Title: Field Calibration of Woodruff, Mehlich and Sikora Buffer Tests for Determining Lime Requirement for Missouri soils

Transcription

1 Title: Field Calibration of Woodruff, Mehlich and Sikora Buffer Tests for Determining Lime Requirement for Missouri soils Principal Investigator: Co-Investigators: Manjula Nathan, Extension Associate Professor, Director, MU Soil and Plant Testing lab, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri Robert Kallenbach, Associate Professor, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri David Dunn, Supervisor, MU Soil Testing Lab, Delta Center, Portageville, University of Missouri Kelly Nelson, Research Associate Professor, Division of Plant Sciences, Novelty Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Tim Reinbott, Research Associate/Superintendant, Bradford Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Objectives: 1. To determine whether the Modified Woodruff Buffer test is accurately predicting the lime requirement for Missouri soils. 2. To calibrate the Modified Woodruff Buffer, Sikora and Mehlich buffer tests for Missouri soils. 3. To Determine the Lime Recommendations Equations for Sikora Buffer and Mehlich Buffers for Missouri Soils for the ph rages of 5.5 to 6.0; 6.0 to 6.5 and Compare the field calibration results with incubation study results in evaluating the buffer tests. Current Status and Importance of Research: In Missouri, the Modified Woodruff Buffer test is used to determine the lime requirement of soils. Though this method has proven to work for Missouri soils it uses para-nitrophenol as one of the reagents which is a hazardous substance. Para-nitrophenol can cause serious health effects on humans when inhaled or when absorbed by skin. Thus the waste produced by the Woodruff buffer test needs to be treated as a hazardous waste. Also, since Missouri is the only state in the nation which uses the Woodruff Buffer test, it is better to evaluate the other buffer tests used so that data and lime recommendations developed for Missouri can be compared with similar information from the other states. The SMP buffer test is commonly used throughout the U.S. for determining lime requirement. This is the method listed as the recommended procedure for lime requirement in the publication: Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures by the North Central Region. This method also uses para-nitrophenol. Even though the SMP buffer test is commonly used throughout the U.S. for determining lime requirement, the SMP buffer solution contains potassium chromate, a carcinogen, and poses a health risk to laboratory technicians who perform this test. Additionally, all waste generated by the test must be collected for proper disposal. An alternative to the SMP test is the Sikora Buffer test (Sikora, 2006). Sikora from University of Kentucky developed a buffer that mimics SMP buffer and this buffer doesn t have any hazardous chemicals in its composition. The University of Missouri fertilizer and lime recommendations are being revised at this time. Findings from this research will be used in developing lime recommendation based on the buffer test that best suits for Missouri soils. It will be incorporated into the University Missouri soil test based lime recommendation used by the MU Soil testing labs. Soil incubation studies have been completed in

2 Page 2 evaluating the Woodruff, Mehlich and Sikora buffers and these lime requirement methods should be field calibrated before the best method can be adopted. Procedures: Field calibration studies will be established at Bradford, Novelty, Southwest, and Delta University of Missouri Research and Extension Centers. The Bradford, Novelty, Graves sites will have corn-soybean rotations, Southwest farm will have forages and the Delta site will have rice-soybean rotations. Each experimental field site will receive five lime treatments (0, 1/3 LR, 2/3 LR, 1 LR and 1.5 Lime Recommendations - LR) and three lime buffer test evaluations. The study will be a split plot design with main plots receiving the five lime treatments and sub plots will be used to estimate LR using different buffer tests. All the plots will receive recommended levels of N, P and K. Soil samples will be collected at the beginning of the study at 0-6 and 6-12 depths to measure top soil and subsoil phs at the beginning of the study, and at the end of each growing seasons at the 0-6 depth. Soil samples will be analyzed phs, Woodruff, Mehlich and Sikora buffer phs. The plant yield data will be correlated with the response received for lime requirement estimated by the three different buffer tests and will be compared with the incubation studies results. Current Status and Importance of Research: Soil acidity is a major factor limiting plant growth throughout North America. About 31% of the soils tested in North America had soil ph levels lower than 6.0 ( Fixen et. al., 2005). About 26% of the soils tested by the University of Missouri Soil testing labs for field crops had low phs (less than 5.3) and 38% had medium phs (between 5.3 and 6.0; Nathan, 2005, 2007). Based on soil test summary for 2006 about 64 % of the soil samples analyzed by the MU soil testing labs had phs less than 6.0 and would probably need lime to achieve optimum yields. The Woodruff buffer test used by the University of Missouri Soil Testing labs contains p-nitrophenol which is classified as a hazardous waste. Therefore alternative procedures should be considered to evaluate lime requirement for Missouri soils. As a first step, Modified Mehlich buffer test was evaluated for determining lime requirement in Missouri soils. (Nathan, Scharf and Sun, 2005; 2006). The modified Mehlich buffer does not contain hazardous constituents and has been shown to provide lime recommendations in Missouri soils as well as the Woodruff buffer (Nathan, Scharf and Sun, 2006; Figure 1). However, the modified Mehlich buffer has limitations since it can not be stored beyond two weeks without microbial growth and it does not provide the same buffer ph value as the Woodruff buffer. Since the use of Modified Mehlich buffer test for commercial soil testing labs has limitations due to the short shelf life, a buffer is proposed to be developed without hazardous chemicals that would have a long shelf-life and would mimic the acid-base characteristics of the Woodruff buffer. Developing a buffer without hazardous chemicals producing the same ph as Woodruff buffer would eliminate hazardous waste and have no effect on agronomic interpretations.

