STORAGE AND SEQUESTRATION
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1 STORAGE AND SEQUESTRATION POTENTIAL OF ORGANIC CARBON IN AGRICULTURE LANDS OF LOWLAND NEPAL Shalu Adhikari 1, Roshan M. Bajrachraya 1 and Bishal K. Sitaula 2 1 Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel, Nepal 2 University of Life Sciences, Norway For correspondence: salusharma@hotmail.com
2 OUTLINE Background of the study Aim & Objectives Materials and Methods Study area Field methods Lab. methods Data analysis Results and Discussion Conclusion
3 STUDY BACKGROUND Carbon sequestration is a term used to refer to all the various physical and biological processes that transfer atmospheric CO 2 into long- lived pools and keep it stored securely so that it is not immediately re-emitted back to atmosphere (Lal et al., 2005). Earth s biological sinks for absorbing carbon are oceans, vegetation, and soil, while the geologic carbon pools include coal, oil and natural gas. Among the terrestrial carbon pools, soil can sequester carbon and thereby remove it from the atmosphere for a longer period of time than does vegetation. Numerous activities relating to soil like organic matter input, cropping pattern, land use practices affect SOC.
4 CONTD. Terrestrial Carbon sequestration through biotic processes occurs in agriculture land also but land use, soil and management practices play an important role. Agriculture soil stocks have been suggested as an important measure to sequester CO 2 from the atmosphere to help stabilize atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. There are a number of agriculture land management practices that help increase soil OC (Desjardins et al. 2001, Campbell et al. 2005). Higher SOC generally improves the chemical, physical and biological properties of soil on the long run that finally increase the agriculture productivity.
5 AIM & OBJECTIVES The main aim is to assess the storage and sequestration potential of organic carbon (OC) in Terai s agriculture lands lying on either side of an important lake system in central Nepal. Objectives: Quantify total carbon stocks in the agriculture system Study factors affecting C pools and stocks in the system
6 MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Area Chitwan district, Inner Terai, Central Nepal Major crop-rice followed by Maize Farming type-mixed farming Study Sites Two sampling sites, east and west side of the lake called as Sissai and Kesharbag respectively were chosen.
7 Sissai is situated 800m west from the headwork of Khageri Irrigation Canal (located at Tikauli, along EW Highway). Kesharbag is situated 10km south of Bharatpur (headquarter of Chitwan district) and 8km west of Sissai. In both the areas, mixed farming practiced Cropping pattern: Rice-Rice- Wheat/Pulse
8 DATA COLLECTION-FIELD METHODS Sample collection done thrice a year Sampling was done on Premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons See the seasonal effect of OC storage in soil and in the form of biomass of the agriculture site Above ground biomass estimation: Sample plot of 1m x 1m, the harvest of the agriculture product done by cutting the stalk, then separating grains and initial weight of both grains and stalk taken separately. Both separately air dried until a constant weight was obtained. Finally, the dry weight converted into biomass carbon (g/m 2 )
9 FIELD METHOD CONTD Below ground biomass estimation: Within the sample plot of 1m x 1m, the same sampling for above ground biomass has been taken, a large quadrat (30cm x 30cm) was laid on it. Soil for bulk density taken using the core ring method (Blake and Harte 1986) at 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 60cm & 1m depths. 0.5kg of soil samples were also collected for physio-chemical parameters and SOC Bulk density and soil samples for 60cm and 1m were taken using an Auger Sampler. Detail soil profile description for both sites done
10 LAB. METHODS Soil Physico-chemical properties Bulk density -using a bulk density corer with a volume of cm 3 BD g/cm³ = weight of oven dried soil/volume of corer ph -ph probe with glass-calomel electrode and 1:1 soil: water ratio (Mc Lean., 1982) Texture -STC Hydrometer method (Gee and Bauder., 1986) Soil organic matter and Soil organic carbon - Dry combustion method (Nelson and Sommer., 1982) Total Nitrogen - Kjeldahl method (Bremner and Mulvaney., 1982) Available Phosphorus - Modified Olsen method (Olsen and Sommer., 1982) Exchangeable Potassium-Ammonium acetate method (Knudsen et al 1982).
