IWRM, Agriculture and Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa. Makonnen Loulseged and Matthew McCartney
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1 IWRM, Agriculture and Livelihoods in Sub-Saharan Africa Makonnen Loulseged and Matthew McCartney
2 Philippe Rekacewicz, UNEP/GRID-Arendal
3 Sub-Saharan Africa: Current % of population live in rural areas and depend on agriculture for livelihoods Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy for many countries (up to 45% GDP in Tanzania) Agriculture supports 67% of employment in the region Since mid-1960s per capita food production has declined by 20%. ~ 210 million people (in SSA) are undernourished In most countries irrigation typically occurs on < 5% of cultivated land.
4 Irrigated area as % of irrigation potential Seychelles Rwanda Angola Uganda Mozambique Ethiopia Eritrea Burundi Zambia Botswana Namibia Tanzania Malawi Kenya Lesotho Zimbabwe Comoros Swaziland Madagascar Mauritius South Africa
5 Investments in irrigation and drainage US$ (billion) Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia
6 Sub Saharan Africa: Future Population is expected to rise by ~3% annually to year 2025 To achieve food security agricultural production must increase at 6% annually FAO estimate that 75% of increase will have to come from intensification --- yield increases and higher cropping intensities Substantial investment is required in agriculture to meet MDGs for poverty alleviation and food security World Bank and UN are calling for an African Green revolution --- this will require investment in water infrastructures
7 _availability_in_africa
8 Irrigation-poverty links In sub-saharan Africa access to reliable water is a fundamental factor influencing level of poverty Good irrigation: enables the poor to improve food security enhances opportunities for income generation reduces vulnerability to climate variability Poverty reduction is not automatic failure to foresee and mitigate negative environmental and health impacts can undermine sustainability and worsen poverty
9 Agricultural Water Development Environmental Change abiotic + biotic local + distant immediate + long-term Social Change food security poverty institutions global trade Health Impacts positive & negative
10 Example of the impact of water resource infrastructure on health Enhanced malaria in the vicinity of Koga dam, Ethiopia Cases/1000 person-months Km to reservoir < Jan-Mar Apr-Jun Jul-Sep Oct-Dec 6-9
11 Environmental and Health Assessment Tools Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Health Impact Assessment (HIA) Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Environmental Audits and Appraisals (EAAS)
12 IWRM IWRM is a means of achieving three key strategic objectives: Efficiency; Equity; Environmental sustainability Holistic approach for water management that links: Land and water development Social and economic development with protection of natural ecosystems Focused on sustainability Principles for Effective Water Governance Open and Transparent Inclusive and Communicative Coherent and Integrative Equitable and Ethical
13 Benefits of IWRM Implications of water use by other sectors on agriculture made clear More rational decision-making implications of different options of water use properly assessed More adaptable and effective utilization of water resources that enables coping with climate variability and change Improved environment improved sustainability Overall: more effective and equitable water use
14 Requirements for Successful IWRM in Sub-Saharan Africa Participatory management Improved institutional capacity in IWRM Incentives for maximizing water productivity Improved evaluation of environmental and health impacts Application of appropriate decision-support tools
15 IWRM tailored to Sub-Saharan Africa Livelihoods need to be more central within IWRM Less focus on demand management and saving water and more on: Increasing productivity Reducing risk (including health impacts) for the poor Increasing resource protection (land and water) Ensuring economic viability Ensuring social acceptability How to bring additional water to enable communities to improve livelihoods (inc. productive uses)
16 Constraints No consensus on practical application of IWRM principles Lack of monitoring and reliable data required for management Very little data on economic value of incorporating health and environmental safeguards in planning and management Full cost-benefit analysis is dependent on much better understanding of linkages between health and environmental impacts in water resource development Weak institutions - at local levels and river basin scales Incompleteness in water management policy and legal and regulatory frameworks
17 Conclusions Strong links between irrigation and poverty reduction Irrigation essential to increase food production and meet MDGs Ensuring sustainable development in an integrated approach to land and water resources management Health and Environmental aspects need to be at the forefront of water resource development and management IWRM needs to have a greater livelihoods focus
18 T H A N K Y O U
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