3 Page 3 Fig 1: Relationship between Woodruff and Mehlich buffer ph MpH = 0.993WpH R 2 = N = 796 Buffer ph (Mehlich) Woodruff ph Fig 2: Relationship between Woodruff and Sikora buffer ph Buffer ph (Sikora) SpH = 1.168WpH R 2 = N = Woodruff ph Sikora (2006) developed a new buffer named Sikora buffer to mimic the SMP buffer which is currently used by the University of Kentucky soil testing labs. Laboski, Peters and Repking (2006) evaluated Sikora buffer and modified Mehlich buffers as alternative to SMP buffer in Wisconsin and found the Sikora and Mehlich buffer to perform better than SMP buffer in determining lime requirement in Wisconsin soils. However, due to the short bench life of

4 Page 4 Mehlich buffer they chose Sikora buffer to be a better indicator for lime requirement in Wisconsin soils. Incubation study was conducted in Missouri by Nathan and Sun (2008) in comparing Sikora Buffer to Woodruff Buffer for Missouri soils had promising results (Fig 2). The Sikora buffer was found to be well correlated with the Woodruff Buffer suggesting this buffer could be used as an alternative to Woodruff buffer. However, Sikora buffer should be calibrated using lab incubation with CaCO3 to come up with the lime recommendation equations for use of this buffer to Missouri soils. Field calibrations are required before these buffer tests can be validated for Missouri Soils. Godsey et al., 2007 evaluated common lime requirement methods for Kansas soils by comparing SMP, Mehlich and Ca(OH) 2 direct titrations using lab incubations, greenhouse and field calibrations. They found in their comparison of the lime requirement from 60-days incubations with field observed lime response, the actual lime requirement in the field was greater than predicted by the 60-days incubations. Several researchers have compared the different lime requirement buffer methods to see which buffer predicts the lime requirement more accurately. Results from their studies have been mixed and found to be largely dependent on soil texture and organic matter content. These emphasize the need for field calibrations of the buffer tests before validating the best buffer test to evaluate the lime requirement for Missouri soils. Economic Impact: Accurate and relevant lime recommendations are critical for economical use of fertilizers recommendations. This research will further our ability to use lime efficiently. Adoption of the Sikora as an alternative to Woodruff buffer for Missouri soils will have the following benefits: Sikora buffer doesn t have any hazardous chemicals and thus it will be safe for the lab personnel to use without health hazards. By calibrating and adopting this buffer test, the major problem of hazardous waste disposal by the soil testing labs waste will be eliminated. When calibrated for Missouri soils for determining lime recommendations, this buffer test will save over thousands of dollars over the years on money spent on hazardous waste disposal. Missouri is the only state that uses Woodruff buffer for lime determinations. Since Sikora buffer mimics SMP buffer, the lime recommendations from Missouri could be directly compared with many other state s recommendations. Timetable: March, 2009 April May, 2009 July September, 2009 October- November, 2009 December, 2009 Initial soil sampling to identify suitable field sites, and land preparation. Field plots layout, detailed soil sampling (top and sub soil), fertilizer treatment applications, and planting. Field observations, measurements and management of experimental plots. Harvesting, yield measurements, end of season soil sampling, soil analysis Statistical Analysis, Data Summary and Report writing

5 Page 5 The above soil test field calibration studies will be conducted for three years. The time table for years 2010 and 2011 will be the same as above. Jan March, 2012 Summarize results, statistical analysis and write a manuscript article to be published. Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge: At the completion of this project we would have evaluated and field calibrated the Sikora buffer for Missouri soils that would replace the Modified Woodruff buffer test. This will result in a lime requirement method that does not use hazardous substances in the lab, and will eliminate the production of hazardous waste for disposal. The newly developed Sikora buffer test will be used as a replacement buffer and can be introduced as the MU recommended buffer ph test to determine lime recommendations in Missouri soils. In addition, it will improve the quality of soil test based lime recommendations used in Missouri. This information will be incorporated into University of Missouri recommended soil test procedures, research and extension publications and will be disseminated to the growers, researchers and industry personnel by field day presentations, grower meetings, regional and national meetings. The final product will be a manuscript published in a refereed journal. References: 1. Fixen, P.E., Bruulsema, T.W., Johnson, A. M., Mikkelsen, R. I., Murrell, T. S., Snyder, C. S., and W. M. Stewart Soil Test Levels in North America, Summary Update. PPI/PPIC/FAR Technical Bulletin Godsey, C. B., Pierzynski, G. M., Mengel, D. B., and R. E. Lamond Evaluation of Common Lime Requirement Methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71: Laboski, C., Peters, J., and M. Repking Alternative Buffers to the SMP for Lime Recommendations. Dept. of Science. University of Wisconsin- Madison. 4. Nathan, M., Stecker, J., and Y. Sun Soil Testing Guide. University of Missouri Soil & Plant Testing Laboratory Publication. (Electronic Publication) 5. Nathan, M. V., Scharf, P., and Y. Sun Evaluation of Mehlich Buffer as an Alternative to the Woodruff Buffer for Lime Recommendations in Missouri. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI. 6. Nathan, M., Scharf, P. and Y. Sun Comparison of Woodruff Buffer and Modified Mehlich buffer Tests for Determining Lime requirement in Missouri Soils. In: Missouri soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #06-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Nathan, M and Y. Sun Preliminary evaluation of Sikora Buffer to determine lime requirement in Missouri Soils. 8. Sikora, F. J A buffer that mimics the SMP buffer for determining lime requirement of Soil. SSSAJ 70:

