WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION EM085

Transcription

1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION EM085

2

3 Table of Contents Foreword: What Is Sustainability? How to Use this Report Card...2 Washington State Juice Grape Sustainability Report Card Section I Vineyard Management...3 Section II Nutrient Management...9 Section III Irrigation Management...5 Section IV Pest Management...9 Section V Pesticide Storage, Handling, and Safety...23 Section VI New Vineyard Establishment...29 Section VII Continuing Education...3 Sustainability Report Card Sheet...33 Action Plan...35 References and Resources...37

4 Acknowledgements The authors thank the following individuals for their thoughtful review during the development and writing of the Washington State Juice Grape Sustainability Report Card: Craig Bardwell, National Grape Cooperative; Andy Schilperoort, Milne Fruit Products, Inc.; Albert Don, Wyckoff Farms; and Jerry Czebotar, Zeb s Vineyard. This publication was funded by a grant from the Washington State Department of Agriculture Specialty Crops Block Grant Program (USDA-NIFA), under the following grant application: Davenport, J., D. Walsh, M. Moyer, and S. O Neal. 20. Developing a Sustainability Report Card for Washington Concord Grape Production. Washington State University. By Michelle M. Moyer, Assistant Professor and Statewide Viticulture Extension Specialist; Sally D. O Neal, Extension Communication Specialist; Joan R. Davenport Professor and Soil Scientist; and Douglas B. Walsh, Professor and Statewide IPM Coordinator; all of WSU Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center in Prosser, Washington. Use pesticides with care. Apply them only to plants, animals, or sites as listed on the label. When mixing and applying pesticides, follow all label precautions to protect yourself and others around you. It is a violation of the law to disregard label directions. If pesticides are spilled on skin or clothing, remove clothing and wash skin thoroughly. Store pesticides in their original containers and keep them out of the reach of children, pets, and livestock. Use of trade names is intended for clarification purposes only and does not imply endorsement or recommendation of a particular brand of pesticide. Copyright 20 Washington State University WSU Extension bulletins contain material written and produced for public distribution. Alternate formats of our educational materials are available upon request for persons with disabilities. Please contact Washington State University Extension for more information. You may order copies of this and other publications from WSU Extension Publications at or Issued by Washington State University Extension and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in furtherance of the Acts of May 8 and June 30, 9. Extension programs and policies are consistent with federal and state laws and regulations on nondiscrimination regarding race, sex, religion, age, color, creed, and national or ethnic origin; physical, mental, or sensory disability; marital status or sexual orientation; and status as a Vietnam-era or disabled veteran. Evidence of noncompliance may be reported through your local WSU Extension office. Published September 20. EM085

5 Foreword: What Is Sustainability? The term sustainability has received a lot of public attention in the last decade, but what does it mean in terms of production agriculture? By strict definition, sustainable is relating to, or being a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged (Merriam-Webster). In common use, sustainable usually refers to an environmental practice. While the conservation of natural resources is critical for the future of a business, these are not the only resources to consider. Agricultural producers also need to factor in the financial and social resources required to effectively operate a business. Under these auspices, the United States Department of Agriculture s Agriculture Research & Education Program ( has defined sustainability for the agricultural community on the basis of three main pillars: () economic, such that the business is profitable over the long term; (2) environmental, such that the business is a steward of land, air, and water; and (3) equitable (socially), such that the business enhances the quality of life for producers and their communities. A business is only truly sustainable if it adheres to the principles of all three pillars. If a business cannot be profitable or uphold the values of the community with which it interacts, in addition to conserving its natural resources, it will not survive. Washington State is the nation s # producer of juice grapes. The Washington State Juice Grape Sustainability Report Card is a self-assessment guide designed to help growers determine the sustainability of their practices. Production practices are rated on the three USDA pillars of environmental, economic, and social equity impacts. Note that this document should be viewed as a production system sustainability assessment tool focused on principles and practices, rather than a tool for measuring specific outcomes (e.g., impacts on water quality or the local economy) or assessing larger systemic questions of sustainability (e.g., processing, transportation). We hope this report card will help Washington State growers reach the next level of excellence by identifying areas for improvement under the definition of sustainable agricultural production. Michelle M. Moyer, PhD Statewide Viticulture Extension Specialist Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center (IAREC) Washington State University Sustainability Report Card Page

6 How to Use this Report Card The Washington State Juice Grape Sustainability Report Card is designed as a self-assessment tool to determine the sustainability of production practices for individual growers. There are 7 key sections relevant to production, each with specific questions relating to practices or activities involved in vineyard management. Each question has up to four potential responses, associated with ratings from to. For each question, select the response that best represents your production practices, then record the numerical score for that response in the space to the right under (Figure ). After completing all of the questions in a section, transfer your numerical scores by circling the corresponding numbers on the score card (Figure 2). Tally up the point total for each section and circle the corresponding Section (Figure 2). Record your section scores by circling the corresponding numbers in the Overall box (Figure 3). After completing all of the relevant sections, compute your average score and use the Overall Interpretation guide on p. 3 to determine how it corresponds to the current sustainability of your production practices. To improve your sustainability score, use the Action Plan instructions and template (pp ) for the areas in which you scored poorly (i.e., scores of 3 or ). Use the resources presented on pp to aid in your Action Plan decision and development process. Action Plans should be developed immediately following self-assessment to allow sufficient time to adopt the proposed changes prior to the next assessment. Figure : Answering individual questions. Figure 2: Computing section scores. We recommend the following minimum frequency of reassessment: () annually for scores in the Low to categories, until they reach the to categories; (2) every other year for scores in the category; (3) every three years for scores in the category. A higher frequency of assessment may be requested by your buyer. Sustainability Report Card Page 2 Figure 3: Computing overall score.

