REVIEW OF IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SUGARCANE CROP

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2 REVIEW OF IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR SUGARCANE CROP Dr. Shahid Afghan Director Research Shakarganj Sugar Research Institute Jhang Punjab Pakistan

3 H2O FACT SHEET Water content varies % Age of plant Plant species particular tissue Environment

4 Water flow amounts to: 1-10 times water held in plant tissues 10 to 100 times the amount used in expansion of new cells 100 to 1000 times the amount used in photosynthesis

5 H2O Plant functions Solvent and medium for chemical reactions Medium for organic and inorganic solute transport Medium that gives turgor to plant cell. Turgor promotes cell enlargement, plant structure, and foliar display Raw material for photosynthesis, hydrolytic process, and other chemical reactions in the plant Water evaporation (transpiration) for cooling plant surfaces

6 Main Constraint of Cane Crop Irrigation is the main constraint affecting yield and quality of sugarcane crop % needs of sugarcane crop are met through canal water mm annual precip. mm (monsoon) Sub soil water quality (fit or unfit) 10 % under cane in existing cropping pattern

7 Sugarcane crop Critical stages Requirements inches/ton 40 tons crop Actual need 50 % losses zone Early growth period Grand growth phase Maturity stage acres acre inches acre inches Surface evaporation Run off Leaching beyond root Transpiration by weeds

8 Establishing Crop Water Use Field studies Improved Irrigation Technologies Scheduling tools Cultural Practices Soil, Water and Sugarcane The need for irrigation Crop response to irrigation Irrigation Water Quality Water quality and its effect on crop growth Symptoms of water quality problems Improving water penetration

9 Irrigation System Irrigation Scheduling Impact of management practices on conservation of irrigation water

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11 Types of water quality and corrective measures Water Quality Corrective measures Type-1 Low salinity water EC = 0-6 dsm-1 Poor in light soils Irrigation waters may be mixed or treated with gypsum. Alternatively treat soil with gypsum Type-2 Low salinity Poor on As above water with residual alkali light soils EC = 0-6 dsm-1 Type-3 Average salinity water EC = dsm-1 Good Nil

12 Water Quality Corrective measures Type-4 Average salinity Good-fair water EC = dsm-1 Light soils may require action as above Type-5 High salinity water EC = dsm-1 Fair-poor Ensure irrigation is heavy enough to prevent salt accumulation in the soil. Type-6 Very high salinity water EC = dsm-1 Very poor Use on sandy soils only. Wet soil to a depth of at least one meter. Type-7 Water Unsuitabl Do not use unsuitable for irrigation e -1 Manual of cane growing, BSES Australia M. Hogarth & P.3.2 Allsopp (2000) EC = over dsm

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14 Readily available water (RAW) for a range of soil types Readily Available Water (mm) Cracking clay Sandy loam Clay loam Loamy sand Loam Anonymous (1998) Irrigation of sugarcane, SRDC Australia

15 Soil-Water Relationship Wilting point is reached when water between the soil pores is depleted Field capacity occurs when some soil pores are filled with water Slow, heavy irrigation leaches salts below the root zone

16 Large hills and narrow interspaces limit water penetration Small hills with broad flat interspaces maximize water intake

17 Impact of irrigation levels and row spacing on cane yield, drainage and water use efficiency Treatment Irrigation Full Def-1 Def -2 Row spacing Yield (t/ha) CWU (mm) Irrigation Drainage (mm) (mm) WUE (t/100 mm)

18 Improving Water Penetration Irrigation technique: Small ridges and broad FLAT interspaces Small irrigation outlets and larger watering sets. Slope: Too much slope on a block will reduce the intake of water. Where water penetration is poor, the slope should not exceed 0.125%.

19 Improving Water Penetration Trash blanket: Improve water penetration Slows the flow of water down the drill Allows more time for the water to infiltrate into the soil. Increased irrigation times up to 25% have been observed. Soil surface is improved and this aids water infiltration. In young ratoon crops, a trash blanket acts as a mulch to reduce evaporative losses from the soil Measurements show that up to 40 mm additional soil moisture can be conserved

20 Improving Water Penetration Organic material: Mill filter cake, green manure or FYM will improve water penetration when incorporated into the soil. However the effects are only temporary and usually last no more than two seasons. Soil ameliorants: Improved by applying a soluble form of calcium. Gypsum applied at 10 tonnes per hectare is the most suitable product.

21 A mini pan for measuring evaporation Source: BSES Australia

22 Effect of minipan deficits on cane and sugar yields Minipan deficit (mm) Cane yield (t/ha) CCS (%) Sugar yield (t/ha)

23 Evapo-transpiration ratio and root depth of sugarcane crop during different growth phases Different growth phases Crop duration (months) Evapotranspiration ratio Rooting depth (%) Maturity Ripening Formative phase (full water use) Grand growth (peak water use) C. A. Jones (1980) Hawaiian Sugar Planters Association, Hawaii

24 Wetting up pattern from drip irrigator

25 Drip Tap Irrigation of Sugarcane

26 Studies on Drip Irrigation Project area = 8 acres Water savings S. crop A. crop 15% 22% Yield t/ac Installation cost = 40,000/acre Problems Filter blockage (FeSO4) T-tap cracks Root intrusion

27 Tensiometer

28 Some useful hints on Tensiometer Tensiometer should be installed to a depth of 60 cm in the plant line, except in very sandy soils where they should be installed to a depth of 30 cm in the plant line. Tensiometer need to be installed carefully and maintained regularly to ensure they do not run out of water. Two unit per site gives more accuracy.