6 Page 6 Budget: CATEGORIES Year 2009 Year 2010 Year 2011 A. Salaries Senior Lab Technician (15%) General Labor for help with field work at the rate of $9:00 per hour 1400 man hours $4,017 $12,600 $4,138 $12,600 $4,262 $12,600 B. Fringe Benefits Fringe for Lab Technician (25%) $1,205 $1,241 $1,279 TOTAL SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS $17,882 $17,979 $18,141 C. Travel Travel to field site To present research findings at Field days & National Meetings $1,500 $500 $1,500 $500 $1,500 $500 TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT use and maintenance COSTS $1000 $1000 $1000 E. Other Direct Costs Soil analysis Field and lab supplies Publication cost $2,600 $1,600 $2,600 $1,600 $2,600 $1,600 $800 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS $7,200 $7,200 $8,000 TOTAL REQUEST $25,082 $25,179 $26,141 Justification: Salaries and Fringe Benefits: Funds are requested support of a senior lab technician for 2.5 months based on an annual salary of $26,000, 30% fringe benefits. Travel: Covers cost of travel to the four farm research centers for field site identification, treatment application, soil and plant samples collections, field measurements, and harvesting. Funds will be required to travel for field day presentations, and to present the research work in regional and national meetings. Field and lab supplies: Seeds, fertilizer, lime, soil samplers, sample bags and other field and lab supplies. Cost of operating ICP, the standards used, and the highly purified argon gas used in operation of the machine are quite costly.

7 Page 7 Resume of Manjula V. Nathan Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri 23 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO nathanm@missouri.edu WEB: Tel.: (573) (work), FAX.: (573) Education Ph.D. in Agronomy (1989), South Dakota State University Major: Agronomy- Soil Fertility Minor: Chemistry M.Phil. in Agric. (1981), Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Major: Soil Chemistry Minor: Statistics B.S. (Hons.) in Agric. (1978), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Major: Agronomy Specialization: Soil Science WORK EXPERIENCE to date: Extension Associate Professor/ Director of Soil Testing & Plant Diagnostic Laboratories University of Missouri, Columbia, MO : Associate Soil Scientist - Land Reclamation Research Center, North Dakota State University, Mandan, ND : Postdoctoral Associate - Dept. of Soil Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Honors and Awards 2007: Promoted from Assistant to Associate Professor, University of Missouri 2002: Honored Member of Who Is Who in Agriculture Higher Education (WWAHE). Professional Service and Activities National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panel Chair for Division of Plant & Animal Sciences (2005) Chair and State representative for NCR -13 Committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (Chair: ; Secretary: 1999; State Rep: to date) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee of SSSA - S 877 (2003 to date) External Grant Reviewer for US and Canadian Federal Funding Organizations (USDA: to date; USDE-FIPSE ; and CAAS: ). North American Proficiency Testing Program Oversight Committee of SSSA S 890 (2002 to date) Editorial Board for Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Journal (2002 to date) National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panelist ( ; 2005, 2006) Membership and Affiliations American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Council Sigma Delta Epsilon Gamma Sigma Delta AOAC International National, Regional and State Assignments National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panel Chair for Division of Plant & Animal Sciences (2005) Chair and State representative for NCR -13 Committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (Chair: ; Secretary: 1999; State Rep: to date) Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee of SSSA - S 877 (2003 to date)

8 Page 8 Publications Refereed 1. Nelson, K. A.., Motavalli, P. P., and M. Nathan Response to No-Till Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Timing of Preplant and Foliar Potassium Applications in a Claypan Soil. In Agron. J. 97: Mottavalli, P. P., J. Lory, M. Nathan and C. Fulcher Increased access to soil and plant testing database: Opportunities and Issues. Commun. In Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. 33: Book chapters: 1. Nathan, M Reagents and Standards. Chapter 5. In Quality Assurance and Quality Control Model Plan for Soil Testing Laboratories. Soil Science Society and Oregon State University Publication. P Combs, S. M. and M. V. Nathan Soil Organic Matter. In Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for North Central Region. Ed. J. R. Brown. Chapter 12: Missouri Ag. Expt. Station SB 1001, University of Missouri-Columbia Abstracts: 1. Nathan, M. V., Sun, Y., Abernathy, S., and D. Dunn Summary of Soil Fertility Status in Missouri by County, Soil Regions and Cropping Systems Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI. 2. Nathan, M. V Evaluation of Soil ph Buffers for Determining Lime Requirement in North Central Region. Soil and Plant Analysis Workshop Proceedings Abstracts. North Central Extension & Research Activity 13 Group publication. 3. Nathan, M. V., Scharf, P., and Y. Sun Evaluation of Mehlich Buffer as an Alternative to the Woodruff Buffer for Lime Recommendations in Missouri. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI. 4. Nelson, K., Motavalli, P., and M. Nathan Response of No-till Soybean to Timing of Pre-plant and Foliar Potassium applications in a Clay Pan Soil. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA. Madison, WI. 5. Nathan, M. V., Mallarino, A., Eliasan, R and R. Miller ICP vs. Colorimetric Determination of Mehlich III Extractable Phosphorus. International Symposium on Soil & Plant Analysis. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33: Nathan, M. Starbuck, C. and Y. Sun Making recommendations Based on Laboratory Analysis of Compost: Science or Art? Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA. Madison, Wisconsin. Miscellaneous Publications: 1. Nathan, M., Sun, Y., and D. Dunn Nutrient Removal Values for Major Agronomic Crops in Missouri. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #07-01, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Nathan, M., Scharf, P. Sun, Y., and D. Dunn Evaluation of Modified Mehlich Tests for Determining Lime Requirement in Missouri Soils ( ). In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #07-01, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Scharf, P., Miles, R., and M. Nathan P and K Fixation by Missouri Soils. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Publ. #07-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Nathan, M., Scharf, P. and Y. Sun Evaluating Mehlich III extractants for Available Nutrients for Missouri Soils using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. In: Missouri soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #06-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Nathan, M., Scharf, P. and Y. Sun Comparison of Woodruff Buffer and Modified Mehlich buffer Tests for Determining Lime requirement in Missouri Soils. In: Missouri soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #06-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan The impact of foliar potassium fertilizer source on crop response and weed control in a no-till weed and feed glyphosate-resistant soybean production system. pp Vol. 21. Proceedings of the 2004 Fluid Forum, Scottsdale, AZ.