7 Section I: Vineyard Management Vineyard Floor/Soil Cover Management Management of the vineyard floor and soil surface refers to soil cover management. In central Washington juice grape production, this is typically cover crop management. However, there are alternatives to cover crops, such as composts and mulches. Developing a set of goals for soil cover management is the first step in sustainable production. Do you want to: (i) Protect the soil from wind and/ or water erosion? (ii) Provide nutrients to the vines? (iii) Increase soil organic matter? (iv) Remove excess soil moisture? and/or (v) Influence biodiversity to manage beneficial and predator insect populations? Establishing goals will help determine the right cover treatment for a soil surface management plan. QUESTION : Do you have floor and cover management goals? Soil cover management goals are identified. Improving soil, managing vine nutrition, and pest management are included. Soil cover needs, such as improving soil, managing vine nutrition, and pest management, are recognized but not managed. Soil cover goals have not been established. WSU Extension Bulletin EB200, Cover Crops as a Floor Management Strategy for Pacific Northwest Vineyards (Olmstead 2006) provides more information on appropriate cover crop choice and maintenance for Washington vineyards. While this document is focused on cover crops as they influence wine grape production, some of the basic principles behind the use of cover crops are well explained and applicable to juice grapes. Sustainability Report Card Page 3

8 QUESTION 2: How do you manage your soil surface cover? Soil surface cover (cover crops, resident vegetation, mulches, composts, etc.) is chosen to match cover crop goals, soil/climatic conditions, and irrigation system (i.e., use of cultivation is necessary in rill irrigation systems). Soil surface cover is chosen to match cover crop goals, soil and climatic conditions, and vineyard irrigation system. Potential risks are considered, but no long-term goals have been developed. Soil cover is not evaluated in relation to goals. Soil surface cover is used, but without consideration of goals, soil, climatic conditions, and vineyard irrigation system. Potential risks are not considered. No evaluation is conducted. Soil surface covers are not used in the vineyard; row middles are clean-cultivated. Long-term soil surface cover goals are to improve soil tilth, control erosion and dust, provide nutrients, and improve vineyard biodiversity. Potential risks from covers are considered and steps to mitigate risks are taken. Covers are evaluated to determine if they are meeting goals. For more information, see Extension Bulletin EB200, Cover Crops as a Floor Management Strategy for Pacific Northwest Vineyards (Olmstead 2006). QUESTION 3: How do your soil cover practices address herbicide resistance? Scouting for weed species is done to determine the timing and products necessary for control. If herbicides are used, they are selected to target appropriate weed growth stages. Herbicide rotation is used. Herbicides are used, but selection is not based on scouting or weed growth stage. Herbicide rotation is used. Herbicides are applied to weeds that are damaged or not actively growing. Herbicide rotation is not practiced. Herbicides work best when they are applied to a weed at the growth stage they are designed to target. Pre-emergence herbicides need to be applied before weed emergence, which will differ based on the weed species (e.g., spring emergence such as in lambsquarters, or fall emergence such as in common groundsel). Contact herbicides need to be applied when the weed is already present, but actively growing. Scouting for weed species present in the vineyard and determining the weed s stage of growth are critical in managing herbicide resistance development. Glyphosate, for example, is an excellent herbicide choice in production agriculture. However, due to widespread use and planting of glyphosate-tolerant crops, glyphosate resistance in weed species is beginning to emerge. In order for glyphosate to work, it needs to be translocated within the plant. Weeds that are damaged (mechanically or with products with quick burndown) or not actively growing will not readily respond to glyphosate in the same capacity as their healthy counterparts. Always follow labeled rates, and rotate modes of action when possible. Sustainability Report Card Page

9 Canopy Management Distinct from wine grape production, the goal of canopy management in Washington State s juice grape vineyards is to optimize the vine size to carry and ripen a larger crop. Vine replacement and pruning are some of the most effective canopy management strategies in juice grapes. QUESTION : How are you filling trellis gaps? Missing vines (trellis gaps) are replaced by extending the canopy of adjacent vines (cordon extension should not exceed 6 ). OR Missing vines are replaced by lay-down propagation of adjacent vines. OR Missing vines are replaced with newly-planted vines, provided irrigation is adjusted for the replants. Missing vines (trellis gaps) are replaced by extending the cordons of adjacent vines, regardless of in-row vine spacing. OR Missing vines are replaced with new vines, but irrigation adjustments are not considered. Missing vines (trellis gaps) are not replaced with new vines or extensions of adjacent cordons. Retraining existing vines to fill in canopy gaps versus replanting new vines is a challenging decision to make. Generally, retraining existing vines is the most economical choice and helps to maintain vineyard canopy uniformity. However, there is an upper limit on cordon extension due to apical dominance of vines, which can induce variability in budbreak and flowering based on position on the cordon and distance from the trunk/root system. In addition, studies at WSU IAREC have shown no difference in productivity at vines spaced between 6 and 2', which indicates that vines currently spaced at 6' can have their cordons extended up to an additional 6' without a loss of per-acre productivity. Having young vines intermixed with older vines can present a maintenance challenge and may require more specialized care; in addition, there may be replant issues when intermixing young vines in established vineyards. If a single event results in large-scale vine loss and retraining cannot refill those associated gaps, then replacing intermittent vines may be appropriate. The cost of vine replacement, including associated costs due to variability across the vineyard, must be weighed carefully against the cost and return of whole block replacement. For discussion of establishing an entire vineyard, see Section VI of this document. Sustainability Report Card Page 5

10 QUESTION 5: When do you prune? Do you assess for cold damage? Pruning is done after January, buds are assessed for cold damage prior to pruning, and pruning strategies are adjusted accordingly. Pruning is done before the end of January. Additional buds are intentionally left in case additional cold events occur. Pruning is done after January. Pruning is done before the end of January, without leaving additional buds in case of a cold event. Grapevine tissue becomes increasingly cold-hardy as the dormant season progresses in response to ambient temperature. Sudden temperature drops during acclimation (October-November) and deacclimation (late February-mid April) are a common cause of vine damage. Mid-winter thaws followed by a sharp drop in temperature can also lead to cold damage. Pruning should be delayed to the latest feasible date for your production system. For further information, see WSU Extension Manual EM02E, Assessing and Managing Cold Damage in Washington Vineyards (Moyer et al. 20). AgWeatherNet ( offers a Grapevine Cold Hardiness Model that predicts temperature thresholds for bud damage in over 20 cultivars, and WSU s Viticulture & Enology Program, in cooperation with industry organizations, monitors and posts cold hardiness information by variety. See also Mills et al. (2006) and Ferguson et al. (20). QUESTION 6: Does your pruning strategy match your production capacity? Pruning methods, regardless of choice (mechanical vs. hand pruning), are adjusted based on vine vigor. All pruning practices are done without regard to vine vigor. Pruning strategies differ substantially between juice and wine grapes. Minimal or mechanical pruning is often viewed as less than desirable in wine grapes for a number of reasons, including perceived quality differences and disease management. These practices, however, are common in juice production. While this is based on profit margins, juice grapes are not subject to the same level of disease pressure associated with increased canopy density and excess woody tissue that is a result of these practices. Balanced pruning strategies may produce fruit that ripen slightly earlier and at slightly higher sugar levels, but minimal or mechanical pruning results in increased yield while still maintaining acceptable quality levels. Mechanical pruning has also been shown to help reduce season-to-season yield variation, or biennial bearing (Keller et al. 200). Sustainability Report Card Page 6

