Bio-efficacy of some new insecticide molecules against pod borer complex of Red gram

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1 Legume Research, 38 (2) 2015 : Print ISSN: / Online ISSN: AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATION CENTRE Bio-efficacy of some new insecticide molecules against pod borer complex of Red gram K. Karmakar* and Sandip Patra 1 All India Network Project on Agricultural Acarology, Directorate of Research, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani , India. Received: Accepted: DOI: / ABSTRACT Field experiment was conducted at District Seed Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West Bengal during the year and crop growing seasons to evaluate the bio-efficacy of premix formulation of pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% EC against pod borer complex of red gram. UPAS-120 variety of red gram was sown during kharif season in the plot size of 5m x 4m with 70cm (R-R) and 30cm (P-P) spacing. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications for each treatment. Three round spraying of three doses of pyridalyl -15% + fenpropathrin- 20% EC (75+100, and g a.i./ ha) along with single dose of their individual counterparts; pyridalyl 10% EC (100 g a.i./ ha) and fenpropathrin 30% EC (100 g a.i./ ha) and a combined product chlorpyriphos 50% + cypermethrin 5%EC ( g a.i./ ha) and a commonly recommended insecticide (as standard check) viz., indoxacarb 14.5 SC (60 g a.i./ ha) were done during the cropping season where the first round was given at 10% flowering followed by full blooming and bearing stage at 25 days interval. Results revealed that pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha and g a.i./ ha were quite effective and were at par with each other in controlling red gram pod borer complex (Helicoverpa armigera Hub., Exelatis atomosa Wals. and Melanagromyza obtusa Mall.) and recorded higher grain yield (1.96 and 1.85 t/ha, respectively) than rest of the treatments. Key words: Bio-efficacy, Pod borer complex, Pyridalyl 15%+fenpropathrin 20% EC, Red gram. INTRODUCTION Pigeon pea or Tur or Red gram [Cajanus cajan (L) Millspaugh] is one of the most important grain legume crops of tropical and subtropical countries. India is the world s largest producer and consumer of pulses including pigeon pea. About 90% of the global pigeon pea area (4.9 million ha.) is in India and contributing to 93% of the global production (Anonymous, 2011). However, pulses production has been stagnant over the last two decades due to several reasons. Amongst them, insect pests is one of the major constrains for poor productivity of pigeon pea. About 250 insect species belonging to 8 orders and 61 families have been found to infest pigeon pea from seedling to harvesting stage and virtually no plant part is free from insect infestation (Upadhyay et al., 1998). Among the insect species infesting pigeon pea, the pod borer complex is reported to reduce the yield up to per cent (Sahoo and Senapati, 2000) where gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera Hub. is considered to be the most destructive one. The losses in annual pigeon pea due to H. armigera have been estimated more than 300 million dollar worldwide (Anonymous 1992). It is estimated that the infestation of one larva per plant on pigeon pea can cause yield loss of 1015 kg/ha (Reddy and Basavanna, 1978). The pod damage is about 39 to 45 per cent caused by this pest (Chaudhary et al. 1980, Thakur and Nema, 1986). Crop loss due to pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa Mall. have been estimated from 10-95% (Gangrade, 1963; Bindra and Jakhmola, 1967; Srivastava, et al., 1971 and Kooner, et al., 1972) and about 70-80% by Adgokar et al. (1993) in different parts of the country. Many insecticides have been evaluated against these pests without considering the specificity to manage these notorious pests that leads to develop resistance against these pests besides increasing residue and environmental hazards. Therefore, keeping these views in mind, present study was conducted to evaluate the bio-efficacy of target specific premix formulation against pod borer complex in pigeon pea. MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment was conducted at District Seed Farm, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Kalyani, West *Corresponding author s acarikarmakar@rediffmail.com, 1 Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Umiam , Meghalaya, India.