9 Page 9 7. Nelson, K., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan The impact of foliar potassium fertilizer source on crop response and weed control in a no-till weed and feed glyphosate-resistant soybean production system. pp Field Day Report of the Greenley Memorial Research Center. University of Missouri, Novelty, Missouri. Extension Presentations and Publications Field Days Presentations: 1. Nathan, M Importance of Submitting Representative Soil and Plant Samples from Golf Courses for Analyses in Golf Course Nutrient Management. Turf Grass Field Day, South Farm, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. July 11, Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz Soil Fertility and Nutrient Deficiency in a Drought Year. MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services. Huntley Whaley Filed Day Presentation, University of Missouri, Albany, Missouri. Sept 8, Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz Services Available at the MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Laboratories. Greenley Filed Day Poster Presentation, University of Missouri, Novelty, Missouri. August 4, Nathan, M How can the MU Soil & Plant Diagnostic Labs help the turf Industry in meeting the diagnostic needs? and Submitting a good sample for diagnostics. Turf Grass Field Day, South Farm, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. July 13, Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services Available for Clients. Huntley Whaley Filed Day Poster Presentation, University of Missouri, Albany, Missouri. Sept 8, Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services Available for Clients. Graves Filed Day Poster Presentation. University of Missouri, Corning, Missouri. Aug. 24, 2004 Program Implementation Experience and In Service Training 1. Nathan, M., Crocker, D, Scharf, P and J. Lory, Soil Test Interpretations and Recommendations and Diagnostic Services. In Service Education Training for Regional Specialists, Agricultural Extension Program, University of Missouri. February 2, Nathan, M Soils, Plant Nutrition, and Soil Testing. Train the Trainers Master Gardner PDE. Oct 16, Workshops, Conferences, Short Courses and Certified Crop Advisor Training: 1. Nathan, M., Rehm. G. Eliason, R., Godsey, C., and D. Mengel Evaluation of Soil ph Buffers for Determining Lime Requirement in North Central Region. Soil & Plant Analyst Workshop. February 27, Bettendorf, IA. 2. Nathan, M., Soil Testing Fundamentals NRCS Nutrient Management Certification Training, Columbia, MO. March 29, Nathan. M Why Test Soil? Better Lawns and Gardens. Children Gardening Educational Conference. Spink Pavilion, Missouri Botanical Gardens. St. Louis, MO. April 26, Nathan, M., Soil Testing Fundamentals NRCS Nutrient Management Certification Training, Columbia, MO. March 16, 2004 Extension Guides and Fact Sheets: 1. Nathan, M., Steps in Fertilizing Garden Soil: Vegetables and Annual Flowers. Extension Publication G University of Missouri Extension Publications. 2. Nathan, M., J. Stecker, E. Ervin, L. Jett, M. Warmund and P. Scharf Commercial Fruits, Vegetables and Turf Soil Test Interpretations and Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (Electronic Publication). 3. Nathan, M. and B. Fresenburg Soil Testing for Lawns. MU Guide G6954. University of Missouri Extension Publications 4. Nathan, M., Stecker, J., and Y. Sun Soil Testing Guide. University of Missouri Soil Testing Lab Publication. (Electronic Publication).

10 Page 10 Robert L. Kallenbach Associate Professor and State Extension Specialist Phone (573) Plant Sciences Unit 108 Waters Hall Fax (573) University of Missouri Columbia, MO Education: Ph.D., Agronomy, with an emphasis in statistics Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX. M.S., Agronomy University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO. B.S., Agronomy Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, MO. Professional Employment and Experience (Since 1994): Associate Professor/State Extension Specialist Forage Crops. University of Missouri Columbia. (60% Extension 25% Research 15% Service). Sep to present. Assistant Professor/State Extension Specialist Forage Crops. University of Missouri Columbia. (60% Extension 25% Research 15% Service). Jan to Sep Field Crops Advisor. University of California - Cooperative Extension. Oct to Dec Professional Service, Honors and Awards (Since 2004): 2007 Donald W. Fancher Provost Award for Outstanding Achievement in Extension and Continuing Education. (Campus-wide award given to one faculty member at the University of Missouri each year.) 2004 Young Crop Scientist award presented by the Crop Science Society of America (International award given to one scientist under 37 years of age annually) 2004 J.W. Burch State Specialist Award for Outstanding Statewide Program Leadership (College award given to one faculty member at the University of Missouri each year) 2004 Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society award for Excellence in Extension Education Membership in Professional Societies: American Society of Agronomy, 1990 to present Crop Science Society of America, 1990 to present American Forage and Grassland Council, 1990 to present American Society of Animal Science, 2007 to present Missouri Forage and Grassland Council, 1998 to present Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture, initiated in 1988 Research Publications: Refereed Journal Articles 33 Book Chapters 2 Proceedings and Abstracts 95 Extension Education (Since 1998): Extension Manuals and Guides 33 Workshops and Short Courses taught 127 Extension education meetings and classes taught 313