11 Crop Estimation and Yield Adjustments Crop estimation and yield adjustments are just as important in juice grape as in wine grape production. Knowing expected yields helps with contract and harvesting decisions and logistics. Knowing if yield adjustment (e.g., crop thinning) is necessary, and when this decision needs to be made, is crucial in ensuring that the crop will properly ripen to contract specifications, especially in challenging (i.e., cooler) years. QUESTION 7: Do you estimate yield? Early Estimation (counting clusters/vine prebloom, followed by counting berries per cluster post fruit set) AND 30-day Post-Bloom Estimation (harvesting an entire vine to estimate yield; total weight at approximately 50% harvest weight) are used to improve yield predictions over time. Early Estimation OR 30-Day Post-Bloom Estimation is used to predict yield. Yield is visually estimated. Yield is not estimated. Yield estimation can be extremely challenging, and even the most experienced viticulturist has a margin of error. The biggest variable in estimation may not be which calculation you use, but how you divide up your vineyard block for counting. Breaking up cluster counts into different sections throughout your block allows you to determine if there really is uniformity in your vineyard. For example, if you count clusters on five vines in three different locations in your vineyard, the following may apply: If the standard deviation is large within the vine counts at each location in the block, then you will need to sample more vines per location. If the standard deviation is large when you calculate a grand average using your averages from the five locations, then you will need more locations per block. (It is sometimes helpful to look at standard deviation as the percentage of the average for these types of quick estimates. The standard deviation should be less than 3% of the mean.) QUESTION 8: How do you manage yield in-season? Vines are cropped for maximum yield, but adjustments are made approx. 30 days post-bloom (when berries are approx. 50% of harvest weight) if the seasonal heat accumulation indicates that sugar accumulation may be delayed or the crop may not ripen to contract specifications. Vines are cropped for maximum yield, and no adjustments are made during cool seasons. In juice grapes, crop thinning may be necessary to properly ripen fruit during a cool or shorter-than-average season. Making crop adjustments too early (prior to fruit set) can be challenging to do mechanically, as clusters have little mass, and can result in berry compensation (such as increased set of existing fruit). Crop adjustments too late (véraison and after) may not adequately speed up the process to ensure ripening in a set time frame. For more on this topic, see Pool et al. (996). Sustainability Report Card Page 7

12 Vineyard Record Management Many records need to be maintained to determine vineyard production efficiency and profitability. In addition to recording inputs such as fertilizer, machine use, man hours, and pesticide type, rate, and application method, the following records are valuable in block optimization and determining the most effective timing of various operations such as nutrient application and harvest. QUESTION 9: Do you keep block yield and crop development records? Complete yield and crop development (budbreak, bloom, véraison) records are kept for each block. Yield and crop development records are kept, but they are not complete. Yield records are kept for each block, but not crop development records. No records are kept. As with any business, record keeping is crucial when managing a vineyard. Having complete and accurate yield and crop development (phenology) records provides valuable information that can aid in decision making. Yield records help with annual yield predictions, and crop development records help to determine whether development is behind, ahead, or on track. Crop development records can also help in predicting when harvest should be conducted. QUESTION 0: Do you have a site map for your vineyard? Site maps exist for each block, complete with available historical data. They are updated regularly (at least once every 5 years). Site maps exist for each block. They are updated every 5 years, but do not include annotation. Rough site maps exist for each block, but they have not been updated within the last 5 years and do not include annotation. Site maps do not exist for each block. Site maps aid in the identification of potential problem areas in your vineyard blocks and provide a central location for key information regarding age and plant material sources. Maps can be developed on-farm using GPS recorders (most smart phones can capture coordinates), and can be manipulated using GIS software. Alternatively, free online software such as Google Maps or Google Earth can be used to create images of a particular block. Sustainability Report Card Page 8

13 Section II: Nutrient Management Nutrient management is an integral part of juice grape production. To sustain high yields, vineyards must be augmented with nutrient supplements. Soil amendments may also be needed to affect aspects of soil chemistry and biology that influence nutrient availability to the vines. This is true in both conventionally and organically managed vineyards. The guidelines in this section are for established vineyards. All perennial fruit crops, including juice grapes, need to maintain woody tissue, produce new leaves, and of course, produce fruit. While fruit is the yield goal, under- or overproduction of the leafy canopy can adversely affect a plant s ability to sustain high levels of fruit production. Yields are greatly affected by annual climatic conditions, but bud fruitfulness is set the previous year, so the future crop competes with the current crop for allocation of nutrient resources. Soil and Plant Tissue Testing QUESTION : Do you use soil testing to monitor plant nutrient availability? At least every three years, soil samples are collected randomly throughout the vineyard in a manner that is appropriate for the irrigation system in use. Soil samples are collected randomly throughout the vineyard at inconsistent time intervals. Some good sampling/ testing practices are considered, including collecting samples in a manner appropriate for the irrigation system in use. Soil samples are collected randomly throughout the vineyard at inconsistent time intervals with no regard to the irrigation system in use. No care is taken to keep the soils cool until sent to a testing lab. No care is taken to work with a reputable lab. Soils are neither sampled nor routinely tested. Place samples in a container that minimizes moisture loss and send them rapidly to a reputable testing lab with experience in vineyard soil testing. Guidelines for soil sampling and testing are available through WSU and other Pacific Northwest universities. Refer to the Organic Farming Systems and Nutrient Management webpage on Soils and Soil Testing ( for a video on soil sampling and links to pertinent publications. Sustainability Report Card Page 9