2 254 LEGUME RESEARCH Bengal during and crop seasons to evaluate the bio-efficacy of premix formulation of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against pod borer complex of red gram. UPAS-120 variety of red gram was sown during kharif season in the plot size of 5m x 4m with 70 cm row to row and 30 cm plant to plant spacing following recommended management practices to ensure uniform growth of the plants. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with three replications for each treatment. Three doses each of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC (75+100, and g a.i./ ha) along with single dose of their individual counterparts Pyridalyl 10% EC (100 g a.i./ ha) and Fenpropathrin 30% EC (100 g a.i./ ha) and a combined product Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC ( g a.i./ ha) and a commonly recommended insecticide (as standard check) viz., Indoxacarb 14.5 SC (60 g a.i./ ha) were sprayed to work out their efficacy against pod borer complex in pigeon pea. Three round of spraying were done during the cropping season where the first round was given at 10% flowering followed by full blooming and bearing stage at 25 days interval with the help of Knapsack sprayer using spray fluid of 500 litre / ha. Observation of gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and plume moth, Exelastis atomosa (Wals.) (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae) were recorded by counting the larval population just before spraying and at 1, 3, 7, 15 and 25 days after spraying (DAS) whereas, the incidence of tur pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Malloch) (Diptera : Agromyzidae) was recorded by counting the pupae from randomly collected 10 pods from each plots during harvest. The number of healthy and damaged pods/plant were calculated on the basis of mean of thirty observation per treatment and the percent damaged grain were also recorded by random sampling taking 100 seeds from each plots per treatment. The total yield per plot was recorded and analyzed statistically. Different species of natural enemies fauna like coccinellid beetle, hoverfly, spider and wasp were observed but population of coccinellid beetle were found dominant and hence their pre-count and postcount (after 7 DAS) population was recorded and analyzed statistically. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Efficacy against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Among the different pests attacked the red gram crop, H. armigera was the most dominating and damaging pests recorded during the experiment. It was noticed that during first round of spraying maximum mortality (94.84%) has been recorded from of the pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ha at 3 days after spraying followed by pyridalyl 10% (94.70% at 3DAS). Higher per cent of larval mortality has been recorded from all the treatments of pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% EC and pyridalyl 10% over other treatments and untreated control till 15 days after spraying (Table-1). The result of the same trend also has been recorded during second and third round of spraying (Table-2 & Table-3). Efficacy against Plume moth, Exelastis atomosa (Lepidoptera: Pterophoridae): It was observed that during first round of spraying 100 per cent larval mortality (Table 4) of plume moth has been recorded from of the TABLE 1: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera after first round of Treatment Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 10% EC Fenpropathrin 30% EC Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC Control Dosage Number of Percent mortality of pod borer larvae/plant (g a.i/ha) 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS before spray (51.10) b* (68.54) a (49.88) b (51.58) bc (35.77) a (62.01) ab (73.78) a (64.41) a (58.58) ab (39.37) a (70.62) a (76.87) a (70.77) a (63.49) a (41.20) a (70.41) a (76.69) a (71.11) a (62.22) ab (36.63) a (56.44) ab (56.15) b (43.68) b (45.26) c (33.62) a (59.06) ab (56.05) b (52.03) b (46.19) c (31.32) a (54.49) ab (54.22) b (47.09) b (46.82) c (37.60) a (15.80) c (31.89) c (19.35) c (32.56) d (34.28) a *Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values.

3 Treatment Volume 38, Issue 2, TABLE 2: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera after second round of Dosage (g a.i/ha) Number of larvae/plant before spray Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 10% EC Fenpropathrin 30% EC Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC Control Percent mortality of pod borer 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS (56.29) b* (63.53) bc (50.39) bc (42.56) cd (0.00) (62.48) ab (68.82) ab (55.66) b (47.59) bc (0.00) (68.09) a (73.92) a (70.92) a (58.60) a (0.00) (70.73) a (77.63) a (66.18) ab (55.83) ab (0.00) (60.73) ab (47.64) d (36.64) c (32.71) d (0.00) (58.35) b (55.61) cd (59.94) b (35.52) cd (0.00) (59.67) ab (48.65) d (39.40) c (30.13) d (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) (0.00) *Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Negative sign indicates increase in population w.r,t. pre-count data; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values. TABLE 3: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against gram pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera after third round of Treatment Dosage (g a.i/ha) Number of larvae/plant before spray pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ha and pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ ha at 3 days after spraying. All these treatments were found to be at par and those were superior over untreated control treatment in suppressing the population of plume moth caterpillar (Table-4). The same trend of result was observed in case of second and third round of spraying (Table-5 & 6). Efficacy against pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa (Diptera: Agromyzidae): The data on number of pupae of pod fly per Percent mortality of pod borer 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC (62.34) b* (68.12) ab (57.82) bc (52.00) ab (50.26) ab Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC (64.72) b (78.03) a (66.78) ab (58.94) a (57.87) a Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC (71.81) a (78.33) a (73.46) a (61.70) a (56.04) ab Pyridalyl 10% EC (71.05) a (76.51) a (62.03) ab (56.58) a (53.54) abc Fenpropathrin 30% EC (61.23) b (41.12) c (38.38) d (34.54) c (45.44) cd Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (64.22) b (56.87) bc (61.58) ab (39.14) bc (41.18) d Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC (63.06) b (46.78) c (45.64) cd (38.45) bc (48.46) abcd Control (13.50) c (9.21) d (11.23) e (5.82) d (46.42) bcd *Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values. 10 pods and the damage caused by the borers has been presented in Table 7, which indicated that the pod damage varied significantly among the treatment and all the treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. The lowest number of pupae was found in pyridalyl 15% +fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha (0.83 pupae/10 pods) followed by pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin g a.i./ha (1.13 pupae/10 pods) whereas in control plots it was as high as pupae/10 pods.