11 Page 11 Refereed Journal Articles (Since 2005): Selected publications Dierking, R.M., R.L. Kallenbach, M.S. Kerley, C.A. Roberts, and T.R. Lock Yield and nutritive value of Spring Green festulolium and Jessup endophyte-free tall fescue stockpiled for winter pasture. Crop Sci. In Press. Meyer, A.M., M.S. Kerley, and R.L. Kallenbach The effect of residual feed intake classification on forage intake by grazing beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 86: Curtis, L.E., R.L. Kallenbach, and C.A. Roberts Allocating forage to fall-calving cowcalf pairs strip-grazing stockpiled tall fescue. J. Anim. Sci. 86: Curtis, L.E., and R.L. Kallenbach Endophyte infection level of tall fescue stockpiled for winter grazing does not alter the gain of calves nursing lactating beef cows. J. Anim. Sci. 85: Casler, M.D., K.P. Vogel, C.M. Taliaferro, N.J. Ehlke, J.D. Berdahl, E.C. Brummer, R.L. Kallenbach, C.P. West, and R.B. Mitchell Latitudinal and longitudinal adaptation of switchgrass populations. Crop Sci. 47: Smith, L.B., and R.L. Kallenbach Overseeding annual ryegrass and cereal rye into soybean as part of a multifunctional cropping system: I. Grain crop yields, winter annual weed cover, and residue after planting. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi: /fg RS. Smith, L. B., and R.L. Kallenbach Overseeding annual ryegrass and cereal rye into soybean as part of a multifunctional cropping system: II. Forage yield and nutritive value. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi: /fg rs. Kallenbach, R. L., C.A. Roberts, T.R. Lock, D.H. Keisler, M.R. Ellersieck, and G.E. Rottinghaus Performance of steers fed ammoniated straw from tall fescue seed fields. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi: /fg rs. Kallenbach, R.L., M.S. Kerley, and G.J. Bishop-Hurley Forage accumulation, quality and livestock production from an annual ryegrass and cereal rye mixture in a pine-walnut silvopasture. Agroforest. Syst. 66: Kallenbach, R.L., C.J. Nelson, J.H. Coutts and M.D. Massie Cutting alfalfa in lateautumn increases annual yield, doesn t hurt stands, but is unlikely to increase profit. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi: /fg rs. (50%, DAM). Roberts, C.A., H.R. Benedict, N.S. Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and G.E. Rottinghaus Determination of ergot alkaloid content in tall fescue by near-infrared spectroscopy. Crop Sci. 45: Book Chapters: Casler, M.D., and R.L. Kallenbach Cool-season grasses for humid areas. p In R.F Barnes, C.J. Nelson, K.J. Moore, and M. Collins (ed.) Forages Vol II: The science of grassland agriculture, 6th ed. Blackwell Pub. Profess., Ames, IA. Cherney, J.H., and R.L. Kallenbach Forage systems for the temperate humid zone. p In R.F Barnes, C.J. Nelson, K.J. Moore, and M. Collins (ed.) Forages Vol II: The science of grassland agriculture, 6th ed. 6th ed. Blackwell Pub. Profess., Ames, IA.

12 Page 12 DAVID J. (Dave) DUNN University of Missouri Portageville, MO CURRICULUM VITAE Delta Center, P. O. Box 160 Phone (573) EDUCATION: Degree: M.S. Geology (with emphasis in soils development) 1985 Institution: Iowa State University Professor: Dr. Carl F. Vondra Degree: B.S. Geology, 1980 Institution: Iowa State University PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Supervisor: Soil Testing Lab 1997-present University of Missouri-Delta Center, Portageville, Missouri Responsibilities: 1) Communicate to public the role of an integrated soil fertility program in crop production and environmental protection. 2) Provide relevant and understandable soil and plant analysis results to customers. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results while ensuring that results are available to customers in timely manner. 4) Supervise and train administrative and support staff, develop and implement annual working budget, maintain and purchase supplies and equipment as needed. 5) Develop and administer a soil fertility research program. 6) Provide research assistance to other multidisciplinary University of Missouri staff Lab Tech II, Soil Testing Lab Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Responsibilities: 1) Supervise and train student hourly workers. 2) Maintain equipment and purchase consumable supplies as needed. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results. 4) Communicate soil test results to customers. 5) Provide research assistance to other multidisciplinary Iowa State University staff, includes training of graduate students in use of analytical instruments. Lab Tech II, Power Plant Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Responsibilities: 1) Supervise and train temporary and student workers. 2) Maintain equipment and purchase consumable supplies. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results. 4) Maintain records of laboratory results for compliance with local, state and federal environmental laws.

13 Page 13 GRANT SUPPORT: Cotton Irrigation on Poorly Drained Clay Soils. PI: Gene Stevens Investigators: Gene Stevens, David Dunn, Andrea Phillips, and Earle Vories My Shared Credit: 20% Status: grant funded Funding is for: research Funding Source: USDA special irrigation grant Submitted Through: MU Amount Requested: $34,000 Amount Received: $34,000 Funded for this year: $34,000 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2007 Related Publications: Dunn, D.J., A. Phillips, W.E. Stevens and E. Vories,, Screening Cotton Varieties for Tolerance to Water-logged Soil Conditions. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. New Orleans LA, 7-10 Jan. (nonrefereed) (abstract) (55% contribution) (completed) Cotton Inc. grant support: Three projects Nitrogen rate and timing study for cotton grown on irrigated gumbo soils #07-624MO Nitrogen rate and timing study for cotton grown on white clay soils #07-971MO Economic comparison of soil test recommendations from University & private soil test labs for cotton #07-970MO PI: David Dunn Investigators: David Dunn; Andrea Phillips My Shared Credit: 50% Status: grant funded Funding is for: research Funding Source: Cotton Inc. Submitted Through: MU Amount Requested: $34,000 Amount Received: $34,000 Funded for this year: $34,000 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2007 Related Publications: Dunn, D, A. Phillips and W. Stevens Nitrogen Management for Heavy Clay Soils. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. New Orleans LA, 7-10 Jan. (non-refereed) (abstract) (55% contribution) (completed) Oliveira, l., P. Scharf, E. Vories, W.E. Stevens, A. Phillips, and D.J. Dunn Using Sensors to Predict Nitrogen Needs of Cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. New Orleans LA, 7-10 Jan. (non-refereed) (abstract) (55% contribution) (completed) Dunn, D and W. Stevens Can we predict cotton yield response to pin-head square nitrogen applications? Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. San Antonio, TX, 3-6 Jan. (nonrefereed) (abstract) (55% contribution) (completed). Using Sensors to Predict Nitrogen Needs of Cotton PI: Peter Scharf Investigators: Peter Scharf, David Dunn, Gene Stevens, Andrea Phillips, and Earle Vories My Shared Credit: 20%