14 QUESTION 2: Do you test leaf tissue to monitor plant nutrient status? Grape leaf tissue is sampled yearly. Samples are taken randomly throughout the vineyard at véraison, using the youngest mature leaf on primary canes. Grape leaf tissue is sampled yearly, with leaves collected randomly throughout the vineyard. Little care is taken in the selection, handling, and transport of leaf samples or in lab selection. Grape leaf tissue is sampled less than yearly, without regard to time of sample collection or type of tissue collected. The lab is selected without regard to its familiarity with grape tissue nutrient levels or PNW standards. Grape leaf tissue is neither sampled nor routinely tested. Place samples in paper bags so that drying begins immediately. Send samples promptly to a reputable testing lab with experience in vineyard tissue testing using the current standards developed for Pacific Northwest juice grapes. For further information, see Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW622, Sampling Guide for Nutrient Assessment for Irrigated Vineyards in the Inland Pacific Northwest (Davenport and Horneck 20). QUESTION 3: How do you use lab test results in developing your vineyard nutrient managment program? Soil amendment decisions are made in consultation with grapevine soil and nutrition experts. Results from both plant tissue and soil analyses are understood and used to determine nutrient needs. Nutrient recommendations given by lab representatives are accepted and followed. Soil and leaf tissue samples are not collected. In addition to the publication cited above (PNW622), Oregon State University Extension Publication EC78, Soil Test Interpretation Guide (Horneck et al. 20), while not vineyard-specific, is an excellent overall guideline for interpreting soil test results. Nitrogen Management Organic matter is typically low in inland Washington vineyard soils. The typical estimate of the nitrogen (N) contribution from soil is 0 lbs N/acre per % soil organic matter. Andrews et al. (2009) developed a calculator for organic nutrient, compost, and cover crop nutrient contributions, which can be found at calculator. Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW 636, Estimating Plant-Available Nitrogen Release from Cover Crops (Sullivan and Andrews 202), provides a discussion of this calculator as well as a primer on carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios of different materials. Sustainability Report Card Page 0

15 QUESTION : Do you consider the presence of organic nitrogen in your soil when determining nitrogen need? Soil organic matter levels are considered for their potential N contribution in a given season. The potential N contribution from resident vegetation and vine litter (leaves/prunings) is factored into N management plans. Soil organic matter levels are considered for their potential N contribution in a given season. No credits from native soil organic matter, prunings, leaf tissue, or resident vegetation are included when determining vine N need. QUESTION 5: Do you consider organic material as a source of N? Organic sources of N such as legumes, green manures, composts, and animal byproducts are considered for their potential N addition to the soil. When such additions are made, the amount of other plant nutrients, particularly P, is considered as a potential nutrient source and for possible over-application. Organic sources of N such as legumes, green manures, composts, and animal byproducts are considered for their potential N addition to the soil. When such additions are made, the potential of other nutrients added is not considered as a potential nutrient source or for possible over-application. Nitrogen from cover crops or other organic sources are not considered as sources of N. QUESTION 6: How do you determine your nitrogen fertilizer application? The range of application rates is between 0 and 80 lbs N/acre a year based on vineyards yielding 8 tons/a or less. When crop yield is higher than 8 tons/a, N application rates are increased accordingly. The nitrogen rate is predetermined and applied according to historical practices with no consideration of yield potential. Recent research at Washington State University has shown that annual N fertilizer applications of between 0 and 60 lbs/acre, applied through a drip system in split applications throughout the season, will sustain juice grape productivity in an 8-ton/acre-yielding juice grape vineyard (Davenport, unpublished data). Granular banded fertilizer is expected to have a lower N use efficiency. Sustainability Report Card Page

16 QUESTION 7A (for CONVENTIONAl, NON-ORGANIC growers only): What is your nitrogen fertilizer source? No nitrate-only fertilizers are used; only ammonium and nitrate source combinations are used. Decisions are based on time of season and efficacy. No nitrate-only fertilizers are used; only ammonium and nitrate source combinations are used. Fertilizer choice is determined by price or other nonenvironmental factors. Nitrate fertilizers (calcium nitrate or soda of nitrate) are subject to leaching. While this is less of a problem in the arid areas of Washington State than in higher rainfall climates (e.g., New York, Michigan), use of nitrate-only fertilizers increases the risk of fertilizer loss below the vine root zone. Research has not been conducted in this geographic region to determine the rate at which ammonium-based N fertilizers (including urea) convert to nitrate, but using a combination of nitrate and ammonium-based fertilizers will provide plant-available nutrients to the vineyard. If material is ground-applied as solid fertilizer, the percentage of nitrate in the fertilizer should be low to none. QUESTION 7B (for ORGANIC growers only): How do you manage nitrogen in your organic vineyard? Nitrogen rates are based on soil and tissue test results. A combination of leguminous cover crops and soluble N sources (e.g., blood meal) is used. Cover crops planted in the fall (late August) are mowed or incorporated pre-bloom; soluble N sources are used at véraison if needed. Nitrogen rates are based on soil and tissue test results. Certified organic materials are used to provide N to the vines, or leguminous cover crops planted in the fall (late August) are incorporated pre-bloom. Some form of organic N management is used, but no consideration is given to soil and tissue test results. No supplemental N is applied to the vineyard. QUESTION 8: When do you apply nitrogen? Nitrogen fertilizer is applied as a split application (minimum of 3), with N not being applied any earlier than bud break or any later than 50% véraison. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied twice, but no earlier than bud break or later than 50% véraison. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied once between bud break and 50% véraison. Nitrogen fertilizer is applied once before bud break or before the soil temperature reaches 55 F on sandy soil. Post-harvest N fertilizer application in juice grapes has been shown to be ineffective in recent research (Davenport unpublished data). Research has also shown that the majority of N uptake by juice grapes is between bloom and véraison and that split applications are highly effective (Pradubsuk and Davenport 200). Sustainability Report Card Page 2