4 256 LEGUME RESEARCH TABLE 4: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against Plume moth, Exelastis atomosa after first round of spraying (Pooled data of and crop seasons) Treatment Dosage(g a.i/ha) Number of larvae/ Percent mortality of pod borer plant before spray 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (77.45) a* (82.57) a (79.05) a (58.37) a (7.43) Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (81.22) a (90.00) a (82.57) a (60.93) a (0.00) Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (84.77) a (90.00) a (90.00) a (64.28) a (0.00) Pyridalyl 10% EC (77.45) a (84.77) a (77.45) a (57.66) a (0.00) Fenpropathrin 30% EC (80.70) a (80.40) a (83.95) a (66.47) a (20.27) Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (79.12) a (83.95) a (85.30) a (63.43) a (17.79) Chlorpyriphos 50% Cypermethrin 5%EC (77.45) a (80.40) a (81.99) a (55.24) a (0.00) Control (26.57) b (14.97) b (26.57) b (26.57) b (10.51) * Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values. TABLE 5: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against Plume moth, Exelastis atomosa after second round of Treatment Dosage(g a.i/ha) Number of larvae/ Percent mortality of pod borer plant before spray 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (78.64) a (82.87) a (79.61) a (61.19) a (0.00) Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (79.37) a (85.00) a (84.47) a (64.50) a (0.00) Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (80.76) a (90.00) a (84.90) a (66.35) a (0.00) Pyridalyl 10% EC (85.13) a (90.00) a (90.00) a (65.75) a (0.00) Fenpropathrin 30% EC (79.65) a (81.99) a (79.65) a (63.43) a (0.00) Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (81.61) a (85.07) a (83.04) a (65.55) a (0.00) Chlorpyriphos 50% Cypermethrin 5%EC (79.39) a (82.08) a (83.33) a (60.59) a (0.00) Control (25.34) b (19.73) b (25.89) b (25.34) b (0.00) * Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values. Pod damage: The data on pod borer damage presented in Table 7 which revealed that the per cent of pod damage was varied significantly among the treatments and was found to be superior over untreated control. The lowest pod damage (11.67 damage pods/plant) has been recorded from pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ha while the highest damage (66.33%) has been found in untreated control treatment. The per cent pod damage ranged from 4.93% (pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha) to 63.37% in untreated control plots, respectively (Table 7). Maximum healthy pod harvested from pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% ( pods/ plant) and g a.i./ha ( pods/plant) followed by pyridalyl 10% 100 g a.i./ ha ( pods/plant) which were at par with each other, respectively (Table-7). Grain damage and yield: The data on damaged grain has been presented in Table 7 which revealed that the difference in grain damage was varied significantly among the treatments and all the treatments were significantly superior over untreated control. The lowest percentage (3.70%) of grain