29 A view of cane-trash mulched field

30 Impact of mulching treatments on cane and sugar yield Cane yield (t/ha) Weeding S.cane trash N. A. Deho (2002) PSJ Sugar yield (t/ha) Wheat straw No weeding

31 Effect of trash mulch on yield and water use efficiency of sugarcane Mulching Cane Total yield irrigation (t/ha) water (ha. cm.) Water use efficienc y Saving of water (%) No trash mulching Trash mulching Anonymous (2001) South African Sugar Association Experiment Station, South Africa

32 A WINCH irrigation system in action

33 Neutron Hydro-probe

34 Enviro SCAN logger

35 Gypsum blocks with electrodes

36 Enviro SCAN sensors

37 Cane yield response to irrigation scheduling Non scheduled (t/ha) Heavy soil Scheduled (t/ha) Medium soil C. Black (1996) Agronomic Society of America USA Production increase (%) Light soil

38 Sugarcane yield response to irrigation scheduling using evaporation minipan Soil type Variety NonSchedule Producti scheduled d (t/ha) on (t/ha) increase (%) Alluvial Q Non Sodic Q Q Sodic 1R, 2R and 3R refers to first, second and third ratoon crop respectively

39 Effect of moisture stress Irrigation Cane Coefficients Yield loss % % % %

40 Response of CPF-237 to various irrigation levels Irrigation applied at Yield t/ha CCS % CPF-237 CP CPF-237 CP Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Average Ref: Variety approval case

41 Response of CPF-234 to various irrigation levels Irrigation applied at Cane yield t/ha CPF-234 CP Average 0.6 Coefficient Coefficient Coefficient Average Ref: Variety approval case

42 Irrigation systems Selection of suitable irrigation system depends on: Availability and cost of water Water quality Soil type Soil slope Cost and labour requirement of equipment Expertise needed to operate the system

43 Irrigation systems Surge irrigation Skip-furrow irrigation Water cannons Hand shift sprinkler Lateral move irrigators Center pivot irrigators Drip irrigation

44 Cane yield and water saving (%) under different irrigation systems Cane yield (t/ha) Drip irrigation Water saving Winch irrigation Standard furrow P. Sutherland (2000) Manual of cane growing, BSES, Australia

45 Furrow shapes play an important role in water infiltration rates

46 Effect of furrow shape and cultivation practices on irrigation water usage Reduced cultivation Water usage (ml/ha/irrigation) Broad (U) Conventional cultivation Narrow (V) Anonymous (1998) Irrigation of sugarcane, CSR, Australia

47 Individual furrow irrigation on a light textured soil

48 Yield and water use efficiency of sugarcane as affected by methods of irrigation Methods Yield Water of (t/ha use irrigation ) efficienc y Total Saving irrigation of water water (ha. (%) cm.) Flood Furrow Skip furrow G. Ham (2000) Irrigation of sugarcane BSES Australia

49 Individual furrow irrigation

50 Surge irrigation system showing surge valve and controller

51 Effect of furrow length on furrow irrigation efficiencies WA (ml/ha) Furrow length 300 m WAE (%) 500 m 700 m G. Kingston (200) Irrigation of sugarcane, SRDC, Australia

52 Correct tracking by water cannons, on well maintained two paths

53 Under windy conditions, water cannons give un-even water distribution

54 Portable hand shift sprinklers in use

55 Lateral move irrigator

56 Center pivot irrigator

57 Low pressure boom irrigation

58 Summary of irrigation system Irrigation system Furrow Water cannon Handshift sprinklers Lateral move Capital costs Low-medium Medium Medium High Labour High Medium High Low Management Low Medium Low Medium Requirements Land leveling Lanes Nil Lane Efficiency Medium Medium Medium Medium Limitations Slope and soils Wind Wind Speed of operatio n Relative cost Low High Medium Medium Anonymous (2000) Manual of cane growing, BSES, Australia

59 Summary of irrigation system Irrigation system Center pivot Boom Drip Capital costs High Medium Mediumhigh Labour Low Medium Mediumlow Management Medium Medium High Requirements Suitable slopes Lanes Maintenanc e, filtration Efficiency Medium Medium High Limitations Speed of operation Speed of operation Water quality Relative cost Medium Medium Low Anonymous (2000) Manual of cane growing, BSES, Australia

60 Practical measures Selection of verity high yielding with high water use efficiency Improve cultural practices to increase water intake and storage Selection of proper irrigation method Improve furrow irrigation management

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