Manure Management Cherry Hill Copyright Information

Transcription

1 Manure Management 2008 Cherry Hill Copyright Information Manure management on even the smallest horse farm requires constant attention. Sanitation practices must be implemented for the sake of horse health, family health, relations with neighbors, and to fulfill legal obligations. A one thousand pound horse produces approximately fifty pounds of manure per day or about ten tons per year. In addition, from six to ten gallons of urine is produced which when soaked up by bedding can constitute another fifty pounds daily. Therefore, four horses in stalls can produce 160,000 pounds of manure and wet bedding per year. That is a mountain of manure by anyone's standards. NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF MANURE The combination of dung and urine is a perfect medium for the proliferation of bacteria destructive to the hoof. When certain fecal bacteria ferment, their secretions can chemically dissolve the intertubular "hoof cement". Dung and urine can break down the integrity of hoof horn. Moist manure mechanically softens, loosens, and encourages the breakdown of hoof horn structure. In addition, the pungent vapors of manure and urine can be irritating to the eyes and lungs of both horse and humans. Wherever there is manure, there are parasite larvae. The life cycle of all horse parasites involves leaving the horse host via the manure and then reinfesting a new host. Parasite larvae can do great internal damage to a horse as they migrate through the tissues. When a horse eats from manure-contaminated ground, he ingests parasite eggs. Along with deworming horses every two months to decrease the number and viability of the parasite eggs that are shed, the daily removal and proper management of manure is the best way to break the parasite life cycle. Stable flies breed in decaying organic matter. Moist manure is perfect breeding medium for flies. The life cycle of stable flies is 21 to 25 days from egg to adult. A female often lays twenty batches of eggs during her thirty day life span. Each batch contains between eggs. When the eggs hatch, the adult flies emerge ready to breed. The number of flies produced by one pair of adults and their offspring in thirty days is a staggering figure in the millions.

2 That's why fly prevention is essential to keeping the fly population under control. Optimum fly control begins with removing the breeding grounds and controlling moisture, important aspects of manure management. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF MANURE About one-fifth of the nutrients which a horse eats are passed out in the manure and urine. If the manure is properly handled, about half of those excreted nutrients can be utilized by pasture or crop plants in one growing season with the balance being used in subsequent years. Horse manure is considered one of the most valuable of farm manures, being quite high in nitrogen and "hot" or capable of fermentation. A ton of horse manure will supply the equivalent of a one-hundred pound sack of fertilizer as well as providing valuable organic matter and trace elements. Fertilizer numbers designate the nitrogen-phosphorus-potash content, in that order. There are basically three ways to manage manure with some variation. All ways should begin with daily collection. Once the manure is collected, it can be spread immediately on a pasture, field, or arena, composted for later spreading or use, or hauled away. SPREAD FRESH DAILY Ms. Horseowner has from horses in stalls, paddocks, and pastures. The twenty stall barn and the various sized paddocks are cleaned daily generating three 139 cubic foot spreader loads each day. Most of the collected manure is distributed immediately on commercial agricultural fields which fortunately are located near the farm. To minimize the risks of parasite reinfestation, the manager never has manure spread on her own grazing fields. Some of the shavings/manure mixture from the barn is used in the outdoor arena and on the mile-long driving track which goes around the entire farm. The manager has found this type of manure management labor intensive (six man hours per day) but feels it is unequaled as far as esthetic results and for preserving good neighborly relations. Like many established farms, this farm has seen the city move closer each year. It is now surrounded on three-andone-half sides by the city limits. In some instances, city or county ordinances could make manure management a potential problem due to fly and odor problems. However, a manure pile just doesn't fit into the tasteful layout and management of a well managed farm.

3 If manure is to be spread daily, it must be distributed thinly and/or harrowed to encourage rapid drying, thus eliminating favorable conditions for parasite eggs and fly larvae. It is best that such manure be spread on land outside of areas which will be grazed by horses during the current year. Although few plant burning problems are encountered with applying fresh horse manure to established grass pastures (that are not currently being grazed), fresh horse manure should never be applied to a newly seeded field, a garden, or newly planted trees since burned plant tissues are likely to result. Horse manure should age from six to eight weeks before it is added to gardens or shrubs. For best results with new plants, add and work in the aged manure at least four weeks before seeding or transplanting. COMPOST AND SPREAD ON PASTURES OR FIELDS A recommended method of dealing with manure in a rural setting is daily collection and storage for later spreading. Composting manure for one year yields a product that is a very welcome addition to our mountain pastures. It is important to select a suitable site to store the manure. We have a lot of naturally occurring rock slabs in this part of the country which make a perfect pad for the manure pile base. We chose a slab in an area that is well-drained and down hill from the barn and pens which makes the tip with a full hand card easy. Because we have an arid climate, I try to keep my piles as compact as possible so as to retain optimum internal moisture in the pile to aid fermentation. I usually have two piles going at once. I add to one pile from the first of the year until about September and then let that pile sit until January or February. That's when the manure is suitable to spread, I have the time, and we have our customary stretch of sunny, still weather, a respite before the last onslaught of winter. I go into my pastures when the ground is frozen so that I do minimal damage to the fragile terrain with my tractor. HAULED AWAY AND RECYCLED With the encroachment of cities on former rural areas, the pressure is on horse owners to maintain very high sanitation standards. For many urban and suburban horse owners, paying to have manure hauled away regularly by a refuse company is the only answer. Some refuse haulers specialize in manure hauling and, in fact, recycle all of the manure. Fewer horse owners are composting manure themselves as they simply do not have the land to store it or spread it on. Land is scarce and at a

