Mr.Yashwant L. Jagdale Scientist- Horticulture KVK, Baramati (Pune)

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1 KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA BARAMATI (PUNE) M.S. International Conference on Atmospheric Chemistry &Agricultural Meteorology Presentation On Effect of Green House Gases On Crops On Farm Land. Mr.Yashwant L. Jagdale Scientist- Horticulture KVK, Baramati (Pune)

2 Green house Gases Causes Global Warming or Climate Change

3 What is Global warming? Global warming is the rise in average temperature of the earths atmosphere and Oceans. The earth Mean temperature has increased about 0.8 degree Celsius since the late 19 th Century with about two- third of the increase occurring after Global warming or Climate Change primarily caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases produced by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels & deforestation and different agricultural Practices.

4 Introduction Global warming, caused by the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere, has emerged as the most prominent global environmental issue. These GHGs i.e--- I. Carbon dioxide (CO2) II. Methane (CH4) III. Nitrous oxide (N2O) These above three gases which comes due to the different agriculture sectors trap the outgoing infrared radiation from the earth s surface and thus raise the temperature and cause for Global warming.

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6 ATMOSPHERIC GASES Nitrogen ( N2) Oxygen ( O2) Non Greenhouse gases (99%) Carbon DiOxide Nitrous Oxide Greenhouse Gases (1%) Methane ( CH4)

7 Emission of GHGs from agriculture Carbon Dioxide ( Sources of carbon Dioxide) *Decay of organic matter & forest fires. *burning of fossil fuels & deforestation. * land-use changes. Methane ( Sources of Methane) * Methane is about 21 times more effective as a heat-trapping gas than CO2. * Wetlands, organic decay, termites, natural gas and oil extraction,. *biomass burning, rice cultivation & cattle. * The primary sources of methane from agriculture include animal digestive processes, rice cultivation and manure storage and handling Nitrous oxide ( Sources of Nitrous oxide) * As a greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide is 310-times more effective than CO2. * Forests, grasslands, oceans, soils, nitrogenous fertilizers, and burning of biomass and fossil fuels are the major sources of nitrous oxide,

8 Sr. No. Share of the GHG emissions of the agricultural sector Component Details Contribution % of Gases 1. Energy Excluding transport 60 % 2. Transport 19 % 3. Industries 9 % 4. Agriculture ( Methane CH4-4.3 % & Nitrous oxide N2O- 5 %) 9 % 5. Waste 3 % 6. Total % 100 %

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10 Effect of green house gases on crops Global climatic changes can affect agriculture through their direct and indirect effects on the crops, soils, livestock and pests. Direct Effect The increase in temperature, depending upon the current ambient temperature, can reduce crop duration, increase crop respiration & Evapotranspiration rates. Affect the survival and distribution of pest populations. Decrease fertilizer-use efficiencies and increase evapo-transpiration rate so requires more water for crop production. Horticultural crops are more susceptible to changing conditions than arable crops. Indirect Effect Indirectly effects on land use due to snow melt, increases sea level causes reduces the % of Cultivable land & availability of good quality of Water for Irrigation affects on the yield of crops. Frequency and intensity of seasonal droughts,floods & Hailstorm. Soil organic matter transformations, soil erosion, changes in pest profiles. Therefore, concrete efforts are required for controlling GHGs.

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12 Composition of GHGs in various sectors in India Green Houses Gases Contribution (%) Carbon dioxide 55 Methane 15 CFCs 11 & Nitrous oxide 6 Others 7

13 Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential Particulars Measures Mitigation effect Crops and farming system management Improve crop varieties and productivity Improve residue management e.g. avoid biomass burning Introduce legumes into grasslands to enhance Productivity Reduces direct and indirect Emissions & increases per kg yield Reduces direct emissions Reduces direct nitrous oxide and indirect emissions Optimized Rice management (e.g. System of Rice Intensification SRI not flooded) Reduces methane (but may increase nitrous oxide; - more research needed)

14 Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential Particulars Measures Mitigation effect Fertilizers, manures & bio mass management Reduce use and production of synthetic fertilizers Avoid leaching and volatilization of N from organic fertilizers during storage and application Optimize fertilizer application management e.g. fertilizer application adjusted to crop needs, including right timing for optimum uptake through crops. Use slow-releasing fertilizers Reduces direct and indirect emissions. Reduces Nitrous Oxide Emission Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4 Optimize compost production (by addition of bulking material) Reduces emissions by 1/3 to 3/4 Biogas production (methane capture) No emissions besides physical leakage

15 Mitigation measures in agriculture and their indicative mitigation potential Particulars Measure Mitigation effect Use organic fertilizers (production emissions from organic fertilizers have to be accounted for e.g. compost production) Optimize crop rotations e.g. use perennials in crop rotations. Increases soil organic carbon, Reduces emissions from synthetic fertilizer production Increases soil organic carbon 0.8 T CO2-eq/ha/year Soilmanagement Use of legumes to fix nitrogen use cover crops and intercropping avoid bare fallows Avoid soil compaction e.g. by avoiding heavy machinery Agro forestry Increases soil organic carbon, reduces emissions Reduces nitrous oxide emissions Increases soil organic carbon. 3-8 T CO2 eq/ha/year

16 Rice Crop -Problems Identified and Technology Intervention to Overcome the Problems Crop Problems Identified/ Climatic Vulnerabilities 1.Erratic Rainfall & Water shortage at critical growth stages 2.Late onset of Monsoon Paddy / Rice 3.Less availability of farm labour during peak period due heavy rain. 4. less mechanization 5.Emmission of Methane Gas due to wetland.

17 Contingent crop Demonstration Paddy / Rice 90 % Paddy seedlings got wilted wilted due to no rains/drought. Wilting of paddy nursery due to no. rain SRI Rice cultivation Intervention KVK assess technology of SRI Plantation of younger 14 days seedling Staggered planting of nursery & transplanting b Mechanical Transplanter

18 Assessment SRI Rice and Machine Transplanting

19 Nursery Transplanting of 21 days seedling by hands or machine Spacing x22.5 cm

20 Use of Renewable Energy or Solar Power Energy Wind and Solar Hybrid System Sprayer with Solar Panel Solar Hybrid System Insect Trap with Solar Panel

21 Hydroponics Unit Demonstration of Hydroponics 1.Growing of crops lettuce & cabbage in water ( Stagnated & NFT ( Nutrient Film technique). TV Show on ABP Maza Channel

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24 Thank you

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