14 Page 14 Status: grant funded Funding is for: research Funding Source: Cotton Inc., Missouri Fertilizer Lime Board, IPNI. Submitted Through: MU Amount Requested: $43,000 Amount Received: $43,000 Funded for this year: $43,000 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2007 Related Publications: Oliveira, l., P. Scharf, E. Vories, W.E. Stevens, A. Phillips, and D.J. Dunn Using Sensors to Predict Nitrogen Needs of Cotton. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. New Orleans Phosphorus Fertilization of Drill-Seeded Rice, a Rate and Timing Study PI: David Dunn Investigators: David Dunn; Gene Stevens My Shared Credit: 75% Status: grant funded Funding is for: research Funding Source: Missouri Rice Research Council Submitted Through: MU Amount Requested: $6,698 Amount Received: $6,698 Funded for this year: $6,698 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2007 Related Publications: Dunn, D., and G. Stevens Response of Rice Yields to Phosphorus Fertilizer Rates and Polymer Coating. Crop Management (submitted) Dunn, D., and G. Stevens Phosphorus management in a dry-seeded, delayed-flood rice production system (North America). Better Crops with Plant Food. International Plant Nutr. Inst. 91(1): (non-refereed) (invited paper) (55% contribution) (completed) Dunn, D Pre-plant and mid-season phoephorus fertilization of drill-seeded rice. In C. Dickens (ed.) Missouri Rice Research Update. pg Dexter, Mo. 22 Feb. (non-refereed) (Extension publication) (100% contribution) (completed) Dunn, D.J., and W. E. Stevens Polymer fertilizer coatings: can they increase phosphorus efficiency in rice? pg (M. Salassi ed.) In Proc. Thirty-first Rice Tech Working Group. Agric. Exp. Stations of Ark, Cal, Fl, Louis, Miss, Mo, and Tx Woodlands, TX. 26 February 1 March. (non-refereed) (abstract) (55% contribution) (completed) Dunn, D Comparison of Availcoated and non-coated triple super phosphate fertilizers for rice. In C. Dickens (ed.) Missouri Rice Research Update. pg Dexter, Mo. 22 Feb. (non-refereed) (Extension publication) (100% contribution) (completed) Dunn, D.J Polymer fertilizer coatings: can they increase phosphorus efficiency in rice? ASA-CSSA-SSSA International Annual Meetings. Paper # Indianapolis, IN Nov. (non-refereed) (abstract) (100% contribution) (completed) Soil Fertility Research PI: David Dunn Investigators: David Dunn; Gene Stevens My Shared Credit: 90%

15 Page 15 Status: gift Funding is for: research Funding Source: The Heleana Chemical Company Submitted Through: Amount Received: $26,500 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2006 Related Publications: Dunn, D., R. Bowman, and R. Helms Rate effect of HM0754A, a soil Amendment, on rice yields and nutrient uptake.pg (M. Salassi ed.) In Proc. Thirty-first Rice Tech Working Group. Agric. Exp. Stations of Ark, Cal, Fl, Louis, Miss, Mo, and Tx Woodlands, TX. 26 February 1 March. (non-refereed) (abstract) (40% contribution) (completed) Kenty, M., D.Dunn, R. Helms, R. Bowman, and T. Walker Impact of HM0754A on rice production on leveled ground. pg (M. Salassi ed.) In Proc. Thirty-first Rice Tech Working Group. Agric. Exp. Stations of Ark, Cal, Fl, Louis, Miss, Mo, and Tx Woodlands, TX. 26 February 1 March. (non-refereed) (abstract) (20% contribution) (completed) D. Dunn, G. Harris, R Bowman and C. Guy Rate effect of HM9754A, a soil amendment on cotton lint yields. Proc. Beltwide Cotton Conference. San Antonio, TX, 3-6 Jan. (non-refereed) (abstract) (35% contribution) (completed) Profitablity of P & K fertilizers with and without lime PI: David Dunn Investigators: David Dunn and Gene Stevens My Shared Credit: 70% Status: funded Funding is for: Research Funding Source: Missouri Fertilizer and Lime Board Submitted Through: MU Amount Received: $19,000 Funded for this year: $19,000 Dates: 01/01/ /31/2007 Enhancing capabilities of Delta Regional Soil Testing Lab PI: David Dunn Investigators: David Dunn; John Gardner My Shared Credit: 70% Status: grant Funding is for: Construction Funding Source: USDA Rural Development Submitted Through: MU Amount Received: $404,000 Funded for this year: NA Dates: 09/ /31/2003 RECENT PUBLICATIONS: Refereed Publications: Stevens, G., A. Sheckel, E. Vories, M. Mulesky, M. Rhine, and D. Dunn Irrigation to maximize vaccine antigen production in genetically modified tobacco Agron J. 99: Stevens, G., A. Wrather, M. Rhine, D. Dunn and E. Vories Predicting rice yield response to midseason nitrogen with plant area measurements. Agron J (in press).