4 premium, so refuse haulers are very busy catering to the horse acreage owner as well as the large commercial stables. Refuse companies offer dumpsters from 4 cubic yards to 40 cubic yards and will arrange a pick up schedule to suit the clients needs. One client on two acres with 2 horses bedded on shaving might use a 4 cubic yard dumpster and have it picked up once a month. A larger barn with up to 160 horses might have three 30 cubic yard cans strategically located around the facility and have them dumped 2-3 times per week. The charge is made per dump, the lowest fee being $XX (55-100) per dump for a 4 cubic yard can located within a town radius; the rate increases in $10 increments depending on the distance the hauler must travel. The 30 yard cans average $200 per dump. All cans are charged a predetermined rental fee if they stand idle. Areas with high density population in relation to land mass, has a growing number of restrictions on what can be dumped in the landfills. Leaves have recently been outlawed; is manure next? In addition, the dumping fees which refuse haulers in the east must pay are very high, such as $750 to dump a 30 cubic yard can of construction refuse. Those factors, coupled with the interest in recycling, are responsible for the increase in refuse haulers recycling manure. If the quantity and quality of the manure is good, it might be used at a mushroom farm or to a certified organic vegetable farmer or a commercial farmer. The rest can be taken to a composting farm to make humus for landscaping. Sawdust bedding is preferred for the composting as it is easier to handle and breaks down more uniformly. Manure with straw bedding can result in a finer humus provided it is not the type of straw with a high wax or glaze. HAULED AWAY TO LANDFILL Some refuse collection services are set up to haul manure and bedding along with other non-hazardous waste to landfills. The costs for such a service vary greatly depending on the locale, size of the container, frequency of hauling, distance of farm from the refuse hauler and from the landfill, and the city, county, and state regulations which may govern refuse dumping. At Horse Farm X, there are 12 horses on five acres: five in stalls with shavings and seven in lots. Stalls and lots are picked daily. A two cubic yard dumpster emptied four times a week works well for this size of operation. The local disposal provides this service for $90 per month.

5 Large boarding facilities and horse shows must rely on companies that can handle larger containers and custom hauling services. Arrange for a thorough, reliable, accommodating service, not necessarily the one that gives the lowest bid. Convenience and service to the exhibitor and their horses is a primary concern. At a show or large barn, you don't want to have any problems with flies, rodents, bees, or overflowing dumpsters. Cost, for example, at a five day 400 horse show would cost approximately $8 per head for manure hauling. Understanding the characteristics of manure and composting and the options regarding manure disposal will help you make the best manure management plan for your operation. Manure management on even the smallest horse farm requires constant attention. Sanitation practices must be implemented for the sake of horse health, family health, relations with neighbors, and to fulfill legal obligations. A one thousand pound horse produces approximately fifty pounds of manure per day or about ten tons per year. In addition, from six to ten gallons of urine is produced which when soaked up by bedding can constitute another fifty pounds daily. Therefore, four horses in stalls can produce 160,000 pounds of manure and wet bedding per year. That is a mountain of manure by anyone's standards. EQUIPMENT FOR MANURE MANAGEMENT Manure spreaders are wagons with mechanical apparatus designed to distribute manure as the tractor is driven through a pasture or field. Spreaders are either friction-drive or powered by the Power Take Off of a tractor. The smaller, older spreaders are friction-driven; the bigger, newer spreaders are made for a PTO. Friction-drive spreaders are ground driven, the power for the mechanics of the spreader is generated by the tires rolling on the ground. Therefore, this type of spreader can be operated behind a pick-up or a team of horses as it is a self-unloader. There are two levers, one to control the speed of the apron chain which moves the load toward the rear of the spreader and the other to control the beater bar at the back of the spreader which flings the manure into the air. Spreaders powered by a PTO are usually bigger, heavy-duty spreaders which much be operated by a large tractor.

6 Harrows are useful for smoothing manure into an arena or track after discing, and for breaking up and spreading manure on pastures. There are basically three types of harrows, or drags as they are sometimes called: the chain (or English), the spike tooth, and the spring tooth. The English harrow and the spike tooth harrow are the most suitable drags for manure management. The English harrow is made of heavy bars that criss-cross each other in a diamond-shaped configuration and have protrusions called teeth on the bottom side. They are very heavy and expensive but do a wonderful job of leveling manure in a pasture as well as aerating the soil without ripping it up. Home-made drags, simulating the English style, have been made with chain link fence, but the lack of teeth and their light weight make them bounce on top of the soil so result in little smoothing and leveling. English harrows are difficult to load and when you move them by dragging behind the tractor, they work everything in the tractor's path. The spike tooth harrow has prongs (teeth) attached to a series of bars which can be rotated by levers. In this way the teeth of the spike tooth harrow are adjustable for work or transport. The teeth can be set in a flat position to move the harrow, in a slightly elevated position to break manure clumps, and straight up to dig into the earth. In dry sunny climates, harrowing is a good practice as it exposes the parasite eggs in the manure to the sun which kills them. In humid climates, however, it is felt that harrowing the manure in pastures just spreads the parasite eggs over a larger area while still allowing them to be viable, so in effect increases a horse's chances of reinfestation. In such a situation, regularly collecting manure would be best.