17 Macro- and Micronutrient Management QUESTION 9: How do you manage macronutrients? Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and/or potassium (K) are applied if soil or tissue tests indicate these nutrients are low. The choice of ground or foliar application is based on the severity of plant need and the potential difficulty of nutrient uptake due to soil chemistry. Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and/ or potassium (K) are applied if soil or tissue tests indicate these nutrients are low or deficiency symptoms are visible. Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and/or potassium (K) are applied according to historical practices. Phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and/ or magnesium (Mg) are applied according to historical practices. Large applications of potassium (K) are made in vineyards at véraison. Juice grape plants annual marcro- and micronutrient requirements are summarized in a series of PowerPoint presentations (Davenport n.d.) and discussed in journal articles (Pradubsuk and Davenport 200, 20). Irrigation water in central Washington from sources other than wells is high in sulfur (S) and thus it is rarely needed as a fertilizer supplement in juice grapes. Similarly, most central Washington soils are high in calcium (Ca), so Ca is rarely needed as a fertilizer. Magnesium (Mg) may be needed, but need should be based on tissue test results. Research at WSU has clearly shown that the physiological disorder blackleaf, to which juice grapes in Washington are highly susceptible, is related to high UV light and drought stress. Applying high rates of potassium (K) fertilizer does not alleviate blackleaf, as discussed in WSU Extension Bulletin EB075, Blackleaf in Grapes (Olmstead et al. 2005). QUESTION 0: How do you manage micronutrients? Micronutrients are applied as single elements as needed if tissue tests indicate these nutrients are low. Choice of ground or foliar application is based on the severity of plant need and the potential difficulty of nutrient uptake due to soil chemistry. Micronutrients are applied as single elements as needed if tissue tests indicate these nutrients are low. Micronutrients are applied as blends without attention to tissue tests and plant demand. Micronutrients are applied according to historical practices, rather than test results. OR No micronutrients are applied; no tissue tests are done. Research on micronutrient applications in juice grape vineyards has shown that annual applications of boron (B) are beneficial, but that zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) rarely are (Davenport unpublished data). Apply B as a foliar nutrient pre-bloom if your tissue test result is in the low or low end of normal range. Only apply Zn, Cu, or Mn if plant tissue levels are low. Foliar applications of iron (Fe) can alleviate chlorosis, are temporary (lasting only one growing season. Additional research is underway to find alternative methods to alleviate chlorosis. Sustainability Report Card Page 3

18 Fertilizer Management QUESTION A (for growers with DRIP-IRRIGATED vineyards only): What is your ground application strategy for fertilizers? Nutrients are applied through a drip system when appropriate. Solid granular fertilizers are banded under vines. Application equipment is calibrated for the material being used for each application. Fertilizers are applied as a solid granular formulation and are banded under vines. Application equipment is calibrated for the material being used for each application. Fertilizers are broadcast to the entire vineyard, including row middles, with calibrated application equipment. Fertilizers are broadcast to the entire vineyard, including row middles. Application equipment is not calibrated for specific fertilizers. QUESTION B (for growers with SPRINKLER-IRRIGATED vineyards only): What is your ground application strategy for fertilizers? Fertilizers are applied by banding under the vines with equipment calibrated for the material being used for each application. Same as #3 above. Same as # above. QUESTION C (for growers with FURROW-IRRIGATED vineyards only): What is your ground application strategy for fertilizers? Fertilizers are applied by banding across the irrigation zone with equipment calibrated for the material being used for each application. Same as #3 above. Same as # above. For the most part, macronutrients should be soil-applied because of their relatively high requirements. However, if a quick response is needed, low-level foliar applications are suitable. Similarly, most plant micronutrients have low availability in the high ph soils common to central Washington vineyards, so foliar applications are more suitable for these elements. Foliar application of individual elements are more effective than tank mixes or mixes developed by fertilizer manufacturers for crops other than grape. QUESTION 2: What is your foliar application strategy for fertilizers? Materials are labeled for foliar use or are soluble granular fertilizers that are suitable for foliar use. Appropriate rates are used and applications are timed to avoid burning foliage. OR Micronutrient application is not needed, and therefore, not applied. Sustainability Report Card Page Attention is not given to the appropriateness of the material for foliar application to vines. Low-volume, calibrated sprayers should be used to apply foliar materials. Wind conditions should be light to minimize drift.

19 Section III: Irrigation Management Managing irrigation water for high quality juice grape production relies on knowledge of the soil in which the vineyard is planted, understanding the vine s water needs throughout the season, appropriate maintenance of the irrigation system, and attention to water quality. It is important to use a balanced approach to vineyard irrigation. Excess water application can result in nutrient leaching from the root zone, whereas insufficient water application prevents nutrients from becoming soluble and thus, available to the plant. QUESTION : What type of irrigation system are you using? System Setup Low-volume irrigation (drip) is used. System is designed to ensure uniform water delivery. Low-volume irrigation (drip) is used with no design considerations to ensure uniform water delivery. OR Overhead sprinklers are used with design considerations to ensure uniform water delivery. Overhead sprinklers are used with no design considerations to ensure uniformity of water delivery. OR Rill/furrow irrigation system is used with design considerations to ensure uniformity of water delivery. Rill/furrow irrigation system is used with no design considerations to ensure uniform water delivery. Water use efficiency, ease of installation and operation, and the ability to distribute water uniformly should be primary considerations when choosing the type of vineyard irrigation system. Drip, trickle, or micro-irrigation systems are highly efficient but require a higher level of management and maintenance than surface or sprinkler irrigation. Overhead sprinklers can be highly effective if properly managed and maintained, and are optimal if a cover crop is being grown to assist with nutrient supply. Sustainability Report Card Page 5

