Honey Bee Health Challenges
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1 Honey Bee Health Challenges By Gene Brandi Gene Brandi Apiaries Los Banos, CA Gene Brandi Apiaries Los Banos, CA Since 1978 Crop pollination Almonds, Cherries, melons, berries Honey production Bulk bee production 2,000 colonies during peak season Colonies moved an average of six times per year in CA (350 to 1,000 miles per colony annually) Lease bees from the Mid-West and New England for almond pollination 1
2 Importance of Bees to Agriculture Honey bees are an essential component of modern agriculture as the primary pollinator of many crops US crops which benefit from honey bee pollination are valued at over $19 billion annually Over 40 crops in California worth nearly $7 billion benefit from honey bee pollination Almond Pollination Nearly 800,000 acres of almonds in California require app. 1.6 million beehives for pollination Over one million colonies transported from other states Largest annual migration of managed beehives in the world Many plums and early blooming cherries need pollination during the time of almond bloom Almost 90% of available managed beehives in US needed for 2013 almond pollination (2.6 million colonies less 31% winter loss = 1.8 million colonies available) 2
3 Challenges to Honey Bee Colony Health Pesticides Mites Diseases Poor nutrition NOT Cell Phones or Transportation Nutritional Issues Lack of good natural forage for bees Drought in California most bees are near irrigated crops during summer months Land use changes Corn in Midwest, Public Land Policy, Development, Land Conservancies Need better protein supplements to make up for lack of good pollen 3
4 Varroa Mite First detected in US 1987 Difficult to control 7 registered products-(more on the way?) Genetic solutions RNAi technology Diseases American, European Foulbrood Chalkbrood Nosema Apis, Ceranae Multiple Viruses can be found in healthy and unhealthy colonies (vectored by varroa, exacerbated by certain pesticides which compromise the bee immune system)(natl. Academy of Sciences) 4
5 Pesticides Bees in pesticide free areas with good forage are generally healthier than those in intensively farmed areas Acute toxicity to adult bees Negative effects on queens, drones, brood development, learning ability, etc. Impairment of the bee s immune system resulting in greater pathogen susceptibility Sub lethal effects? (lethal to colony?) Pesticide Risk Assessment by EPA SETAC Pellston Workshop - January 2011 Historically, pesticides tested for adult bee toxicity Develop methodology for assessing pesticide risk to entire colony rather than only adult bees Recommendations to be published later this year? Products are risk assessed individually yet are frequently applied in combination with other products. (Synergism) 5
6 Pesticide Labels Clear, enforceable label language is fundamental to pollinator protection Pest control advisors need accurate label language in order to make the most informed recommendations Certain products have no bee hazard warning on their labels yet may be harmful to bee colonies at field dosages (some fungicides, IGR s) California Bee Registration for Pesticide Notification Registration with county ag commissioner for pesticide notification is voluntary Beekeepers who register receive advance notification of intended bee toxic pesticide applications within one mile of registered apiary locations Opens line of communication between beekeeper/applicator (PCA, grower) Usually does not result in bee hive movement Certain systemic applications currently excluded from notification requirement (chemigation) 6
7 California Pest Control Advisor Recommendations Most PCA s with whom I deal are very cognizant of pollinators and the importance of protecting them Products with the shortest RT applied at night provide the least risk for pollinators Accurate, current information about pesticide effects on bees is imperative in order to make the most informed recommendation How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides Handbook Latest edition of PNW 591 available as hard copy or online as a PDF Pesticides listed by active ingredient and trade names Bee toxicity ratings as well as RT information if available Several products with no bee cautionary label statement (X?) 7
8 Pesticide Applicators Most aerial applicators in my areas prefer to fly at night (not true everywhere) Many ground applicators will also apply during non bee flight hours if necessary Night applications of pesticides are safer for bees, humans, and other non targets Many applicators will work with beekeepers in an effort to minimize injury to bee colonies Pesticides and Blooming Plants Pesticide applications to blooming plants pose the greatest risk to pollinators Foliar and systemic applications can be equally hazardous Contaminated nectar and pollen may be brought back to the hive Pollination will likely be impaired as well as colony health (fungicides/igr s applied during the day in tree fruits/almonds) 8
9 Pesticides and Water Bees must have water for their bodily needs as well as to cool the hive during hot weather Irrigation water may be the only available source of water for bees in many areas Pesticide contaminated water can be a serious health issue for bee colonies Pesticides applied through drip systems can be problematic (even underground drip as bees can drink from moist soil) Neonicotinoid Concerns Toxic to adult bees at field dosages Systemic activity can result in contaminated nectar and pollen Bees exposed to low doses have shown increased susceptibility to diseases, memory impairment, etc. Relatively long lived in soil and woody plant tissue Almonds removed from Imidacloprid label 9
10 Best Management Practices to Prevent Harm to Pollinators Use IPM to reduce pesticide applications (Pest thresholds, trap cropping) Do not allow pesticides to be present in blooming plants If pesticides must be applied to blooming plants, use products with an RT25 of 8 hours or less Apply pesticides during dark hours Check PNW 591 for bee toxicity questions A Healthy Bee Industry is Important to American Agriculture Let s Work Together Towards a Sustainable Future Thank You! 10
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