) reported that the LAR and NAR of rice genotypes were significantly influenced by the RGR. The value of leaf area duration (LAD) of rice genotypes was found higher in the genotype PHB-71 (Table 11) which was followed by the genotype KRH-2. Reddy et al. (15) expressed the view that dry matter and LAD in combination with an optimum LAI can be considered as important traits for the improvement of grain yield under wet condition. Leaf area index (LAI) is an important parameter for dry matter production and grain yield (3, 16, 17). LAI increased up to 45 to 60 DAT (Table 11) and then decreased sharply in all the genotypes. Variation in LAI is mainly due to variation in RGR, CGR and LAD respectively. Venkateshwarlu and Madhulety (18) and Singh et al. (3) reported that source (leaf area) was a limiting factor in the assimilation of photosynthetic products under competitive field conditions. Higher leaf area index was recorded in the genotype PHB-71 followed by the genotype KRH-2 and it was observed that there is no imbalance in the source and sink among the genotypes. Conclusion On the basis of this study, it may be concluded that the genotype PHB-71 was an ideal rice genotype to be grown in wet land situation. The genotype KRH-2 was a also a superior rice genotype for cultivation under transplanted condition. The high yielding rice genotypes are low yielder as compared to the hybrid rice genotypes. The physiological traits in hybrid rice genotypes together with yield attributes can help in realizing higher yields under transplanted/wet conditions of the plateau region (3, 4). References 1. Singh AK, Chandra N, Bharti RC (2012) Effects of genotype and planting time on phenology and performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Vegetos 25 :

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