Megatrends Driving Agricultural Transformation in Africa

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1 Megatrends Driving Agricultural Transformation in Africa Focus on Malawi T. S. Jayne, Kwame Yeboah, and Milu Muyanga Presentation at USAID/Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi 24 July, 2017

2 Five inter-related trends 2

3 Five inter-related trends Rapid population growth 3

4 Five inter-related trends Rapid population growth Rapid growth in food demand 4

5 Five inter-related trends Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 5

6 Five inter-related trends Rise of mediumscale investor farmers Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 6

7 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of mediumscale farmers Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 7

8 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 8

9 Africa s rapid population growth 12 Billions of people Sub-Saharan Africa Rest of world

10 Population of Malawi 10

11 Share of labor force by age, 2016 Malawi 11

12 Sub-Saharan Africa: only region of world where rural population continues to rise past Total Rural Population (millions) China India 2015 Sub-Saharan Africa Other South Asia South-East Asia Source: UN

13 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 13

14 SSA Total Food Imports from 7 to 40 billion USD ( ) (intra SSA trade from 1 to 10 billion USD) USD Billions SSA Imports from non-ssa SSA's imports from SSA

15 Net cereal exports, East Africa Region East Africa Year Maize Wheat Rice Total NX Source: FAOSTAT, 2016

16 Relationship between % of rural population on degrading agricultural land and pop density Roughly 28% of rural population in SSA live on degrading agricultural land. 43 million additional people living on DAL between

17 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 17

18 Employment trends

19 Changes in the share of total jobs in farming, non-farm and off-farm agrifood systems, among the working age population (15 64 years) Farming 80.0 % of total FTE jobs Ghana ( ) Nigeria ( ) Rwanda ( ) Tanzania ( ) Uganda ( ) Zambia ( ) Base year End year Non-farm outside Agrifood system 80.0 % of total FTE jobs Ghana ( ) Nigeria ( ) Rwanda ( ) Tanzania ( ) Uganda ( ) Zambia ( ) Base year End year 19

20 Mean age of individuals engaged in farming, Malawi Years of age total 1998 males 2008 females Source: 1998 and 2008 Malawi Censes (from IPUMS) 20

21 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 21

22 Changes in farm structure in Tanzania ( ), National Panel Surveys Number of farms (% of total) % growth in number of farms between initial and latest year % of total operated land on farms between ha Farm size ha 5,454,961 (92.8) 6,151,035 (91.4) ha 300,511 (5.1) 406,947 (6.0) ha 77,668 (1.3) 109,960 (1.6) ha 45,700 (0.7) 64,588 (0.9) Total 5,878,840 (100%) 6,732,530 (100%) Share of farmland on farms ha from 38% to 44% in 4 years

23 Changes in farm structure in Ghana ( ) Ghana Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area ha 1,458,540 1,582, ha 578, , ha 116, , ha 38, , ha 18,980 37, >100 ha -- 1, Total 2,211,900 3,057, % Source: Ghana GLSS Surveys, 1992, 2013, Jayne et al., 2016, using data from Ghana GLSS Surveys I and IV.

24 Changes in farm structure in Zambia ( ) Farm size category Number of farms % growth in number of farms % of total cultivated area ha 638, , ha 159, , ha 20, , ha 2,352 53, % ha -- 13,839 na Total 820,341 1,399, Source: Zambia MAL Crop Forecast Surveys, 2001 and 2012

25 Characteristics of emergent farmers

26 Rise of the medium-scale farmers

27 Rise of the medium-scale farmers

28 Rise of the medium-scale farmers

29 Type 1: Urban-based investor farmer Mode of entry to medium-scale farming status: acquire farm using non-farm income Zambia Kenya (n=164) (n=180) % of cases % men Year of birth Years of education of head Have held a job other than farmer (%) Formerly /currently employed by the public sector (%) Current landholding size (ha) % of land currently under cultivation Decade when land was acquired 1969 or earlier or later Source: MSU, UP, and ReNAPRI Retrospective Life History Surveys, 2015

30 % of National Landholdings held by Urban Households 35% 32.7% 30% 26.8% 25% 22.0% 22.0% 20% 18.3% 16.8% 15% 10% 11.2% 10.9% 11.8% 5% 0% / /2014 Ghana Kenya Malawi Rwanda Tanzania Zambia Source: Demographic and Health Surveys, various years between

31 % of National Landholdings held by Urban Households 35% 32.7% 30% 26.8% 25% 22.0% 22.0% 20% 18.3% 16.8% 15% 10% 11.2% 10.9% 11.8% 5% 0% / Source: 2013/2014 DHS Ghana Kenya Malawi Rwanda Tanzania Zambia