5 Volume 38, Issue 2, TABLE 6: Efficacy of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC against Plume moth, Exelastis atomosa after third round of spraying (Pooled data of and crop seasons) Treatment Dosage(g a.i/ha) Number of larvae/ Percent mortality of pod borer plant before spray 1 DAS 3 DAS 7 DAS 15 DAS 25 DAS Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (80.65) a* (83.87) a (85.30) a (81.79) b (77.48) a Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (81.61) a (85.67) a (85.67) a (85.79) ab (81.93) a Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC (86.03) a (90.00) a (90.00) a (90.00) a (84.77) a Pyridalyl 10% EC (86.03) a (90.00) a (90.00) a (87.86) ab (84.77) a Fenpropathrin 30% EC (81.16) a (83.23) a (84.35) a (81.16) b (78.42) a Indoxacarb 14.5% SC (82.94) a (86.03) a (86.03) a (84.71) ab (84.71) a Chlorpyriphos 50% Cypermethrin 5%EC (81.35) a (83.28) a (86.28) a (84.59) ab (84.59) a Control (41.81) b (39.40) b (55.59) b (42.61) c (64.85) b *Same alphabet represents the homogeneous group; DAS Days after spraying; Data in the parenthesis are angular transformed values and analysis were done on these transformed values. TABLE 7: Effect of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC on the occurrence of pod fly, Melanagromyza obtusa and grain yield of red gram (Pooled data of and crop seasons) Treatment Dosage No. of pod fly Healthy Damage pod/plant Damaged Total Grain Total damage % damage grain (%) yield (t/ha) (g a.i/ha) pupae/10 pods pod/plant pod/plant pod Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 10% EC Fenpropathrin 30% EC Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Chlorpyriphos 50% Cypermethrin 5%EC Control CD at 5% damage was recorded from pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ ha followed by pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i./ ha (4.23%) and pyridalyl 10% 100 g a.i/ha (4.97%) whereas in control plot it was estimated 25.80%. Similarly, the highest grain yield (1.96 t/ha) was recorded from pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha followed by pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha (1.85 t/ha) and pyridalyl 10% 100 g a.i./ ha (1.75 t/ ha). In contrast to these, the lowest yield has been recorded from the untreated control (1.15 t/ha) plots. Effect on natural enemies: The data on the population of predatory coccinellid/twig was presented in Table 8 which shows that the population of predators in different treatments varied significantly among themselves at 7 days after treatment. Among the different treatments, the maximum number of predators were recorded from untreated control plots (3.03 coccinellids/twig) followed by the treatment pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha (2.00 coccinellids/twig) which were at par with pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% g a.i. / ha (1.83 coccinellids/twig) and the minimum predators were recorded in chlorpyriphos 50% + cypermethrin g a.i./ha (0.57 coccinellids/twig). It was revealed from the experiment that though the coccinellid predator population was affected by application of pesticides but the population

6 258 LEGUME RESEARCH TABLE 8: Effect of Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC on the population of natural enemies (Pooled data of and crop seasons) Treatment Dosage(g a.i/ha) Population of predatory coccinellid/twig Pre-treatment 7 DAS Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 15% + Fenpropathrin 20% EC Pyridalyl 10% EC Fenpropathrin 30% EC Indoxacarb 14.5% SC Chlorpyriphos 50% + Cypermethrin 5%EC Control CD at 5% was found to be least disturbed by application of pyridalyl 15% + fenpropathrin 20% EC in its two lower doses which were found to be almost comparable with the control treatment (Table-8). In present investigation all the treatments were effective and superior over control in controlling pod borer complex namely Helicoverpa armigera Hub., Exelastis atomosa Wals. and Melanagromyza obtusa Mall. in pigeon pea. Information regarding bio-efficacy of premix formulation of pyridalyl+fenpropathrin against pod borer complex in pigeon pea is not available so far but efficacy of the individual counterparts against different lepidopteran pest are reported by many authors earlier. Dhawan et al. (2009) recorded minimum shedding of cotton bolls when 75 g ai ha -1 was used in combination with fenpropathrin and 100 g ai ha -1 each than in pyridalyl 75 g ai ha -1. Nair et al. (2008) reported that pyridalyl 10 EC (at 50 and 75 g a.i./ha) was highly effective in controlling the pest of red gram up to 15th days of treatment. Effectiveness of pyridalyl g a.i./ha (1.60 and 1.67 larvae/plant) and 100 g a.i./ha (1.50 and 1.53 larvae/ plant) against diamond back moth was reported by Suganthi et al. (2007) from Tamil Nadu. Similar result of pyridalyl 10 EC against diamond back moth was reported by Chakraborty and Somchoudhury, Aslam et al., (2004) reported that Nighaban 20EC (Fenpropathrin) was the most effective against spotted bollworm up to 3 days of treatment in cotton. Present findings regarding efficacy of indoxacarb 14.5 SC against Helicoverpa armigera Hub. are in conformity with the study of Ahmed et al. (2004). Higher larval mortality of Helicoverpa armigera Hub.was observed in indoaxacarb (71.2 & 69.5 %) after five days of application during two consecutive years, respectively whereas conventional insecticides (chlorpyriphos, cypermethrin and fenpropathrin) proved to be the least effective (Razaq et al., 2005). However, it has been found in the present experiment that pyridalyl in combination with fenpropathrin at higher doses were superior over rest insecticides tested. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to M/s Sumitomo Chemical India Pvt. Ltd., 7 th Floor, Moti Mahal, 195, J. Tata Road, Church gate, Mumbai for financial help and to the Director of Research, BCKV, Kalyani, West Bengal, India for providing infrastructural facilities to carry out the project work. REFERENCES Adgokar, R.T., Satpute, U.S., Temprde, A.M. and Mahokar, A.P. (1993) Extent of avoidable incidence and losses due to pod borer complex in promising of cultivars of pigeonpea Cajanus Cajan (L.) MiUsp. Pestol. 17: Ahmed, S., Rasool, R., Mohammad, I. and Rauf, I. (2004) Comparative efficacy of some insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera Hub. and Spodoptera spp. on tobacco. International J. of Agriculture and Biology 6(1): Anonymous. (2011) NICRA team of Pigeon pea Pest Surveillance, Manual for Pigeon pea Pest Surveillance. Jointly published by National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture and Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur. Pp.29. Anonymous. (1992) ICRISAT Report. The Medium Term Plan. Vol. 1. Patancheru, Andhra Pradesh, India: International Crops Research Institute of Semi-Arid Tropics. Aslam, M., Razaq, M., Rana, S. and Faheem, M.(2004) Efficacy of different insecticides against bollworms on cotton. J. Res. Sci.15(1): Bindra, O.S. and Jokhmola, S.S. (1967). Incidence and losses caused by some pod infesting insects in different varieties of pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.. Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 37:

7 Volume 38, Issue 2, Chakraborty, G. and Somchoudhury, A.K.(2011) Effect of pyridalyl against Plutella xylostella (L.) on cabbage and natural enemies. J. of Crop and Weed 7(1): Chaudhary, J. P., Yadav, L. S. and Poonia, F. S. (1980) An integrated approach for the control of pod borer Heliothis armigera Hb. on pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Legume Res, 3(2): Dhawan, A.K., Singh, Kamaldeep, Singh, Ravinder.(2009) Evaluation of New Insecticidal Combination of Pyridalyl with Synthetic Pyrethroid for the Management of Bollworm Complex on Cotton. Pesti. Res. J. 21(1): Gangrade, G.A. (1963) Assessment of damage to Tur Cajanus cajan in Madhya Pradesh by the tur pod fly, Agromyza obtusa Malloch. Indian J. of Agric. Sci. 33: Kooner, B.S., Singh, H. and Singh, K.B. (1972) Relative susceptibility of germplasm of pigeon pea against tur podfly, Melanagromyza obtusa M. under field condition. Pl. Proc. Bull. 24 (1-2): 7-8. Nair, N, Sekh, K, Dhar, P.P, Somchoudhury, A. K. (2008) Field efficacy of pyridalyl-10 EC against Helicoverpa armigera Hub. and its effect on its natural enemies. J. of Entom. Res. 32(3): Razaq, M., Suhail, A. Aslam, M., Jalal Arif, M. Ahmad Saleem, M. and Khan, M. H. A. (2005) Evaluation of new chemistry and conventional insecticides against Helicoverpa armigera (hubner) on cotton at Multan (Pakistan). Pak. Entomol. 27 (1): Reddy, S. K. V. and Basavanna, C. G. P. (1978) Study on the estimation of loss in redgram due to Heliothis armigera. Science Tech Ser 20, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore. Sahoo, B. K. and Senapati, B. (2000) Determination of economic thresholds for pod borer complex in pigeon pea. Indian J. Pl. Protect. 28 : Srivastava, A.S., Katiyar, S.S.L. and Srivastava, K.M. (1971) Damage of Agromyza obtusa Malloch. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) to Cajanus cajan Linn. Crop, Laldev. J. Sci. and Tech. 9: Suganthi, A., Jayakumar, R. and Kuttalam, S. (2007) Field performance of Pyridalyl 10 EC (S1812) against diamond back moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) on cabbage. J. of Entomol. 4(1): Thakur, R. C. and Nema, K. K. (1986) Kharif Reports. All India Co-ordinated Pulse Improvement Project, Main Pulse Research Centre, R. A. College of Agricultural Sehore (M.P.), pp Upadhyay, R.K, Mukerji, K.G. and Rajak, R.L. (1998) IPM System in Agriculture, 4 pulses, New Delhi, 99pp

Agriculture Update Volume 12 TECHSEAR S.V. SHINDE, D.R. KADAM, M.M. SONKAMBLE AND B.S.KADAM OBJECTIVES

A U DOI: 10.15740/HAS/AU/12.TECHSEAR(3)2017/648-652 Agriculture Update Volume 12 TECHSEAR-3 2017 648-652 Visit us : www.researchjournal.co.in RESEARCH ARTICLE : Seasonal incidence of pigeonpea pod borers