20 QUESTION 2: How is your irrigation scheduled? The soil depth and water holding capacity is known. Irrigation is scheduled according to a combination of soil water capacity and plant demand as determined by evapotranspiration (ET) measurements or signs of plant stress. Irrigation is scheduled based on long-term calendar experience (i.e., water application is increased or decreased depending on the time of season and grower experience). Irrigation is regularly scheduled with no attention to soil, plant, or weather considerations. The proper amount and timing of irrigation is critical for high-yielding, high-quality juice grapes. Adequate water supports canopy and fruit development, creates an optimal environment for nutrient availability, should reduce the incidence of chlorosis and blackleaf, and minimizes soil and nutrient loss through erosion and/or leaching. Soil and Water QUESTION 3: What is the quality of your irrigation water? If irrigation water is from a well, quality is tested regularly. If water quality is poor (e.g., high bicarbonates, sodium) water is treated. Irrigation district water is tested intermittently. Well-sourced irrigation water quality is tested intermittently; if water quality is poor (e.g., high bicarbonates, sodium), it is treated. Irrigation district water has been tested once. Well-sourced irrigation water is not treated when found to be of poor quality. Water quality from an irrigation district has never been tested. Well-sourced irrigation water quality has never been tested. Water quality impacts soil chemistry and quality, plant nutrient availability, and the availability of water to the vines. Monitoring water quality is especially important if the irrigation water comes from a well. Water should be tested by a qualified laboratory for ph, electrical conductivity (EC), carbonate/ bicarbonate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, nitrate (nitrogen), and sulfur. QUESTION : What is your soil water infiltration? Water infiltration is monitored. If poor, a plan is developed to improve water penetration and reduce compaction using soil surface cover or organic matter. If water is discharged from the farm, it meets Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) standards. Soil infiltration of irrigation and rainwater is monitored. Withinrow and row-middle soil surfaces are tilled to break up impermeable surface layers. If water is discharged from the farm, it meets NTU standards. Soil infiltration of irrigation and rainwater is monitored. Withinrow and row-middle soil surfaces are tilled to break up impermeable surface layers. If water is discharged from the farm, it is above the allowable NTU level. Soil infiltration of irrigation and rainwater is poor. No corrective action is taken. If water is discharged from the farm, it is above the allowable NTU level. Soil in the vineyard should be managed to encourage water infiltration, prevent compaction, and encourage vine water uptake. State clean water guidelines provide information on the clarity of the water (measured in NTUs) that is allowable if water is released into public water systems. Soil ph and EC should also be monitored. Sustainability Report Card Page 6

21 QUESTION 5: Do you perform regular irrigation system maintenance? Monitoring and Maintenance Water filters are inspected and cleaned regularly throughout the growing season. Lines are flushed at the beginning and end of the growing season. Irrigation lines and nozzles/drip emitters are monitored for wear and tear on a yearly basis. Replacements are made as needed. Water filters are inspected and cleaned on an annual basis. Lines are flushed at the beginning and end of the growing season. Irrigation lines and nozzles/drip emitters are monitored for wear and tear on a yearly basis. Replacements are made as needed. Water filters are inspected and cleaned less often than annually. Lines are flushed at the beginning and end of the growing season. Irrigation lines and nozzles/drip emitters are not monitored for wear and tear on a yearly basis. Water filters are not regularly inspected or cleaned. Lines are not flushed at the beginning and end of the growing season. Irrigation lines and nozzles/drip emitters are not monitored for wear and tear. The long-term success of any irrigation system depends upon the system s maintenance. A regular maintenance program should be in place to ensure that all components are working properly and water distribution is uniform. Records should be kept of irrigation schedules, chlorination, chemical treatments, and maintenance inspections to help document and identify problems. QUESTION 6: How do you monitor soil moisture or plant water needs? Soil moisture is monitored in conjunction with weather data and direct observation of plant water stress is used to determine crop water demand. Soil moisture is monitored, direct plant observations are used or weather data is used to determine crop water demand. Soil depth and waterholding capacity is known, but no soil moisture or crop demand factors are used to determine plant needs. No techniques are used to monitor soil moisture or plant water use/ needs. In addition to monitoring water quality, the soil in an existing vineyard should be managed to encourage water infiltration, prevent compaction, and maximize vine water uptake. More information on irrigation can be found in WSU Extension Manual EM06e Irrigation Basics for Eastern Washington Vineyards (Moyer et al. 203). Information on irrigation scheduling using evapotranspiration (ET) can be found at AgWeatherNet ( and Sustainability Report Card Page 7

22 This page intentionally left blank Sustainability Report Card Page 8

23 Section IV: Pest Management Pests of juice grapes include weeds, diseases, and insects. Managing these pests involves monitoring for their presence and applying chemical control agents (herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides) when the pest presence will result in economic damage, as opposed to applying these controls based on calendar dates. Knowledge of the pest s life cycle and application of the appropriate control at the appropriate time is key to sustainable pest management. Rotating chemical modes of action, where possible, helps avoid pesticide resistance development. Weed Management QUESTION : Do you have a weed management plan? A weed management plan exists and is updated annually. A weed management plan is in place and followed, but not updated annually. Minimal plans for weed management are in place. No weed management plan is in place. WSU Extension Bulletin EB0762, Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington (Hoheisel and Moyer, updated annually), provides a good starting place for developing a prevention plan for weed, disease, and insect pests. Pacific Northwest Extension Publication PNW6, Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards (Moyer and O Neal 203), and the WSU Viticulture & Enology Research & Extension website also have extensive information on the weeds and other pests that threaten grape production sustainability. Sustainability Report Card Page 9

24 Disease Management QUESTION 2: How do you manage powdery mildew? In years where weather is conducive for powdery mildew, fungicides that are appropriate for juice grapes are applied at label rates during periods of conducive weather at bloom and post-bloom. Powdery mildew on juice grapes is managed the same as on wine grapes, with frequent applications. No consideration to environmental conditions or chemicals is given. Weather is not monitored. While Concord grape berries have a very small window of susceptibility to infection by the powdery mildew fungus, the rachis can remain susceptible all year. If weather conditions are highly conducive for powdery mildew development (cool, humid) around véraison, a management intervention may be necessary. This late-season infection period can result in dry, brittle rachis tissue, which can break when fruit begin to accumulate weight near harvest. This can result in significant crop loss. See WSU Extension Manual EM058e Grapevine Powdery Mildew: Eastern Washington (Moyer and Grove 202) and WSU Viticulture & Enology Research & Extension website for further disease management information. Insect Pest Management QUESTION 3: Do you have an insect pest management plan? Insect pests are monitored and management plans are based on thresholds. Insect pest management is preventative, not based on thresholds. No insect management plan exists. QUESTION : How do you manage cutworms? The vineyard is monitored for cutworm feeding damage in spring. Spot-specific, reduced-risk insecticides (Altacor, Delegate) are applied after feeding damage is observed. The vineyard is monitored for cutworm feeding damage in spring. Targeted, banded, pyrethroid (Brigade, Bifenture, Danitol, Mustang Max) insecticides are applied after feeding damage is observed. There is no monitoring for late-spring bud damage from feeding. Targeted, preventative, banded pyrethroid (Brigade, Bifenture, Danitol, Mustang Max) insecticides are applied. There is no monitoring for late-spring bud damage from feeding. Chlorpyrifos applications are applied. Sustainability Report Card Page 20