16 Page 16 Dunn, D, and G Stevens. 2007, Phosphorus Management in a Dry-seed, Delayed Flood Production System in Missouri, Beter Crops International, 91: Stevens, G, D. Dunn, and S. Hefner Building Soil Potassium and Phosphorus in a Low- Testing Fescue Field, Better Crops International (in press). Aide, M., C. Aide, D. Dunn, and G. Stevens Fragipan genesis in the eastern Ozarks of Missouri. Soil Sci. 171 (6): Stevens, G., T. Gladbach, P. Motavalli, and D. Dunn Soil calcium and magnesium ratios and lime recommendations for cotton. J. Cotton Science. 9: Dunn, D., G. Stevens, and A. Kendig Boron fertilization of rice with soil and foliar applications. Crop Management. [Online] doi: /cm rs Conley, S., G. Stevens, and D. Dunn Grain sorghum response to row spacing, crop density, and planter skips. Crop Management. doi: /cm rs. Wrather, J., W. Stevens, D. Dunn, R. Cartwright, G. Sciumbato, and D. Beighley Tillage effects on stand and yield in a rice monoculture system. Crop Management [Online] doi: /cm rs Dunn, D., and G. Stevens Rice potassium research progress. Better Crops. 1, Stevens, G. and D. Dunn Fly ash as a liming material. J. Environmental Quality 33: Dunn, D.J., G. Stevens, J.A Wrather, M.M Kenty, D.H Beighley, and M.T Aide Measuring K + in Rice Basal Stem Sap with a Cardy Meter. Crop Management (Online) doi: /cm rs.

17 Page 17 RESUME FOR KELLY A. NELSON Research Agronomist and Associate Professor Division of Plant Sciences Greenly Memorial Research Center Tel: (660) University of Missouri Fax: (660) P.O. Box 126, Hwy 156 E nelsonke@missouri.edu Novelty, MO EDUCATION $ Ph.D. Weed Science, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ. (2000) $ M.S. Weed Science, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ. (1997) $ B.S. Plant Science, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Missouri (1995) APPOINTMENTS $ Research Associate Professor, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO (2007-present) $ Research Assistant Professor, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO ( ) $ Graduate Research Assistant, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI ( ) $ Teaching Assistant, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (1996) OTHER EXPERIENCE $ Research Technician, Ciba Crop Protection, Lee=s Summit, MO (1994) $ Integrated Pest Management, Gypsy Moth Technician, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (1992) $ Crop and Livestock Production Assistant, Nelson Farms, Skidmore, MO ( ) HONORS AND AWARDS $ ASABE Blue Ribbon Award, Circular Publication, Questions and answers about drainage water management for the Midwest, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2007) $ Junior Faculty Award, Gamma Sigma Delta, Honor Society of Agriculture (2005) PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS $ American Society of Agronomy $ Crop Science Society of America $ Weed Science Society of America $ North Central Weed Science Society of America PUBLICATIONS IN THE PAST FIVE YEARS: Nelson, K.A., S.M. Paniagua, and P.P. Motavalli Effect of polymer coated urea, irrigation, and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil. Agron. J. In review. Nelson, K.A., and R.L. Smoot Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) interference in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. In review. Noellsch, A.J., P.P. Motavalli, K.A. Nelson, and N.R. Kitchen Corn nitrogen response across a claypan landscape using polymer-coated urea and anhydrous ammonia. Agron. J. In review. Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and R.L. Smoot Dried distillers grain as a fertilizer source for corn. J. Agric. Sci. In press. Nelson, K.A., and R.L. Smoot Twin- and single-row corn production in Northeast Missouri. Crop Management. Online. Crop Management In press.

18 Page 18 Motavalli, P. P. and K.A. Nelson Use of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers for improved agricultural nutrient management: Introduction to the symposium. Online. Crop Management doi: /cm ps. Nelson, K. A., Scharf, P. C., Bundy, L.G., and Tracy, P Agricultural management of enhancedefficiency fertilizers in the north-central United States. Online. Crop Management doi: /cm rv. Nelson, K.A., G.E. Rottinghaus, and T.E. Nelson Effect of lactofen application timing on yield and isoflavone concentration in soybean seed. Agron. J. 99: Nelson, K.A., and P.P. Motavalli Foliar potassium fertilizer sources affect weed control in soybean with glyphosate. Online. Crop Management doi: /cm rs. Fang, M., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson Assessing changes in soil microbial communities and carbon mineralization in Bt and non-bt corn residue-amended soils. Applied Soil Ecology 37: Nelson, K.A Glyphosate application timings in twin- and single-row corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Weed Technol. 21: Nelson, K.A., W.G. Johnson, J.D. Wait, and R.L. Smoot Winter annual weed management in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) and the impact on soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) egg population densities. Weed Technol. 20: Donald, W.W., and K.A. Nelson Practical changes to single-boom sprayers for zone herbicide application. Weed Technol. 20: Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan Response of no-till soybean to timing of pre-plant and foliar potassium applications in a claypan soil. Agron. J. 97: Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson Differences in yields, residue composition, and N mineralization dynamics of Bt and non-bt maize. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 73: Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 42: Donald, W.W., W.G. Johnson, and K.A. Nelson Zone herbicide application controls annual weeds and reduces residual herbicide use in corn. Weed Sci. 52: Donald, W.W., W.G. Johnson, and K.A. Nelson In-row and between-row interference by corn (Zea mays) modifies annual weed control by postemergence residual herbicides. Weed Technol. 18: Li, J., R.J. Smeda, K.A. Nelson, and F.E. Dayan Mechanism of resistance to diphenyl ether herbicides in waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis). Weed. Sci. 52:

19 Page 19 Resume for TIMOTHY MARTIN REINBOTT Home Address: Work Address: N Hwy 124 Bradford Research & Ext. Center Centralia, MO Rangeline Road Columbia, MO Home Telephone: reinbottt@missouri.edu Work Telephone: Education: BS-Agronomy, University of Missouri, 1984 MS-Agronomy, University of Missouri, 1986 Thesis Title: Intercropping soybeans into standing green wheat Advisor: Dr. Zane Helsel Professional Experience: October 2000-present:Superintendent Bradford Research & Extension Center January 2000-October 2000: Interim Superintendent Agronomy Research Center Supervisor-Dr. John Gardner-Associate Director of Agriculture Experiment Station September 15, 1987-January 2000: Research Associate at the University of Missouri, Agronomy Department. Supervisor-Dr. Dale Blevins-Professor of Agronomy Refereed Journal Articles: Reinbott, T.M., Z.R. Helsel, D.G. Helsel, M.R. Gebhardt, and H.C. Minor Intercropping soybeans into standing green wheat. Agron. J. 79: Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins Phosphate interaction with uptake and leaf composition of magnesium, calcium, and potassium in winter wheat seedlings. Agron. J. 83: Morris, R.O., Blevins, D.G., Dietrich, J.T., Durley, R.C., Gelvin, S.B., Gray, J., Hommes, N.G., Kaminek, M., Matthews, L.J., Meilan, R., Reinbott, T.M. and Sayavedrasoto, L Cytokinins in plant pathogenic bacteria and developing cereal grains. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins Phosphorus and temperature effects on magnesium, calcium and potassium in wheat and tall fescue leaves. Agron. J. 86: Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins Response of soybean to foliar-applied boron and magnesium and soil-applied boron. J. Plant Nutrition 18: Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins Multi-year use of killed-strips for forage and grain sorghum production in a tall fescue pasture. J. Production Agriculture 8: Dietrich, J.T., M. Kaminek, M., D.G. Blevins, T.M. Reinbott and R.O. Morris Changes in cytokinins and cytokinin oxidase in developing maize kernels and the effects of exogenous cytokinin on kernel development. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 33: Blevins, D.G., C.L. Scrivner, T.M. Reinbott and M. K. Schon Foliar boron increases berry number and yield of two highbush blueberry cultivars in Missouri. J. Plant Nutrition 19: Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins Phosphorus and magnesium fertilization interaction with soil phosphorus level: Tall fescue yield and mineral element content. J. Production Agriculture 10: Reinbott, T.M., D.G. Blevins and M.K. Schon Content of boron and other elements in main stem and branch leaves and seed of soybean. J. Plant Nutrition 20: Blevins, D.G. and T.M. Reinbott Impact of phosphorus nutrition on magnesium, calcium, and water status of plants. In Pennsylvania State Root Biology Proceedings. J. Lynch (ed). Pp Reinbott T. M. and D.G. Blevins Phosphorus nutritional effects on root hydraulic conductance, xylem water flow and flux of magnesium and calcium in squash plants. Plant and Soil 209:

20 Page 20 Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Bishop-Hurley, G.J., Crawford, R.J., Massie, M.D., and Tyler, J.W Adequate soil phosphorus decreases the grass tetany potential of tall fescue pasture. Online. Crop Management. Doi: /CM RS. Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Crawford, R.J., Massie, M.D., and Bishop-Hurley, G.J Phosphorus Fertilization of Tall Fescue Pastures May Protect Beef Cows from Hypomagnesaemia and Improve Gain in Nursing Calves. Online. Crop Management. Doi: /CM RS. Reinbott, T.M., Conley, S.P., and Blevins, D.G No-Tillage Corn and Grain Sorghum Response to Cover Crop and Nitrogen Fertilization. Agronomy Journal:96: Extension/Popular Articles: Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins Winter Annual Cover Crops for Missouri. UMC Agronomy Technical Report, Vol. 7, No. 10. December. Pp Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins A Strip Kill Forage Production System for Fescue Pastures. UMC Agronomy Technical Report, Vol. 9, No. 2. February. Pp Blevins, D. G. and T. M. Reinbott Foliar Fertilization of Soybeans in Missouri. Proc. North Central Ext.-Indust. Soil Fert. Conf., Vol. 7: Scrivner, C. L., D. G. Blevins, M. K. Schon and T. M. Reinbott Effects of foliar boron applications on yield of Collins and Blueray blueberries. In: P. L. Byers, ed., Missouri Small Fruits Conf. Proc., State Fruit Exp. Stn., Mountain Grove, Vol. 11, pp Blevins, D. G., M. LeNoble, K. Lukaszewski, T. Reinbott and R. Miles Physiological aspects of alfalfa root growth. In: Alfalfa Production in Missouri. A manual, Ed. Craig Roberts. Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M. and Boyce, P.J Foliar fertilization of soybeans with boron and magnesium: Plant physiology. PPI/FAR Technical Bulletin , Potash & Phosphate Inst. and Foundation for Agronomic Research Publ., Norcross, GA, p.1-6. Reinbott, T, Mattas, R., and Blevins, D Low phosphorus soils cause major problems with forage and livestock production. Better Crops with Plant Food 81: Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Crawford Jr., R.J., Massie, M.D., and Bishop-Hurley, G.J Soil Phosphorus may be important to beef herd health and performance. Better Crops with Plant Food 85:4-5. Current Grants: : Improve Propagation Techniques, Conduct Research and Increase Landowner Outreach and Agricultural Applications of Select Native Plant Species- $150,000 Missouri Department of Conservation : Demonstration of farm profitability utilizing management techniques that promote soil and water conservation practices and improve pastures.-$236,151 USDA-NRCS : Evaluating Native Grasses and Forbs for Suitability in the Ozarks-$5,000 Wurdack Endowment