Managing Small Swine Herds. Options in Genetics, Breeding and Animal Health
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1 Managing Small Swine Herds Options in Genetics, Breeding and Animal Health
2 Managing Genetic Resources in Small Herds 1. Know and Understand Your Business 1. Supply and Demand Factors Who is my competition? 2. Consumer Target(s) What form, quantity, and quality of the product? 3. Production Capabilities and Expectations? How big do I need (want) to be?
3 Managing Genetic Resources in Small Herds 2. What are my Breeding Objectives? 2. What Niche or Targeted Market am I serving? 3. What Breed or Breeds do I incorporate to meet my Market Target? National Hereford Hog Association Wales Pig Industry
4 Managing Purebred Genetics in Small Herds How can I maintain purebred population(s), without Inbreeding? Requires many male genetic lines - Where do you find them? Requires planned matings A challenge in group housing systems with few boars and requires. Requires discipline in replacement animal selection Who and why are they kept?
5 Managing Purebred Genetics in Small Herds Moving from Independence to Inter-dependence Working together as breeders/farmers to access genetic diversity Artificial insemination A viable source of diversity with limited pig health concerns On-farm collection small work area; microscope, scale; disposable equipment and supplies; appropriate storage and shipping containers Regional Boar Studs Co-investment with fellow producers Potential for multiple breeds Potential for reduced costs Potential for consistent product quality and supply from more genetic lines Existing National Boar Studs Challenge is most do not have heritage breeds If they do, they have only a few
6 What about Crossbreeding? Heterosis is Real!!! Crossbreds have more pigs & raise more pigs Survival and health often better in outdoor systems Allows for complementary breeds & easier/multiple mating options Will you lose identity? Will you lose quality? Brown Bear Farm - Vermont
7 How Big (or small) Should My Swine Farm Be? Questions to Ask??? Resource Assessment Land access/availability Seasonality, functionality, topography, water, feed resources, environmental conditions Labor availability Part-time or full-time expectations, age, heirs Facilities and Equipment availability and condition all-weather access, feed delivery and storage, water access, waste disposal, dead animal disposal Capital Business Plan and Feasibility Study Market Stability Will my market handle the production?
8 Land Resources Can you manage land to: Maintain acceptable animal management Control water and manure runoff Balance differing animal species
9 Labor Resources Extensive production increases labor per animal unit More sows = more intensive farrowing care More pigs = more pens to manage, feed, water, fence, move, transport Part-time work becomes full time very quickly. Can the family handle the additional load? Does a hobby become a job?
10 Facilities and Equipment Will you need new construction? If so, What are the options? Will you need a bigger tractor? Haul manure, move pigs, make your own feed? Will you need grain/feed storage? Assume 600 lbs of feed for every pig from birth to 250 lbs Will you be able to efficiently transport pigs to market?
11 Capital Business Planning is Important Regardless of size (unless you are independently wealthy) Do you have a strong equity position? Expansion will require capital (often short and long term loans for most) Click to add bulleted text right here Do you have working capital Cash Feed, utilities, and day to day operations come monthly. Do you have cash to cover them? Are your customers paying on a timely basis? Do you have flexibility to handle the lean times?
12 Market Access Expansion usually means contraction somewhere else Or supply exceeds demand Who is your competition and what will they do in response Who is your market outlet Can they handle more product? At what cost? At what frequency? Do you have a strategy to Maintain Existing Markets? Expand to new Markets? What if your Market Closes?
13 Health Management Strategies Establish a Veterinary Relationship Develop a herd health plan to include appropriate vaccination and treatment recommendations Link the Veterinarian to herd record keeping Assure Veterinarian access for consultation and recommendations Knowledge of herd and access to the herd when needed
14 Standard Health Practices Breeding Herd and Replacement Animals Parvo-virus and Leptospirosis Vaccinations Reproductive Failure Organisms that are present everywhere and are easily controlled through vaccination Erysipelas Fever in all sizes, diamond skin, Can cause death and abortion Survival in soil for years to decades Easily controlled with Vaccination (weaned pig through adult life) Intestinal parasites Most common is the Roundworm - Ivermectin External parasites Lice and Mange Ivermectin
15 Growing Pigs Pre-weaning scours/diarrhea Clostridium, E-coli, Coccidiosis Prefarrowing Sow Vaccinations Very effective and inexpensive Immunity comes via the milk, so feedback of infected pig manure prior to farrowing may pass immunity through colostrum to the litter Post Weaning Conditions Erysipelas vaccinations - ~6 ad 8 wks of age cover to market weight Post-weaning scours typically E.coli May require antibiotic treatment Circovirus Common disease in the commercial pig industry Vaccination is extremely effective (nearly all herds in the central US must vaccinate)
16 Common Pig State Diseases PRRSv Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Reproductive Abortions, early farrowings, weak piglets, sick sows, high death losses Respiratory pneumonia-type conditions in weaned pigs through market weight A disease the spreads easily, is difficult to fully control with vaccination, and allows other disease agents to manifest in herds. PEDv Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus Two strains, and a new Delta Coronavirus variant have emerged Foreign introgression suspected Affects all ages of pigs, but Kills young pigs (<10 days of age) and newborns that have no protection to the virus through the sows milk (normally 5 consecutive weeks of production are lost)
17 Disease Control Strategies External Biosecurity Isolate your herd, reduce new animal introductions If you are planning to expand, health status is a real factor in the decision think of the commingling of children in day care from one child to the next. Expansion of herd size invariably brings greater health challenges Can you clean as well and pay as much attention? Is there downtime to reduce pathogen load? Where do you go with vehicles and where to do you get your animals? (The Midwest?, they have it all)
18 Disease Control Strategies Routine Vaccinations for Known Diseases Limited excuse for not protecting against Parvo-virus, Lepto and Erysipelas Find and Use a Veterinarian to build a herd health plan Additional vaccinations Treatment options Communications with potential breeding stock suppliers Follow up on observed conditions
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