25 QUESTION 5: How do you manage leafhoppers? Leafhopper population abundance is monitored as necessary in June and July. Selective insecticides (Applaud, Knack, Movento) are applied against leafhopper nymphs according to economic thresholds. Leafhopper population abundance is monitored as necessary in June and July. Broadcast or systemic insecticides (Admire, Platinum, Venom) are applied judiciously. No monitoring is done for leafhopper abundance. Broadcast or systemic insecticides (Admire, Platinum, Venom) are applied for preventive control. Leafhoppers are generally considered a nuisance pest on grapes due to the annoyance they can cause vineyard workers. The threshold for leafhopper nymphs is 5 per leaf. For information on scouting, see PNW6, Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards (Moyer and O Neal 203), or WSU EB0762, Pest Management Guide for Grapes in Washington (Hoheisel and Moyer, updated annually). QUESTION 6: How do you manage mealybugs? A pheromone monitoring program is used. Traps are monitored weekly for mealybug abundance and honeydew presence. Selective insecticides are applied to blocks with high trap counts and timed to coincide with crawler hatch. Manual monitoring for mealybug is done on a weekly basis. Insecticides are applied to selected locations with observable infestation. Minimal monitoring is done for presence or absence. Broadcast or systemic insecticides are applied across the vineyard based on gross observation of mealybugs in clusters or honeydew excrement on leaves, vines, or clusters. No monitoring is done. Systemic insecticides are applied based on calendar dates. Although mealybugs create a serious problem in wine grapes because they vector Grapevine-associated leafroll viruses and their honeydew can encourage sooty mold development, it takes a great deal of honeydew to lead to sooty mold and juice grapes are not as vulnerable to grapevine leafroll disease. No official threshold numbers have been developed for mealybugs in Concord grapes, but if ripening clusters with populations of mealybugs releasing copious honeydew are observed, control measures should be used. See PNW6, Field Guide for Integrated Pest Management in Pacific Northwest Vineyards (Moyer and O Neal 203) for additional details. Sustainability Report Card Page 2

26 This page intentionally left blank Sustainability Report Card Page 22

27 Section V: Pesticide Storage, Handling, and Safety Proper storage and handling of pesticides and fertilizers is critical to avoid environmental and personnel contamination. Improper storage and handling not only puts people, pets, livestock, and the environment at risk, it can also lead to legal infractions and loss of products (and dollars). Take advantage of programs and information offered by WSU and WSDA to help safeguard against such losses. Photo courtesy of Washington State Department of Agriculture. Storage and Disposal QUESTION : Do you have a separate pesticide storage area? An area separate from other farm activities is used for pesticide and fertilizer storage. It is equipped with proper ventilation, impermeable floors, and metal or plastic shelves. Heavy containers are on low shelves. Liquids are stored below powders. A separate area is used for pesticide and fertilizer storage. Chemicals are stored on shelves, but shelves are made of wood and chemical type is not considered in storage location on shelves (e.g., liquids may be on bottom shelves, powders may be on top shelves). No separate area is used for pesticide or fertilizer storage. The Washington State Department of Agriculture posts useful information regarding pesticide storage, handling, application, and safety on their website at For information on pesticide storage, see the related page at Sustainability Report Card Page 23

28 QUESTION 2: Is your pesticide storage area secure? The pesticide storage area is secured*, and has appropriate warning signage. The pesticide storage area is not secured*, but appropriate warning signage is posted. Pesticide storage area is open to other farm activities (not secured*) and does not have any indication of what is stored in the area. *See WSDA s website for the definition of secure. QUESTION 3: How do you document and manage your pesticide inventory? Pesticides are purchased and used as needed during the growing season. Pesticide inventory documentation is current. Pesticides are purchased and stored for up to two seasons. Pesticide inventory documentation is current. Pesticides are purchased and stored for up to two seasons. Pesticide inventory documentation is out-of-date. Pesticides are purchased and stored over multiple seasons. No care is taken to ensure labels are still in effect. Pesticide inventory documentation is out-of-date or not kept. QUESTION : How do you dispose of unwanted/banned pesticides and their empty containers? Unwanted/banned pesticides and their empty containers are disposed of through approved state and regional disposal pesticide or hazardous waste programs. Unwanted/banned pesticides and their empty containers are stored indefinitely. OR Pesticide containers are burned and/or buried on the farm. QUESTION 5: What is the condition of your pesticide containers? See the WSDA website for details about their free program to deal with the disposal of unwanted agricultural and commercial pesticide products. Pesticides are in their original containers, are clearly labeled, and are not compromised. Pesticides are in their original containers, but labels are missing or illegible. Pesticides are not in their original containers. OR Containers are rusted/punctured/ torn and chemicals are leaking. Sustainability Report Card Page 2

29 When available, products are purchased in recyclable or returnable containers to reduce the need for special container disposal. QUESTION 6: Do you consider container recyclability when purchasing a pesticide? Most pesticides purchased are in containers that require special handling. No effort is made to purchase the same product in a recyclable container. Pesticide Handling Worker protection is critical in pesticide handling. The WSDA website lists available resources regarding worker protection standards. Practical Solutions for Pesticide Safety: Protecting Agricultural Pesticide Handlers (Pacific Northwest Agricultural Safety and Health Center 202), available in Spanish as well as English, is also recommended. Photo courtesy of Virginia Tech Pesticide Programs/PesticidePics.org (M.J. Weaver). QUESTION 7: How close is your pesticide mixing/loading location to water sources? Mixing and loading is done 200 ft. from any well or surface water source. Mixing and loading is done 00 ft. from any well or surface water source. Mixing and loading is done within 00 ft. of a well or surface water source. Best management practices for mixing and loading include either using an approved agro-chemical mixing pad located near the field to be treated, or, if this is not possible, mixing and loading in a different location every time. Sustainability Report Card Page 25

30 QUESTION 8: Is there a spill kit near your pesticide mixing and loading location? A fully-equipped spill kit is available at the mixing and loading site. A spill kit is available, but not readily accessible or restocked after use. No spill kit is available. A spill kit should contain required personal protective equipment (PPE), shovel, broom, dustpan, absorbent material (such as cat litter), heavy-duty detergent, sturdy plastic container, eye wash, jug of water, and a list of emergency contact information that includes material safety data sheets (MSDS) and label copies of potential pesticides used on the farm. QUESTION 9: Is appropriate personal protective equipment worn? The use of labelrequired PPE is strictly adhered to, and all PPE items are properly cleaned after use. The use of label-required PPE is not strictly adhered to. OR PPE is not properly worn or cleaned after use. Sustainability Report Card Page 26

