Page 1 of 6. Agriculture. I. Answer the Following

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1 Agriculture Page 1 of 6 I. Answer the Following Q1. What is the importance of agriculture in the Indian economy? Ans. Two-thirds of India s population is engaged in agricultural activities. Agriculture is a primary activity, which produces most of the food that we consume. Besides food grains, it also produces raw material for various industries.moreover, some agricultural products like tea, coffee, spices, etc. are also exported. Q2. What are the features of primitive subsistence farming? Ans. Primitive subsistence agriculture is practised on small patches of land with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks, and family/community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown. It is a slash and burn agriculture. Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation. Q3. Name the primitive subsistence farmings in India. Ans. It is jhumming in north-eastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland; Pamlou in Manipur, Dipa in Bastar district of Chattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Q4. What are the features of intensive subsistence farming? Ans. This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is labour- intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are used for obtaining higher production. Q5. What are the main characteristics of commercial farming? Ans. The main characteristic of this type of farming is the use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety (HYV) seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and pesticides in order to obtain higher productivity. Q6. What are the characteristics of plantation farming? Ans. Plantation is also a type of commercial farming. In this type of farming, a single crop is grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry. Plantations cover large tracts of land, using capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All the produce is used as raw material in respective industries. In India, tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc.. are important plantation crops. Since the production is mainly for market, a well- developed network of transport and communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays an important role in the development of plantations. Q7. What are the agricultural seasons in India? Name the crops grown in these seasons.

2 Page 2 of 6 Ans. India has three cropping seasons rabi, kharif and zaid. Rabi crops are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June. Some of the important rabi crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard. Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September-October. Important crops grown during this season are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean. In between the rabi and the kharif seasons, there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops produced during zaid are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder crops. Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Q8. Name the leading producer of Jowar, Bajra and Ragi. Ans. Bajra- Rajasthan. Ragi- Karnataka. Jowar- Maharashtra. Q9. What is the importance for growing pulses? Ans. India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world. These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Q10. Write three features of cultivation of oilseeds. Ans. India is the largest producer of oil- seeds in the world. Different oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of the total cropped area of the country. Most of these are edible and used as cooking mediums. Some of these are also used as raw material in the production of soap, cosmetics and ointments. Q11. Which states are the leading producers of groundnut in India? Ans. Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Q12. Where is coffee produced in India? Ans. Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Q13. Why is there more demand for Indian coffee in the world? Ans. Indian coffee is known in the world for its high quality. In India, the arabica variety is grown, which was brought originally from Yemen. Q14. Name the main fibre crops in India. Ans. Cotton, Jute, Hemp and natural silk. Q15. What is sericulture? Ans. Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

3 Page 3 of 6 S.No. Crop Seaso n Characteristics Location Food Grains 1 Rice Kharif 2 Wheat Rabi It requires high temperature (above 25 C), high humidity and rainfall above 100cm. In areas with low rainfall, it requires irrigation. Soil type: Alluvial Soil. It requires a cool growing season and bright sunshine at the time of ripening. It requires 50 to 75 cm of rainfall evenly distributed over the growing season. Soil type: Grows well in various soils. Plains of North and North-East India, Coastal Areas and Deltas Two main growing zones- The Ganga - Satluj Plains in the North-West and black soil region of the Deccan. States- Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh. 3 Millets : Jowar, Bajra, Ragi etc. Kharif Jowar: It is a rain-fed crop, grown in moist areas. Soil type:moist soils Bajra: It grows well on sandy soils and shallow Black soil. Ragi: It is a crop of dry regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils. Soil type: Red, Black, Sandy, Loamy and Shallow Black soils. Jowar: Maharashtra is the largest producer, other states include Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh. Bajra: Rajasthan is the largest producer, followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana. Ragi: Karnataka is the largest producer, followed by Tamil Nadu. Other states include: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh. 4 Maize Kharif/ Rabi(li ke in Bihar) It requires temperature between 21 C to 27 C. Soil type: Alluvial Soil. States: Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

4 Page 4 of 6 5 Pulses toor (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram Kharif/ Rabi (Based on the pulse) Pulse need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being leguminous crops, they restore soil fertility (except arhar) by fixing nitrogen. States: Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka. Food Crops other than food grains 6 Sugarcane Whole Year It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop. Grows well in hot and humid climate with temperatures between 21 C and 27 C and an annual rainfall of cm. Irrigation is required in regions of low rainfall. It can be grown on a variety of soils and requires lot of manual labour. The major sugarcaneproducing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. 7 Oil Seeds: - Oilseeds include Groundnut, Mustard, Coconut, Sesamum, soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. Oilseeds thrive best in the tropical climate. Groundnut- is a Kharif Linseed and Mustard - Rabi Sesamum- Kharif in the North and Rabi in the SouthCastor- Both Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

5 8 Tea - 9 Coffee - The tea plant grows well grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climate, with deep and fertile well-drained soil rich in humus and organic matter. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost free climate all through the year. Require frequent showers. Indian coffee is known for its good quality. It cultivates Arabica variety originally from Yemen. Page 5 of 6 Major tea-producing states are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-producing states in the country. Nigiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu 10 Horticulture Crops - India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world. Both tropical and temperate fruits are cultivated. India produces about 13 per cent of the world s vegetables. It is an important producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato. Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal, oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya), bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, pineapples of Meghalaya, grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra, apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh are in great demand the world over. Non Food Crops

6 11 Rubber It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. It requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm. and temperature above 25 C. Page 6 of 6 It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and Nicabar islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya. India ranks fifth among the world s natural rubber producers. Fibre Crops- Cotton, Jute, Hemp, Natural Silk 12 Cotton Kharif India is believed to be the original home of cotton. India is the third largest producer. Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan plateau. It requires high temperature, light rainfall or irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sun- shine for its growth. Major cotton-producing states are Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. 13 Jute Known as golden fibre. Grows well on fertile soils in the floodplains where soils are renewed yearly. High temperature is required during growth. Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly the nylon. West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Orissa and Meghalaya are the major jute producing states.