11 ANALYSIS & CALCULATION Soil Organic Carbon stock estimation: Soil organic carbon stock was calculated according to Shofiyati et al. (2010) which is given as follows: C stock (mtc/ha) = BD (Mg/m 3 ) x SOC% x D (m) x A (m) x Where C is the carbon stock BD is the soil bulk density, different for different depths SOC is the soil organic carbon weight to % D -depth is the thickness of the soil sampling layer A is the area and conversion of sq. m to hectar SPSS (15.0) Descriptive statistics One way ANOVA Pearson s Correlation Significance Level
12 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Biomass estimation In both the areas, the highest of biomass (gm/m 2 ) was observed during the monsoon and post monsoon seasons in grains than the stalk In Kesharbag, the above ground biomass (an average of all three seasons) contributed to about 22.5% and 32% in stalk and grains respectively (assuming 50% of biomass equivalent to OC) Similarly, for Sissai, the OC was estimated to be 18% and 32.5% in stalk and grains respectively. It can be concluded that rice cultivation contributed more biomass OC rather than wheat and pulse.
13 CONTD.. Estimated biomass per season in Kesharbag Estimated biomass per season in Sissai
14 SOIL PROPERTIES Texture: Sandy loam-kesharbag, Silty clay-sissai Order: Inceptisol for both the areas ph: Varied greatly for both the areas Kesharbag: Moderately acidic to Neutral Sissai: Neutral to Alkaline Nutrient: gm/kg of soil samples Site TN AP EK Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Kesharbag Sissai One way ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in both the sites for TN and EP while there was no significant difference for AP There was no statistically significant difference of the nutrients according to depths in both the sites
15 STATUS OF SOC Avg. SOC stock (mtc/ha) Site Premonsoon Monsoon Postmonsoon Kesharbag Sissai Sissai, SOC order- Premonsoon > Postmonsoon > Monsoon Kesharbag, SOC order- Postmonsoon> Premonsoon > Monsoon It is not necessary that Carbon fluxes enter into the same agriculture system with the same rate. However on an average, it can be expressed that under this particular land use (agriculture), the amount of SOC sequestered is mtc/ha.
16 EFFECT OF FACTORS ON SOC Effect of water logged condition on SOC: Comparison in the stocks of SOC according to sites, shown that, during all the seasons in the Kesharbag area the SOC stock was high clearly indicating that Sissai being the water logged area, the SOC stock is low. Hence, SOC in water logged and regime areas were lower in paddy soils as compared to wetting and drying condition. The same result was also obtained by Yang et al Effect of crops and season on SOC: The SOC stock under rice cultivation found to be relatively low than the SOC stock under wheat cultivation. Area under rice cultivation is regarded as one of the most methane emitter to the atmosphere, hence the reason that contribute to the lower sequestration of SOC. In Sissai, it was higher in the premonsoon season while in Kesharbag, it was higher in postmonsoon. It can be clearly said that, the rate of sequestration varies according to season. Though there were some seasonal effects on all these parameters, however no statistically significant difference was observed when compared with season.
17 CONTD Relationship between depth and SOC: In both the areas, with the increase in the depth the SOC stock also increases. One way ANOVA showed that SOC was highly statistically significant (p<0.001) according to depth because SOC in not uniform in all the horizons of soils. Similarly, positive correlation at 0.01 level (2 tailed) was observed between these two factors. Relationship between ph and SOC: A strong negative correlation,0.01 level (2-tailed) was observed when ph was compared with SOC stock. It can be explained that with the increase in SOC, ph decreases and the soil becomes more acidic in nature. Relationship between SOC and BD: In all the three seasons, in both the areas, the DB was lower in the upper two horizons while it was higher in the lower two depths. One way ANOVA showed that BD and SOC were statistically highly significant (p<0.001). Similarly, a positive correlation was observed SOC stock and BD.
18 CONCLUSION Average SOC stock estimation of about mtc/ha. Density of soil was not statistically significant with SOC, because in the ploughing layer, the soil is loose and airy. Agriculture ecosystem is highly influenced by factors like manure, tillage and mulching, however the average of SOC in the upper layer (0-15cm) was higher than the same layer of the forest soil. Agriculture land do play a vital role to remove C from the atmosphere for a longer period of time provided land use and management practices are important.
19 THANK YOU!!
Received: 28 th July-2014 Revised: 9 th Sept-2014 Accepted: 10 th Sept-2014 Research article
Received: 28 th July-2014 Revised: 9 th Sept-2014 Accepted: 10 th Sept-2014 Research article CORRELATION STUDIES BETWEEN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL, CHEMICAL AND NUTRIENT UPTAKES OF PADDY IN PHOSPHORUS RICH VERTISOLS
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