31 Pesticide Application QUESTION 0: Do you clean your sprayer and dispose of rinsate? The pesticide sprayer is washed at the loading pad. Rinsate is applied to labeled crop. The pesticide sprayer is washed at the farm (but not on the loading pad). Rinsate is applied to labeled crop. The pesticide sprayer is washed at the farm (but not on the loading pad). Rinsate is dumped, sprayed on non-labeled crops, or left in the tank until next application. QUESTION : Do you keep pesticide application records? Records are maintained per WSDA standards, and kept in a central location for 7 years. All records are legible. Records are maintained per WSDA standards, and kept for 7 years in a central location, but in less-than-optimal conditions. Some records are illegible. Records are maintained, but do not follow WSDA standards. Records are kept in a central location for 7 years. Records are maintained, but do not follow WSDA standards. Records are not kept in a central location for 7 years. Pesticide application records are legal documents, and must be maintained for 7 years. See WSDA website for details and templates. QUESTION 2: Do you notify your employees of pesticide applications? Both written and oral notification of areas being treated and the length of the Restricted Entry Interval (REI) are provided to employees. The written notification is given in both English and Spanish*, posted just prior to application, and removed within 3 days post-rei. Either written or oral notification of (i) areas being treated and (ii) the length of the REI are provided to employees. If written notification is given, it is provided in both English and Spanish*, posted just prior to application, and removed within 3 days post-rei. No notifications are made. *Or any other language that is the primary language of your employees. More information on Rules and regulations regarding posting and notification can be found at the WSDA website. Sustainability Report Card Page 27

32 This page intentionally left blank Sustainability Report Card Page 28

33 Section VI: New Vineyard Establishment (Optional) Site Selection QUESTION : What was the previous land use? Previous land use is well documented and considerations have been made for how previous conditions may impact vineyard management. Previous land use is well documented, but only minimal attention is given to how this may impact vineyard management. There is some record of previous land use prior to vineyard establishment, but it is not considered in developing vineyard management practices. There is no knowledge of the land use prior to vineyard establishment. If the land was originally taken from native shrub steppe (sagebrush), there should be no management history with adverse impacts to the vineyard. However, if the land was previously used for agriculture, information about the crops planted, livestock presence, and related nutrient and pest management inputs can impact vineyard management. Previous cropping with grapes or other perennial fruit may increase the likelihood of soil organisms that are problematic for vine establishment. QUESTION 2: What soils are on the site? Soil survey information has been consulted and soil testing done to identify any variability of soils on the site. Soil depth, texture, and pertinent chemical properties (ph, EC) are considered in making management decisions. Soil survey information has been consulted and any variability of soils on the site is considered in management practices. Soil survey information has been consulted, but any variability of soils on the site is not considered in management practices. There is no knowledge or understanding of the soils on which the vineyard is planted. For the most part, the soils on which juice grape vineyards are planted in central Washington are of good quality, although some soil series are naturally high in salinity, ph, or sodium. Variability in soil depth and texture on a site can lead to different management needs with respect to fertility and water. County soil surveys and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS 20) web soil survey are easily accessed tools that can help determine whether soil is uniform and if testing is needed to establish soil chemical parameters. Sustainability Report Card Page 29

34 QUESTION 3: Is the site prone to cold damage or frost? The vineyard is located on a site where winter cold damage is infrequent. OR Mechanical means of protection is available (e.g., wind machines). The vineyard slope, aspect, and position are variable and not considered in cold damage management and mitigation. Producing grapes in an area where they are routinely subject to cold air pooling and winter damage can reduce the plants ability to sustain productivity. Vineyard Design Recent advances in viticulture, particularly in juice grape production, provide a wealth of information on optimizing vineyard setup for maximum mechanization with minimal inputs. Taking the time to properly plan a new vineyard, as well as calculating costs related to vineyard establishment, is highly advisable before a block is planted. QUESTION : What type of irrigation system will be used? The vineyard block is designed for undervine drip irrigation. The vineyard block is designed for overhead sprinkler irrigation. The vineyard block is designed for furrow irrigation. Factors such as cost, water source, water delivery efficiency, and mode of nutrient application should be considered when determining the irrigation strategy for a block. See also Section III of this document: Irrigation Management. More information on irrigation systems for the Pacific Northwest can be found at QUESTION 5: What is the vineyard s row and vine spacing? Vines are planted anywhere from 6 to 2' apart, with rows 8 to 9' apart to ensure maximum yield and still allow adequate passage of vineyard machinery. Vines are planted at low density (2' vine x 9' row or more). Vines are planted at high density (5' vine x 8' row or more). Recent studies at the WSU-IAREC show that high-density planting does not always equate to maximum productivity on a per-acre basis. Vines will grow to the capacity allowable on a site, which is dependent on soil, water, and light. High-density planting usually results in excessive shoot development, as sunlight exposure becomes the limiting factor, and vines will compete to maximize light interception. This can result in reduced fruit set, fruit-zone shading, and poor fruitfulness the following year. High-density planting can also make it more challenging to operate machinery in the vineyard. A sparse planting density results in less efficient capture of sunlight on a square-foot basis in the vineyard, which can also limit production. Overall, vines planted at densities of between 6 and 2 ft. between vines did not differ in productivity. There was, however, a slight increase in yield at 8 versus 9 ft. row spacing that was not entirely due to increased plant numbers per acre. Sustainability Report Card Page 30

35 Section VII: Continuing Education Accessing available information and taking advantage of continuing education opportunities will help managers stay abreast of potential or emerging industry issues before they become a problem in the vineyard. QUESTION : Do you seek information from Extension or WSDA? Does the vineyard manager utilize any of the following information sources: Statewide or county Extension personnel WSU Viticulture & Enology Research & Extension website ( Washington State Department of Agriculture website ( The vineyard manager utilizes of these sources regularly OR 2 or more occasionally. The vineyard manager utilizes of these sources, but not on a regular basis. The vineyard manager does not use any of these resources. Sustainability Report Card Page 3