32 GINI coefficients in farm landholding Period Movement in Gini coefficient: Ghana (cult. area) 1992 à à 0.70 Kenya (cult. area) 1994 à à 0.55 Tanzania (landholdings) 2008 à à 0.69 Zambia (landholding) 2001 à à 0.49 Source: Jayne et al (JIA) 32

33 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 33

34 Output and factor price indices, northern Tanzania Price index (2008/9=100) Agricultural wage (TSH/day) Land rental rate (TSH/ha) Maize (TSH/kg) /9 2010/ /13 34

35 Output and factor price indices, western Tanzania 300 Adjusted price (2008/9=100) Agricultural wage (TSH/day) Land rental rate (TSH/ha) Maize (TSH/kg) /9 2010/ /13 35

36 Output and factor price indices, rural Malawi, Price index (2004=100) Rental rate (MWK/ha) Agricultural wage (MWK/day) MWK/kg urea MWK/kg maize Sources: IHS for land and wages; FEWSNET for urea and maize

37 Five inter-related trends Rising land scarcity Rise of investor farmers / changing farm and market structure Rapid population growth Labor force exit from farming Rapid growth in food demand 37

38 38

39 Share of labor force in farming is declining most rapidly where agricultural productivity growth is highest Annual % change in share of labor force engaged in farming Nigeria Kenya Uganda Tanzania Ghana Mali Malawi Zambia Average annual TFP growth in agriculture(%) Trend line Rwanda Source: Yeboah and Jayne, 2016

40 Non-farm labor productivity growth linked to lagged agricultural productivity growth Av. annual labor productivity growth in non-agriculture (%) Zambia Zambia1 Bostwana Nigeria1 Mauritius Nigeria Mauritius1 South Africa1 Ghana1 South Africa Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Kenya1 Senegal1 Senegal Bostwana1 Ethiopia1 Tanzania1 Tanzania Malawi Malawi Average annual agricultural total factor productivity growth (%) Trend line

41 Table 1. Factors associated with changes in proportion of labor force in farming, 11-country annual pooled data, Fixed effect model (i) (ii) Log lag labor productivity in agriculture * ** (-2.15) (-2.77) Log lag labor productivity in non-agriculture (-0.23) (-1.89) Other covariates Index of governance (lagged) (-0.45) (1.06) Time trend *** (-4.62) (-0.96) Population density (-1.51) (-1.89) Road density (-0.21) Constant ** (-3.07) (0.20) Number of observations Number of Countries Adjusted/Overall R-square Time period

42 Conclusions 1. Performance of agriculture will continue to exert major influence on job growth and income growth in overall economy 2. Agricultural productivity growth will be the cornerstone of any comprehensive youth livelihoods strategy: Ag productivity growth influences pace of labor force exit out of farming Labor productivity in broader economy

43 Non-farm labor productivity growth linked to lagged agricultural productivity growth Av. annual labor productivity growth in non-agriculture (%) Zambia Zambia1 Bostwana Nigeria1 Mauritius Nigeria Mauritius1 South Africa1 Ghana1 South Africa Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Kenya1 Senegal1 Senegal Bostwana1 Ethiopia1 Tanzania1 Tanzania Malawi Malawi Average annual agricultural total factor productivity growth (%) Trend line

44 Conclusions (cont.) 3. Important changes in the distribution of farm sizes Decline in share of farmland under 5 hectare farms Rise of medium-scale farms Rising inequality of farmland distribution Growing land scarcity driven by middle/high income urban people seeking to acquire land not just for farming speculation, housing/properties, farming Rise of new towns converting formerly remote land into valued property

45 Conclusions (cont.) 3. Ag sector policies must anticipate and respond to rising land prices, decline of inheritance, market as increasingly important mode of acquiring land Resources needed for youth to succeed in farming (access to land, finance) Distinguish between trying to keep youth in agriculture vs. giving youth viable choices

46 Conclusions 4. Investments that raise productivity / profitability of farming: Agricultural R&D and extension systems Improved seed + fertilizer: crucial but incomplete Farm management best practices Well resourced public agricultural-nutrition institutions Local policy institutes Access to finance Policy/enabling environment to attract private investment 5. Education: 300 million youth need access to skills, training Malawi example Ethiopia: 1995: 3,000 undergrads per year 2014: over 100,000 per year

47 Conclusions Bottom line: Economic transformation in SSA will require inclusive agricultural productivity growth improved access to education strengthening of African public institutions Governments hold the key!

48 Thank You 48

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